The Great Shift

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The Great Shift Page 62

by James L. Kugel


  Wiley, P. T. 1997. Remember the Former Things: The Recollection of Previous Texts in Isaiah 40–55. Atlanta: Scholars Press.

  Wilson, D. S. 2003. Darwin’s Cathedral: Evolution, Religion, and the Nature of Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  Wilson, G. H. 1985. The Editing of the Hebrew Psalter. Chico, CA: Scholars Press.

  Wilson, R. R. 1980. Prophecy and Society in Ancient Israel. Philadelphia: Fortress.

  Winston, D. 1981. Philo of Alexandria: The Contemplative Life, the Giants, and Selections. Ramsey, NJ: Paulist Press.

  ———. 1989. “Theodicy in Ben Sira and Stoic Philosophy.” In Of Scholars, Savants and Their Texts: Studies in Philosophy and Religious Thought; Essays in Honor of Arthur Hyman, edited by R. Link-Salinger, 239–49. Berlin: Peter Lang.

  Wischmeier, O. 1999. “Gut und Böse: Antithetisches Denken im NT und bei Jesus ben Sirach.” In Calduch-Benages and Vermeylen (1999), 129–36.

  Wise, M. O. 2010. “The Origins and History of the Teacher’s Movement.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Dead Sea Scrolls, edited by T. H. Lim and J. J. Collins, 92–122. New York: Oxford University Press.

  Wolff, H. W. 1974. Anthropology of the Old Testament. London: SCM.

  Wolters, A. 1990. “Not Rescue but Destruction: Rereading Exod. 15:8.” Catholic Biblical Quarterly 52: 223–41.

  Wrangham, R., et al. 1999. “The Raw and the Stolen: Cooking and the Ecology of Human Origins.” Current Anthropology 40: 567–94.

  Wright, B. 1989. No Small Difference. Atlanta: Scholars Press.

  Wright, D., D. N. Freedman, and A. Hurvitz. 1995. Pomegranates and Golden Bells: Studies in Biblical, Jewish, and Near Eastern Ritual, Law, and Literature in Honor of Jacob Milgrom. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.

  Wunn, I. 2001. “Cave Bear Worship in the Paleolithic.” Cadernos Lab. Xeolóxico de Laxe 26: 457–63.

  Würthwein, E. 1976. “Egyptian Wisdom and the Old Testament.” In Crenshaw (1976), 113–33.

  Xeravits, G. G. 2010. Dualism at Qumran. London: T&T Clark.

  Yacoub, Y. 2007. “The Dignity of the Individuals and Peoples: The Contribution of Mesopotamia and the Syriac Heritage.” Diogenes 215: 19–37.

  Yadin, Y. 1969. “Tefillin (Phylacteries) from Qumran.” Eretz Yisrael 9: 60–85.

  Zahavi, D. 2011. “Unity of Consciousness and the Problem of Self.” In Oxford Handbook of the Self, edited by S. Gallagher, 316–35. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  Zakovitch, Y. 1980. “A Study of Precise and Partial Name Derivations in Biblical Etymology.” Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 15: 31–50.

  Zaleski, P., and C. Zaleski. 2005. Prayer: A History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

  Zenger, E. 1977. Die Sinaitheophanie: Untersuchungen zum jahwistischen und elohistischen Geschichtswerk. (Forschung zum Bibel 3.) Wurzburg: EchterVerlag.

  Zevit, Z. 2001. The Religions of Israel: A Synthesis of Parallactic Approaches. New York: Continuum.

  ———. 2013. What Really Happened in the Garden of Eden. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

  Zimmerli, W. 1930. “Das Zweite Gebot.” In Festschrift Alfred Bertholet, edited by W. Baumgartner et al., 550–63. Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck.

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  Subject Index

  A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

  A

  Aaron

  instructed to strike rock, 211–13

  saw God, 12, 164

  sons died in tabernacle, 96–97, 100

  Aaronid priests, 366 n12

  Abel, 25, 95, 173–75, 174 n, 206. See also Cain

  Abigail (Nabal’s wife), 202–3

  Abihu (Aaron’s son), 12, 95–97, 100

  Abraham, xv, 4, 5, 6, 40, 126, 320

  ascended to heaven, 293–94

  in comparison to Joseph, 33–36

  conversation with Death, 206, 239–40

  departed from homeland, 54, 55–56, 356 n48

  did not offer thanks, 228, 229

  first monotheist, 55, 155, 356 n48

  and Homer, 52–56

  near-sacrifice of Isaac, 35, 279–81, 320

  no mere automaton, 54, 55–56

  saw three men, xv, 5, 338

  sense of self, 56

  sometimes an automaton, 35

  surprised but not flabbergasted, 107

  told to leave home, 34–35, 55–56

  was in a fog, 6, 338

  Accra, Ghana, 117–18

  Achan, 259–64, 397 nn 4–5

  Achilles, 107, 350 n20

  Achor. See Achan

  Adad (god), 85, 86

  Adam

  creation of, 63, 189, 244, 296, 350 n3

  discovery of agriculture, 59–60, 64–66, 357 n15

  life in the Garden, 60, 61, 63–64

  nakedness, 61, 356 n4

  Scripture interpretations concerning, 320

  thanksgiving, 228

  undifferentiated Outside, 63–64

  ADD (agency detection device), 359 n31. See also hyperactive agent detection device

  Aeneid (Virgil), 17, 107, 391 n14

  afterlife. See life after death

  Agabus (prophet), 393 n13

  agriculture

  discovery of 59–60, 64–66, 357 n15

  and the gods, 73–74, 83–84

  Aḥa, Rabbi, 188

  Ahab, King, 193, 217, 380 n8

  Elijah’s reproval of, 84, 155–57, 221, 261, 318

  and Naboth, 261–62

  Ahaz, King, 318

  ‘Ain Dara (site), Syria, 99, 101, 339, 382 n31, 403 n16

  Akkadian language, 81–82, 98, 98 n, 398 n25

  Alcmaeon of Croton, 53

  ALD (Aramaic Levi Document), 351 n6, 400 n11

  Alexander the Great, ix, 201, 232, 332

  Amaziah, 397 n13

  Amon-Re, 84–85

  Amos, xiv–xv, 113, 164, 230, 368 n45

  prophecies cited, 19, 22, 124

  Amun (Egyptian god), 84–85

  Anchises, 350 n20

  Angel of Deceit (Satan), 39, 351 n2

  angels, 93, 306

  cannot eat or drink, 5, 11, 240 n

  encounters in Genesis, 3–11, 13–14

  explained to humans, 238–40, 253, 296–98

  as “God unrecognized,” 8–9, 12

  God’s helpers, 162–63, 306, 340

  independent angels, 11, 162–63

  as intermediaries, 235–38, 393 n21

  looked like ordinary people, 8, 9, 348 n4

  met heavenly travelers, 292–94

  aniconism, 103–5, 367 n35, 367 n40, 379 n2

  animal sacrifices

  disenchantment with, 306–8, 404 n18

  Elijah versus prophets of Ba‘al, 156

  feeding the gods, 94–95, 366 n16

  prayer as substitute for, 311

  reasons for, 94–95, 366 nn 16–18, 366 nn 20–21

  tamid sacrifices, 305–6, 310, 404 n21, 404 n26

  Anna (prophet), 393 n13

  anthropological research and

  different sense of self, 45–46, 49–51, 70, 341–42, 372 n29, 411 n8

  Dinka people, 49–50

  Polynesian cosmology, 382 n41

  prophet-like figures, 119–20

  religion, study of, 50, 70, 78–79, 341–42, 356 n5, 362 n24, 411 n8

  use of term, 353 n18

  anthropomorphism, 360 n9

  Anu (god), 84 n, 85, 87

  Aphrodite, 16–17, 84, 350 n20

  Apocalypse of Abraham, 293–94

  apocalyptic eschatology, 242–45, 408 n15, 408 n17

  apotropaic prayers, 39, 351 n8

  Aramaic Levi Document (ALD), 351 n6, 400 n11

  Arbela (Arbil), Iraq, 97

  Archaic period
, 81–82

  archangels, 380 n18

  ark of the covenant

  contents of, 364 n2

  dangers of, 90–91, 93–94

  God not enthroned above, 367 n41

  God’s appearance above, 93, 104, 364 n2, 365 n10, 367 n41

  Asaph, 227

  Asaphite psalms, 375 n9

  Aseneth (Joseph’s wife), 284

  Asher (son of Jacob), 41, 200, 352 n14. See also Jacob, sons of

  Asherah

  goddess, 84, 84 n, 88 n, 155

  sacred grove, 88, 88 n

  Assurbanipal (Assyrian emperor), 97

  Assyria, 80, 103

  confrontations with Israel, 72–73, 332

  deities, 86, 97, 105, 408 n14

  formulaic treaties, 85, 179 n, 383 n7, 383 nn 10–11

  Athena, 350 n20

  Atra-ḫasīs (Babylonian epic), 143 n

  auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH), 116, 372 n30

  Auerbach, Eric, 284

  Australopithecus, 356 n6

  authorship, as modern concept, 255

  avatars, local gods as, 87

  AVH. See auditory verbal hallucinations

  Awrikku, King (Danunites), 215

  Axial Age, 409 n6

  Azitawada, King (Turkey), 215–16

  B

  Ba‘al/Be‘alim

  Canaanite worship of, 19, 73–74, 167

  denounced by Hosea, 72–75, 83–84, 88, 136, 359 n2

  Israelites’ worship of, 73–75, 83–84, 136, 155–57, 363 n32

  Jezebel as champion of, 167

  multiple locations of, 85, 87, 339, 363 n35

  traits merged with YHWH, 157, 380 n8

  Ba‘al Shameyn, 216–17

  Babel, Tower of, 25, 101–5, 294, 364 n43, 401 n15

  Babylon. See also Chaldeans; Mesopotamian religion

  cuneiform writing, 80

  history, 243–44

  Jerusalem’s fall to, ix, 28, 30–31, 113, 263, 296, 332

  laws of Hammurabi, 178

  Persian displacement of, 28

  religious practices of, 97–99, 103, 105, 365 n7

  Babylonian exile, 30–31, 113, 124, 132, 134, 312, 365 n10

  Bächler, Emil, 67

  baetyli (sacred stones), 367 n38

  Balaam (pagan prophet), 111–13, 371 n16, 401 n18

  Balak (Moabite king), 111–13

  Balinese trance, 341–42, 411 n8

  Bambuti (Mbuti) pygmies, 357 n14

  Bantu people, 357 n14

  Bar Kokhba (Simeon bar Kosiba), 334

  Barnabas, 393 n13

  Baruch (Jeremiah’s scribe), 294–95, 392 n3

  1 Baruch, 313–14, 316

  Bathsheba, 262

  bats, consciousness, 149–50

  bears, worship of, 66–68

  beholding. See “seeing” in biblical texts

  Beit Shemesh, 93–94, 100

  Belial/Beliar (wicked angel), 38 n, 42, 42 n, 283, 352 n14

  Belshazzar, King, 254

  Ben Sira (sage). See also “Wisdom of Ben Sirach”

  catalogue of biblical heroes, 315

  divine omniscience, 171–72

  free will in, 41, 278

  grandson translated, 315

  on praise of God, 391–92 n26

  prayer in, 303–4, 306

  on sage’s calling, 320–21

  Torah as Divine Wisdom, 312–13

  traditional wisdom in, 270

  Benjamin (son of Jacob), 29, 30. See also Jacob, sons of

  Berkowitz, David, 116

  Bethel

  Canaanite holy site, 349 n17

  golden calves, 367 n34, 367 n40

  Jacob’s dream, 13–14, 349 n17

  Israelite temple at, 365 n9, 368 n44

  betyls (sacred stones), 367 n38

  Bible. See also Scripture; Torah

  ancient interpreters of, 317–21, 406 n40

  canonization, 315–16, 405 nn 32–33

  contradictions in, 317, 318

  and Dead Sea Scrolls, 315

  modern scholarship, xiii–xiv, xv, 49, 355 n38

  mythological motifs, 170

  rise of, 311–12

  bipedalism, 64–65

  Boas, Franz, 78, 119

  Bogazköy, Turkey, 178–79

  Book of Jubilees. See Jubilees, Book of

  Book of Wisdom. See Wisdom of Solomon

  brain, human

  agency detection device in, 359 n31, 360 n9

  ancestors of, 64–65

  changes in, 65, 68, 341, 410 n7

  color perception, 128–30, 150, 379 n44

  computer imaging of, 379 n43

  and consciousness, 148–49, 377 nn 34–35

  and development of religion, 77–80

  energy needs, 357 n17

  functions located in, 148, 377 n35

  “God spot,” 78, 361 n14

  hyperactive agent detection device (HADD), 77–78, 80, 359 n31, 361 nn 10–13, 362 n17

  injuries to, 377 n33

  Julian Jaynes on, 410 n7

  religious state of mind, 150, 379 n43

  and sense of self, 44, 148, 354 n21, 377 n34

  voice hearing, 115–18, 128

  Bronze Age, 79, 178–79

  Buddhism, prayer in, 376 n23

  Bunting, Basil, 109

  burial, 62–63

  Burkert, Walter, 79, 349 n20

  burning bush, xiv, 6, 7, 9, 15, 126, 289

  C

  Cain, 25, 95, 173–75, 174 n, 182, 206

  Callisto (god), 84

  Canaan, 19, 20, 22, 30, 54, 55, 73, 80, 87, 169, 206

  early evidence of Israel in, 383 n13, 386 n20, 397 n6

  famine in, 22–23, 25

  Israelite entry into, 33, 95, 177, 181–82, 227, 228–29, 243, 244, 260, 364 n43

  religions of, 73–74, 84 n, 87, 96, 134, 156–57, 170, 351 n17, 360 n4

  Canticles. See Song of Songs

  Carmel, Mount, 155–57

  Ҫatal Höyük (site), Turkey, 358 n25, 360 n5

  causality

  development of notion of, 69–70, 75–76, 359 n31

  divine causers, 19, 20, 21, 25, 35–36, 350 n1

  Cervantes, Miguel de, 222–23

  Chalcolithic period, 358 n25

  Chaldeans, 31, 55, 124, 356 n48

  Channels of Prophecy (Overholt), 119

  Chemosh (Moabite god), 217, 382 n33

  Chennai, India, voice hearing, 117–18

  cherub throne, 381 n30, 386 n3

  childbirth, understanding cause of, 60, 359 n30

  chimpanzees, 68, 359 n30

  Chomsky, Noam, 354 n20, 378 n37

  Christianity

  emergence of, 334

  Kingdom of Heaven in, 335

  monotheism, 153

  number of Christians today, 153

  and prophecy, 234, 394 n38

  Chronicles (biblical book)

  dating of, 134

  temple service described in, 134

  Churchland, Patricia S., 147–48

  Cicero, 295

  circumvallation, 216, 216 n

  color vision, 128–30, 150, 379 n44

  confusion, moment of, 7–8, 10, 15–16

  consciousness, mysteries of

  in animals, 149–50, 379 n41

  human subjectivity, 149–50, 379 n42

  physiology of, 148–49, 354 n19, 377 nn 34–35

  potentially unsolvable, 148, 378 n37

  and prayer, 150

  contemplation, emergence of, 68–70

  creation of the world, 33, 59, 63, 168–69, 189, 208, 239, 381 n29

  Credo quia absurdum est (“I believe because it is absurd”), 347 n1

  “cry of the victim,” 138–40, 139 n, 142–43

  curses. See enchanted world

  curtain separating ordinary and extraordinary, 12, 27, 29, 105, 137, 146, 301, 339

  gradually disappeared, 146, 169, 201, 228, 301

  Cyrus (Persian emperor), ix, 31


  D

  D (Pentateuchal strand), 366 n10, 368 n43

  Dagon (god), 85

  Dan (son of Jacob), 39. See also Jacob, sons of

  Dan, temple at, 365 n9, 367 n34, 367 n40

  Daniel (biblical sage)

  Babylonian exile, 31, 253

  interpreting angel, 239, 252

  prayer of, 32, 144

  saw a distant future, 31–32, 244–46, 252–54

  status of, 319

  Daniel, book of

  apocalyptic eschatology, 242, 244–45

  authorship, 253, 394 n40

  dating of, 199

  themes in, 252–53

  Danunites, 215

  David, King

  and ark of the covenant, 90–91

  blessed by Abigail, 202–3

  God’s appearance to, 368 n45

  as prophet, 241–42

  psalms of, 131, 132–35, 241–42, 286–87, 286 n, 375 n5

  Sabbath non-observance of, 182–83, 323

  self-reflection, absence of, 267

  sin with Bathsheba, 262, 318

  united monarchy, 409 n4

  Day of Atonement, 93

  Dead Sea Scrolls, 32, 40 n, 49, 53–54, 229. See also Qumran

  Aramaic Levi Document in, 351 n6, 400 n11

  beginnings of canonization, 314–15

  determinism in, 204–5

  God’s kingdom in heaven, 409 n23

  large units of time in, 32, 252

  later prophecy in, 234, 240–41, 394 n31

  loving your neighbor, 326, 407 n6

  offering thanks in, 229, 391 n26

  “Plea for Deliverance,” 40, 43

  prayer in, 40, 304, 403 nn 9–11

  psalms among, 241–42, 375 n1

  Sabbath laws, 324

  Scripture interpretations, importance of, 319

  Teacher of Righteousness, 240–41

  Thanksgiving Hymns, 53–54, 198–200, 233, 388–89 nn 24–25, 389 n27

  deafness, 82–83, 83 n

  death

  and the afterlife, 328–30

  personified, 206–7

  soul leaves body, 205–8

  Deborah, viii, 226, 323

  Decalogue. See Ten Commandments

  defixiones (“binding spells”), 48, 355 n33

  Deir ‘Alla inscription, 371 n16

  deities in general

 

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