Rusk, Dean, 64–65, 135
Russia (and Soviet Union) 2–3, 5, 14, 20–21, 64, 69, 130, 158–160, 175, 210, 459, 478
Rwanda, warning 335, recognition 348, response 364, aftermath 385. see also International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
accountability for U.S. inaction, 510
evacuation of foreigners, 351–353
guilt and Kosovo, 385–390, 447, 468
massacres begin in, 329–335
peace processors and, 345–348
question of genocide in, 358–364
U.S. knowledge of genocide in, 354–357, 505
U.S. military presence in, 354, 381
weaknesses in U.S. diplomacy, 346–348
Rwanda, UN deployment, 335–345
Dallaire, lack of information, 340–341
Dallaire, warns of Hutu massacres, 343–344
Hutu militants reaction to Arusha accords, 337
Hutu Ten Commandments, 338–339
International Commission of Investigation, 337–338
proposal for arms raid, 344–345
U.S. hostility toward peacekeeping, 340–342
Rwanda, U.S. policy, 364–385
Clinton’s “apology,” 386
humanitarian aid operation, 380–382
options in, 382–385
PDD-25 in action, 377–380
Pentagon and, 370–373
radio jamming and, 370–373
rationalizations about, 383–385
society-wide silence, 373–377
UN withdrawal, 366–370
Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF)
civil war vs. Hutu regime, 333
halting genocide, 357, 380
invasion of Rwanda by, 336, 340
Sacirbey, Amb. Mohammed, 404–405
“safe areas” in Bosnia, 301–303, 391–392, 411–412, 415, 418
safe havens
Iraq, 241, 507
Rwanda, 368, 372
Safire, William
on genocide in Iraq, 218
on military intervention in Iraq, 240
outrage after fall of Srebrenica, 433
Pol Pot/Hitler analogies and, 129
Saloth Sar. see Pol Pot (Saloth Sar)
Samphan, Khieu, 99, 147–148, 490
Samrin, Heng, 147, 152, 153
sanctions, against Saddam Hussein
change in Senate sentiment, 222–224
House version of, 227–228
prevention of Genocide Act and, 203–206
Senate passage of D’Amato amendment, 236
Sarajevo, xi–xiii, 265, 310–311, 324
Sary, Ieng
denial of Khmer Rouge atrocities, 112, 126, 137
UN Credentials Committee and, 150, 152
Vietnam invasion of Cambodia and, 141
Sassoon, Siegfried, 309–310
satellite photos. see evidence of genocide
Schanberg, Sydney, 99, 102, 103, 105–107
Scheffer, Amb. David, 467–469
Schindler’s List (film), 351–352
Schmidt, Christina, 402
Schroeder, Rep. Patricia, 375
Schumann, Howard, 166–167
Schwarzbart, Ignacy, 32–33
Schwarzkopf, Norman, 239
Schweppe, Alfred T., 66
Scowcroft, Brent, 261, 278, 287–289, 293, 431
Security Council. see UN Security Council
Serbs, Bosnian
Bosnian independence and, 248–249
concentration camps run by, 269–274, 279–281
dominance by, 247–248
ethnic cleansing by, 249–251, 295
evidence of genocide, 320–321
exploitation of U.S. military anxiety, 284
NATO bombings end war, 438–440
shelling of Sarajevo by, xi–xiii
Srebrenica massacre, 392, 401–404
UN–EU negotiation process with, 259–263
U.S. warnings about brutality of, 252–254
wishful thinking about intentions of, 255–258
Serbs, Kosovo
destruction of evidence of atrocities, 470–472
Kosovo Albanians, atrocities vs., 445–447
Kosovo Albanians, brutality vs. Serbs, 463–464
Kosovo Albanians, history with, 444–445
NATO attacks on targets affecting civilians, 456–457
Operation Horseshoe, 449–450
tactics against NATO, 450–451
Seselj, Vojislav, 284, 291
Sevres, Treaty of, 16, 238
Shala, Blerim, 454
Shalikashvilli, Lt. Gen. John M., 241
Shattuck, John, 410, 414–415, 418–419
Shawcross, Hartley, 57
Shawcross, William, 94, 114–115
Shedd, William A., 12
Shelly, Christine, 359–360, 363–364
Shultz, George, 176, 178, 199, 210–212, 224
Sihanouk, Prince Norodom
Cambodia’s civil war and, 92, 94
Khmer Rouge victory and, 105
as public face of Khmer Rouge, 99–100
return after Vietnamese occupation, 149, 153
U.S. support for coup against, 92
Silajdzic, Haris, 395, 396, 397
Simon, Sen. Paul, 286, 376–377
Simon, Scott, 434
Simons, Lewis, 114
Simpson, Sen. Alan, 235
skepticism and incredulity. see bystander attitudes
Skoler, Michael, 355
Slovenia, 247
Smith, Sen. H. Alexander, 68
Smith, Adm. Leighton, 444, 476
Solarz, Rep. Stephen, 127–128, 144
Somalia
Bush intervention in, 285–286, 293
lessons learned from, 366, 374–375
U.S. casualties in, 316–317
Soros, George, 428, 433, 493
sovereignty, 8, 14, 19, 47, 49, 56, 76, 163, 168, 491, 503, 526
Soviet Union, ratification of genocide convention, 158–159
Srebrenica, warning 393, recognition 401, response 406, aftermath, xiii, 391–441
creation of safe area in, 301, 391–392
first evidence of atrocities in, 402–405
massacres in, 411–421
survivors from, 415–416
Srebrenica, U.S. policy
congressional pressure, 423–430
criticism over, 421–423
defense of U.S. response, 420–421
endgame strategy, 437–441
European pressure, 435–437
fear of deploying U.S. troops, 423
media/NGO pressure, 430–435
NATO intervention after, 440
pressure to lift arms embargo, 423–430
Red Cross reports and, 409–411
satellite imagery, use of, 407–408
U.S. nonresponse to massacre in, 401–409
U.S. options after fall of, 406–407
Stalin, Joseph, 69
Stanton, Gregory, 486–487
Steinberg, Donald, 364, 367
Stevens, George, 73
Stevenson, Adlai, 53
Stojilkovic, Vlajko, 472
Streiker, Gary, 355
Surroi, Veton, 457, 463
survivors, statements of
Armenian. see also Kelikian, Tehlirian
Bosnia, 243, 257
Cambodia, 113, 115. see also Chhang, Teng
Holocaust, 72, 277. see also Gati, Lantos, Lemkin, Levi, Wiesel
Iraq, 189–190, 196, 208–209, 213, 241–243. see also Ahmad, al-Askari
Rwanda, 333, 372
Srebrenica, 411–412, 415, 418
Tadic, Dusan, 494
Talaat, Mehmed
assassination of, 1
Henry Morgenthau and, 7–8
international response to regime of, 4–6
memoirs of, 15
persecution of Armenians by, 2–3
sensitivity to outside world’s opinion, 10
Talabani,
Jalal, 174, 198–200, 229, 237–238
Talbott, Strobe, 379
Tarnoff, Peter, 298
Tehlirian, Soghomon
assassination of Talaat, 1, 17
atrocities against family of, 3–4
defense trial and acquittal of, 19
Teltsch, Kathleen, 51, 157
Teng, Seath K., 116
Thatcher, Prime Min. Margaret, 301, 480
Thomson, James C., Jr., 312
Thurmond, Sen. Strom, 168
Tito, Marshal, 255–256
Topzawa detention center (Iraq), 195–196
Trnopolje concentration camp, 275–276
Truman, Pres. Harry, 64
Tudjman, Franjo, 255, 262
Tuol Sleng prison, 143–145, 488–489
Turkey, 208–209, 240–241
Tutsi. see also Rwanda, Rwandan Patriotic Front
fighting against Hutus, 333, 336, 340
genocide against, 329–350
past domination of Hutus, 337
U.S. policy toward Burundi, 82–83
Twining, Charles, 115–117, 125, 130, 146, 487
Tyler, Patrick E., 192, 225
UN Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR), 125, 233–234
UN Credentials Committee, 149–154
debate on Khmer Rouge credentials, 151–154
U.S. policy in, 149–154
UN peacekeeping, 377–378
blue helmet hostages in Bosnia, 392, 394, 397, 400, 415, 439
collapse of Rwandan mission, 332, 366–370
deterrent effect of, 368
Habyarimana and, 345–346
humanitarian relief and, 381
legislation to limit U.S. participation in, 341–342
massacred in Rwanda, 332
Srebrenica, weak position of, 391–392, 393–394
U.S. suspicion of, 332–333, 340–341
UN Security Council
actions during Bosnian war, 326–327
condemnation of Iraq, 230
debate over Bosnian genocide, 361
debate over sending UNAMIR II to Rwanda, 377–380
Rwandan ambassador speaks before, 381, 383
slashing UNAMIR’s force size, 369
UNAMIR
ineffectiveness of, 342–343, 382
Rwanda withdrawal, 366–369
UNAMIR II, 377, 380
United Nations (UN)
Bosnia, humanitarian aid to, 281–282
Bosnian Muslims, arms embargo against, 371, 423–430, 437–438
Cambodian genocide and, 125
genocide convention, drafting text of (1947–1948), 56–60
genocide resolution (1946), 52–54
investigations of Iraqi chemical weapons use, 230
Kosovo mission in, 465–466
U.S. criticism of, 69–70
United States
Armenian massacres, response to, xix, 5, 13–14
Balkan atrocities, knowledge of, 264–269
Bosnia, opposition to intervention in, 260–263
Bosnia, backing statehood for, 249
domestic politics, xviii, 503, 509
elections: 1992, 274, 286; 1994, 359; 1996, 424, 431
genocide convention, opposition to, 65–70; Proxmire and, 79–85, 155–161, 165–169; ratification of, 163–169
Hitler, suppression of truth about, 34–35
Holocaust, indifference during, 128–129
Iraqi Kurds, response to genocide against, 173, 185–186, 190–195, 203–212
Marines, witness Rwandan genocide, 354
military campaigns abroad, justification for, 305–306
modest progress in response to genocide, 503
opposition to ICC, 491
Pentagon, 122, 330, 332, 342, 366, 370–373, 379–381, 383, 413, 423, 426, 438, 444, 451, 456–457, 459
public opinion, 276, 289, 294, 304–305
silence, society–wide, xviii, 122, 229, 373–377, 509
terrorism and, 511–512
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 74
universal jurisdiction, principle of 19–22
UNPROFOR, 281, 304, 396, 403
U.S. State Department. see also Albright, Baker, Christopher, Kissinger, Lansing, Muskie, Shultz, Vance
Dissent Channel, 287, 292, 515
dissenters, 287, 301, 311–318, 503
Intelligence and Research (INR), 209–210, 292, 320–321
Legal Advisor’s Office, 124, 245, 321, 372
Near Eastern Affairs, Bureau for (NEA), 209–210, 224–226
Office of War Crimes Analysis, 467
Open Forum, 296–298, 410, 515
Riegner Telegram, 34
Uwilingiyimana, Agathe, 330, 331–332
Van Hollen, Chris, 212–216
Vance, Cyrus, 136, 142, 147, 259–260
“victor’s justice,” 492
Vieira de Mello, Sergio, 398
Vietnam
Cambodia, attacks from, 140–142
Cambodia, mass murders and, 142–145
Cambodia, occupation of, 148–149
lessons from, 283–285, 294, 315
relations with Khmer Rouge, 136–137
“syndrome,” 261
U.S. policy toward, 146–147
Viorst, Milton, 223–224
Vishinsky, Andrei, 53
Vulliamy, Ed, 271, 275, 277
Walker, Steven, 314–315, 428
Walker, Amb. William, 446–447
Wallace, Vice Pres. Henry, 27–28
Walzer, Michael, 461–462
War Crimes Commission, 80–81, 204, 291, 482–483
war crimes tribunal; for former Yugoslavia. see International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia; for Rwanda. see International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
War Refugee Board (1944), 35, 44
warning. see also evidence of genocide
identity cards, used to target groups, 350
informants, warnings of, 343–344
lists, used to target groups, 144, 249, 333, 500
massacres, Croatia, 254–255; early Rwandan massacres, 337; Halabja massacre, 188–193; Racak (Kosovo), 446; Srebrenica massacre, 393–398, 400
militias, formation and training of, 252, 337–338
peacekeepers, held hostage or massacred, 332, 392, 394–439
relocation, 87–90, 96, 104–107, 175, 250, 452–453
separation of sexes, families, 96, 177–178, 392, 402, 417
threats, vs. group, 2, 178, 338–340
weapons, stockpiling, 249, 337
Warren, Justice Earl, 155
Washington Post
on Cambodia, 110–111
on fall of Srebrenica, 430, 433
on genocide (1944), 44
on genocide in Iraq, 223–225
on Iraqi chemical weapons, 191–192
on Khmer Rouge, 98, 108
on Rwandan massacres, 356–357, 374
Waters, Rep. Maxine, 376
Weinberger, Caspar, 261–262
Western, Jon
effort to prove genocide, 290, 292
knowledge of Serb brutality, 264–267, 276
resignation from State Department, 314
Whitaker, Ben, 154
Whitten, Les, 108, 129
Wiesel, Elie, 73, 121, 158, 161, 162, 291–292, 297–298
Wieseltier, Leon, 430–431
Williams, Ian, 275–276
Wilson, Pres. Woodrow, 6–7, 13
Wise, Rabbi Steven, 34
Wisner, Frank, 354, 371–372
Woerner, Manfred, 302
Woods, James, 332–333, 342
World Jewish Congress (WJC), 34
Yeltsin, Pres. Boris, 459
Young, Amb. Andrew, 131, 132, 146
Yugoslavia. see also Bosnia, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Serbs, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
collapse of, 258
map of, 248
prosecution for war crimes in, 481�
�484, 491–495, 507
Serb dominance in, 247
Yugoslav National Army (JNA), 247
Zedong, Mao, 88, 127
Zepa. see “safe areas” in Bosnia, 416–418, 427, 438
Zimic, Sidbela, xi–xiii
Zimmerman, Amb. Warren, 260, 262, 263, 267–268, 284, 285
Zwerdling, Daniel, 355–356
Zygielbojm, Szmul, 31–33, 36–37
SAMANTHA POWER served from 2009 to 2013 as the Special Assistant to President Barack Obama and Senior Director for Multilateral Affairs and Human Rights at the National Security Council. She was the founding executive director of the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy and the Anna Lindh Professor of the Practice of Global Leadership at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. She is also the author of Chasing the Flame: Sergio Viera de Mello and the Fight to Save the World (2008)—the basis for the award-winning HBO documentary, “Sergio”—and the recent editor, with Derek Chollet, of The Unquiet American: Richard Holbrooke in the World (2011). A former Balkan war correspondent and a recipient of the National Magazine Award and the Pulitzer Prize, she lives in Washington, DC with her husband, Cass Sunstein, and their two children.
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