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Subject Index
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
A
Aaron
instructed to strike rock, 211–13
saw God, 12, 164
sons died in tabernacle, 96–97, 100
Aaronid priests, 366 n12
Abel, 25, 95, 173–75, 174 n, 206. See also Cain
Abigail (Nabal’s wife), 202–3
Abihu (Aaron’s son), 12, 95–97, 100
Abraham, xv, 4, 5, 6, 40, 126, 320
ascended to heaven, 293–94
in comparison to Joseph, 33–36
conversation with Death, 206, 239–40
departed from homeland, 54, 55–56, 356 n48
did not offer thanks, 228, 229
first monotheist, 55, 155, 356 n48
and Homer, 52–56
near-sacrifice of Isaac, 35, 279–81, 320
no mere automaton, 54, 55–56
saw three men, xv, 5, 338
sense of self, 56
sometimes an automaton, 35
surprised but not flabbergasted, 107
told to leave home, 34–35, 55–56
was in a fog, 6, 338
Accra, Ghana, 117–18
Achan, 259–64, 397 nn 4–5
Achilles, 107, 350 n20
Achor. See Achan
Adad (god), 85, 86
Adam
creation of, 63, 189, 244, 296, 350 n3
discovery of agriculture, 59–60, 64–66, 357 n15
life in the Garden, 60, 61, 63–64
nakedness, 61, 356 n4
Scripture interpretations concerning, 320
thanksgiving, 228
undifferentiated Outside, 63–64
ADD (agency detection device), 359 n31. See also hyperactive agent detection device
Aeneid (Virgil), 17, 107, 391 n14
afterlife. See life after death
Agabus (prophet), 393 n13
agriculture
discovery of 59–60, 64–66, 357 n15
and the gods, 73–74, 83–84
Aḥa, Rabbi, 188
Ahab, King, 193, 217, 380 n8
Elijah’s reproval of, 84, 155–57, 221, 261, 318
and Naboth, 261–62
Ahaz, King, 318
‘Ain Dara (site), Syria, 99, 101, 339, 382 n31, 403 n16
Akkadian language, 81–82, 98, 98 n, 398 n25
Alcmaeon of Croton, 53
ALD (Aramaic Levi Document), 351 n6, 400 n11
Alexander the Great, ix, 201, 232, 332
Amaziah, 397 n13
Amon-Re, 84–85
Amos, xiv–xv, 113, 164, 230, 368 n45
prophecies cited, 19, 22, 124
Amun (Egyptian god), 84–85
Anchises, 350 n20
Angel of Deceit (Satan), 39, 351 n2
angels, 93, 306
cannot eat or drink, 5, 11, 240 n
encounters in Genesis, 3–11, 13–14
explained to humans, 238–40, 253, 296–98
as “God unrecognized,” 8–9, 12
God’s helpers, 162–63, 306, 340
independent angels, 11, 162–63
as intermediaries, 235–38, 393 n21
looked like ordinary people, 8, 9, 348 n4
met heavenly travelers, 292–94
aniconism, 103–5, 367 n35, 367 n40, 379 n2
animal sacrifices
disenchantment with, 306–8, 404 n18
Elijah versus prophets of Ba‘al, 156
feeding the gods, 94–95, 366 n16
prayer as substitute for, 311
reasons for, 94–95, 366 nn 16–18, 366 nn 20–21
tamid sacrifices, 305–6, 310, 404 n21, 404 n26
Anna (prophet), 393 n13
anthropological research and
different sense of self, 45–46, 49–51, 70, 341–42, 372 n29, 411 n8
Dinka people, 49–50
Polynesian cosmology, 382 n41
prophet-like figures, 119–20
religion, study of, 50, 70, 78–79, 341–42, 356 n5, 362 n24, 411 n8
use of term, 353 n18
anthropomorphism, 360 n9
Anu (god), 84 n, 85, 87
Aphrodite, 16–17, 84, 350 n20
Apocalypse of Abraham, 293–94
apocalyptic eschatology, 242–45, 408 n15, 408 n17
apotropaic prayers, 39, 351 n8
Aramaic Levi Document (ALD), 351 n6, 400 n11
Arbela (Arbil), Iraq, 97
Archaic period
, 81–82
archangels, 380 n18
ark of the covenant
contents of, 364 n2
dangers of, 90–91, 93–94
God not enthroned above, 367 n41
God’s appearance above, 93, 104, 364 n2, 365 n10, 367 n41
Asaph, 227
Asaphite psalms, 375 n9
Aseneth (Joseph’s wife), 284
Asher (son of Jacob), 41, 200, 352 n14. See also Jacob, sons of
Asherah
goddess, 84, 84 n, 88 n, 155
sacred grove, 88, 88 n
Assurbanipal (Assyrian emperor), 97
Assyria, 80, 103
confrontations with Israel, 72–73, 332
deities, 86, 97, 105, 408 n14
formulaic treaties, 85, 179 n, 383 n7, 383 nn 10–11
Athena, 350 n20
Atra-ḫasīs (Babylonian epic), 143 n
auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH), 116, 372 n30
Auerbach, Eric, 284
Australopithecus, 356 n6
authorship, as modern concept, 255
avatars, local gods as, 87
AVH. See auditory verbal hallucinations
Awrikku, King (Danunites), 215
Axial Age, 409 n6
Azitawada, King (Turkey), 215–16
B
Ba‘al/Be‘alim
Canaanite worship of, 19, 73–74, 167
denounced by Hosea, 72–75, 83–84, 88, 136, 359 n2
Israelites’ worship of, 73–75, 83–84, 136, 155–57, 363 n32
Jezebel as champion of, 167
multiple locations of, 85, 87, 339, 363 n35
traits merged with YHWH, 157, 380 n8
Ba‘al Shameyn, 216–17
Babel, Tower of, 25, 101–5, 294, 364 n43, 401 n15
Babylon. See also Chaldeans; Mesopotamian religion
cuneiform writing, 80
history, 243–44
Jerusalem’s fall to, ix, 28, 30–31, 113, 263, 296, 332
laws of Hammurabi, 178
Persian displacement of, 28
religious practices of, 97–99, 103, 105, 365 n7
Babylonian exile, 30–31, 113, 124, 132, 134, 312, 365 n10
Bächler, Emil, 67
baetyli (sacred stones), 367 n38
Balaam (pagan prophet), 111–13, 371 n16, 401 n18
Balak (Moabite king), 111–13
Balinese trance, 341–42, 411 n8
Bambuti (Mbuti) pygmies, 357 n14
Bantu people, 357 n14
Bar Kokhba (Simeon bar Kosiba), 334
Barnabas, 393 n13
Baruch (Jeremiah’s scribe), 294–95, 392 n3
1 Baruch, 313–14, 316
Bathsheba, 262
bats, consciousness, 149–50
bears, worship of, 66–68
beholding. See “seeing” in biblical texts
Beit Shemesh, 93–94, 100
Belial/Beliar (wicked angel), 38 n, 42, 42 n, 283, 352 n14
Belshazzar, King, 254
Ben Sira (sage). See also “Wisdom of Ben Sirach”
catalogue of biblical heroes, 315
divine omniscience, 171–72
free will in, 41, 278
grandson translated, 315
on praise of God, 391–92 n26
prayer in, 303–4, 306
on sage’s calling, 320–21
Torah as Divine Wisdom, 312–13
traditional wisdom in, 270
Benjamin (son of Jacob), 29, 30. See also Jacob, sons of
Berkowitz, David, 116
Bethel
Canaanite holy site, 349 n17
golden calves, 367 n34, 367 n40
Jacob’s dream, 13–14, 349 n17
Israelite temple at, 365 n9, 368 n44
betyls (sacred stones), 367 n38
Bible. See also Scripture; Torah
ancient interpreters of, 317–21, 406 n40
canonization, 315–16, 405 nn 32–33
contradictions in, 317, 318
and Dead Sea Scrolls, 315
modern scholarship, xiii–xiv, xv, 49, 355 n38
mythological motifs, 170
rise of, 311–12
bipedalism, 64–65
Boas, Franz, 78, 119
Bogazköy, Turkey, 178–79
Book of Jubilees. See Jubilees, Book of
Book of Wisdom. See Wisdom of Solomon
brain, human
agency detection device in, 359 n31, 360 n9
ancestors of, 64–65
changes in, 65, 68, 341, 410 n7
color perception, 128–30, 150, 379 n44
computer imaging of, 379 n43
and consciousness, 148–49, 377 nn 34–35
and development of religion, 77–80
energy needs, 357 n17
functions located in, 148, 377 n35
“God spot,” 78, 361 n14
hyperactive agent detection device (HADD), 77–78, 80, 359 n31, 361 nn 10–13, 362 n17
injuries to, 377 n33
Julian Jaynes on, 410 n7
religious state of mind, 150, 379 n43
and sense of self, 44, 148, 354 n21, 377 n34
voice hearing, 115–18, 128
Bronze Age, 79, 178–79
Buddhism, prayer in, 376 n23
Bunting, Basil, 109
burial, 62–63
Burkert, Walter, 79, 349 n20
burning bush, xiv, 6, 7, 9, 15, 126, 289
C
Cain, 25, 95, 173–75, 174 n, 182, 206
Callisto (god), 84
Canaan, 19, 20, 22, 30, 54, 55, 73, 80, 87, 169, 206
early evidence of Israel in, 383 n13, 386 n20, 397 n6
famine in, 22–23, 25
Israelite entry into, 33, 95, 177, 181–82, 227, 228–29, 243, 244, 260, 364 n43
religions of, 73–74, 84 n, 87, 96, 134, 156–57, 170, 351 n17, 360 n4
Canticles. See Song of Songs
Carmel, Mount, 155–57
Ҫatal Höyük (site), Turkey, 358 n25, 360 n5
causality
development of notion of, 69–70, 75–76, 359 n31
divine causers, 19, 20, 21, 25, 35–36, 350 n1
Cervantes, Miguel de, 222–23
Chalcolithic period, 358 n25
Chaldeans, 31, 55, 124, 356 n48
Channels of Prophecy (Overholt), 119
Chemosh (Moabite god), 217, 382 n33
Chennai, India, voice hearing, 117–18
cherub throne, 381 n30, 386 n3
childbirth, understanding cause of, 60, 359 n30
chimpanzees, 68, 359 n30
Chomsky, Noam, 354 n20, 378 n37
Christianity
emergence of, 334
Kingdom of Heaven in, 335
monotheism, 153
number of Christians today, 153
and prophecy, 234, 394 n38
Chronicles (biblical book)
dating of, 134
temple service described in, 134
Churchland, Patricia S., 147–48
Cicero, 295
circumvallation, 216, 216 n
color vision, 128–30, 150, 379 n44
confusion, moment of, 7–8, 10, 15–16
consciousness, mysteries of
in animals, 149–50, 379 n41
human subjectivity, 149–50, 379 n42
physiology of, 148–49, 354 n19, 377 nn 34–35
potentially unsolvable, 148, 378 n37
and prayer, 150
contemplation, emergence of, 68–70
creation of the world, 33, 59, 63, 168–69, 189, 208, 239, 381 n29
Credo quia absurdum est (“I believe because it is absurd”), 347 n1
“cry of the victim,” 138–40, 139 n, 142–43
curses. See enchanted world
curtain separating ordinary and extraordinary, 12, 27, 29, 105, 137, 146, 301, 339
gradually disappeared, 146, 169, 201, 228, 301
Cyrus (Persian emperor), ix, 31
D
D (Pentateuchal strand), 366 n10, 368 n43
Dagon (god), 85
Dan (son of Jacob), 39. See also Jacob, sons of
Dan, temple at, 365 n9, 367 n34, 367 n40
Daniel (biblical sage)
Babylonian exile, 31, 253
interpreting angel, 239, 252
prayer of, 32, 144
saw a distant future, 31–32, 244–46, 252–54
status of, 319
Daniel, book of
apocalyptic eschatology, 242, 244–45
authorship, 253, 394 n40
dating of, 199
themes in, 252–53
Danunites, 215
David, King
and ark of the covenant, 90–91
blessed by Abigail, 202–3
God’s appearance to, 368 n45
as prophet, 241–42
psalms of, 131, 132–35, 241–42, 286–87, 286 n, 375 n5
Sabbath non-observance of, 182–83, 323
self-reflection, absence of, 267
sin with Bathsheba, 262, 318
united monarchy, 409 n4
Day of Atonement, 93
Dead Sea Scrolls, 32, 40 n, 49, 53–54, 229. See also Qumran
Aramaic Levi Document in, 351 n6, 400 n11
beginnings of canonization, 314–15
determinism in, 204–5
God’s kingdom in heaven, 409 n23
large units of time in, 32, 252
later prophecy in, 234, 240–41, 394 n31
loving your neighbor, 326, 407 n6
offering thanks in, 229, 391 n26
“Plea for Deliverance,” 40, 43
prayer in, 40, 304, 403 nn 9–11
psalms among, 241–42, 375 n1
Sabbath laws, 324
Scripture interpretations, importance of, 319
Teacher of Righteousness, 240–41
Thanksgiving Hymns, 53–54, 198–200, 233, 388–89 nn 24–25, 389 n27
deafness, 82–83, 83 n
death
and the afterlife, 328–30
personified, 206–7
soul leaves body, 205–8
Deborah, viii, 226, 323
Decalogue. See Ten Commandments
defixiones (“binding spells”), 48, 355 n33
Deir ‘Alla inscription, 371 n16
deities in general
The Great Shift Page 62