IRELAND
OUR
ISLAND STORY
Vincent McDonnell from County Mayo lives near Newmarket, County Cork. In 1989 he won the GPA First Fiction Award, after being recommended by Graham Greene. He has published four other non-fiction titles and seven novels for children. Winner of numerous prizes, and shortlisted for the RAI Awards, he has been writer in residence at many venues and gives workshops and readings throughout Ireland.
For my sister Tina, Tommie and family and for my sister Theresa,
Gerry and family
IRELAND
OUR
ISLAND STORY
Vincent McDonnell
FIRST PUBLISHED IN PRINT FORMAT IN 2011 BY
The Collins Press
West Link Park
Doughcloyne
Wilton
Cork
www.collinspress.ie
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© Vincent McDonnell 2011
Vincent McDonnell has asserted his moral right to be identified as the author of this work.
All rights reserved.
The material in this publication is protected by copyright law. Except as may be permitted by law, no part of the material may be reproduced (including by storage in a retrieval system) or transmitted in any form or by any means, adapted, rented or lent without the written permission of the copyright owners. Applications for permissions should be addressed to the publisher.
EPUB eBook ISBN: 9781848899339
mobi eBook ISBN: 9781848899346
Paperback ISBN-13: 9781848891180
Typesetting by The Collins Press
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Contents
1. Back to the Beginning
2. Ireland’s History Begins
3. The Age of Stone
4. The Great Irish Tombs
5. The Bronze Age
6. The Celts
7. The Coming of Kings
8. Saint Patrick
9. Monasteries and Missionaries
10. The Vikings
11. The Normans
12. Robert the Bruce and the Spider
13. Black Death and Wars of the Roses
14. The King with Six Wives
15. The Three Queens
16. The Flight of the Earls
17. The Curse of Cromwell
18. The Battle of the Boyne
19. Ireland’s Darkest Time
20. Daniel O’Connell
21. The Great Hunger
22. More Rebellions
23. Michael Davitt
24. The Uncrowned King of Ireland
25. Seeds of Freedom
26. The Easter Rising
27. Collins Plans War
28. First Shots are Fired
29. Reign of Terror
30. A Bloody, Divided Country
31. A New Nation
32. The Troubles
33. The Celtic Tiger
34. Back to the Future
35. Also by the Author
1
Back to the Beginning
When you think of Ireland, do you imagine a country of lofty mountains and rolling hills, of babbling rivers and green glens? It’s how many people think of Ireland: a country of mists and myths and legends, where fairies live in fairy forts and at night dance around a solitary thorn tree to the plaintive music of a fiddle, where leprechauns, small men dressed in green, make beautiful leather shoes with silver buckles and guard their pots of gold. Ireland is also the country of the banshee, whose cries can be heard at night when someone dies.
It is a country of poets and singers and musicians. We have storytellers too, whose stories recount the brave deeds of heroes of old like Fionn MacCumhaill and Oisín and the Fianna; and of Queen Maeve of Connacht who fought a great battle over the ownership of the Brown Bull of Cooley. The stories also tell the tragedy of the Children of Lir, who were turned into swans, and the exploits of Setanta, who slew the hound of Culainn and became known afterwards as Cú Chulainn, or Culainn’s Hound. The stories also tell of ghosts and goblins and giants, and of dark-faced men called pookas who roam the countryside on moonless nights.
But there is another Ireland, a country that has survived invaders and marauders, and which has been conquered and ruled by a foreign power. Great battles have been fought on its soil and tens of thousands of its people have died in those conflicts. Terrible famines have ravaged the country. In one such famine, known as The Great Hunger, millions died of starvation and disease, or fled the country in terror. So many Irish men and woman emigrated to every part of the globe seeking a new life for themselves and their families that today Ireland is known throughout the whole world.
We have our own language and our native games of football and hurling, the latter having been played for thousands of years. Over two millenia ago, great sporting gatherings called the Tailteann Games were held. They included athletics and wrestling, as well as storytelling and drama. It is claimed that the modern Olympic Games, which first took place in Greece more than 2,000 years ago, were based on Ireland’s Tailteann Games.
Five thousand years ago, the largest settled farming community yet discovered in the world existed at the Céide Fields at Ballycastle in County Mayo. At that time, too, the people who then lived in County Meath built Newgrange, one of the first and largest man-made structures ever built on earth. It existed even before the pyramids were built in Egypt. The people who built Newgrange had no machinery. All they had were their hands and stone tools. Yet they were an intelligent people and knew how to measure the movement of the earth and the sun precisely.
The people who lived at the Céide Fields, or who built Newgrange, did not know how to write. They have left no written evidence of their existence – only their buildings and tools, and evidence of where they once lived. But thousands of years later, when the people who then lived in Ireland did know how to read and write, they wrote some of the most beautiful handwritten books in the whole world.
From AD 400 to AD 1200, a time in Europe now referred to as the Dark Ages, is known in Ireland as the age of saints and scholars, or The Golden Age. During the first 400 years of The Golden Age, Irish monks, using homemade inks and quills, wrote the largest number of illuminated, or illustrated, manuscripts that exists anywhere in the world from that time. The most magnificent of all those illuminated manuscripts is the Book of Kells, which can be seen in Trinity College, Dublin.
At this time Irish goldsmiths and silversmiths were also creating beautiful items of gold and silver, inlaid with jewels, and decorated with enamel. In 1868, a boy digging potatoes in Ardagh, County Limerick, found one of those items, a chalice, buried beneath a thorn bush. It is now known as the Ardagh Chalice, and regarded as a true wonder of the world. It can be seen at the National Museum of Ireland. Two other equally magnificent items have also been found. They are the Derrynaflan Chalice and the Tara Brooch.
During this period, the people of Britain and Europe were living in a Dark Age. It began with the fall of the Roman Empire, which was destroyed by tribes called Visigoths and Vandals. This event led to wars in Europe, as different tribes fought for supremacy. While wars raged, there was little time for learning. Ireland, which had not been part of the Roman Empire, avoided these wars, and here learning flourished and Irish missionaries brought this learning to the peoples of Britain and Europe. It is also claimed that Saint Brendan, one of those missionaries, sailed in a leather boat to what we now call America 1,000 years before Christopher Columbus.
Yet in world terms, Ireland is a very young country, probably still a teenager. The first people arrived here only about 9,000 years ago. By then people had spread out from Africa to Europe and Britain. They had cr
ossed the Bering Straits into North America and made their way down that continent to South America. By this time too they had arrived in Australia. So why hadn’t they come to Ireland, I hear you ask? To answer that question we must go back more than 9,000 years, back to a time which we will describe as the beginning of history in Ireland.
History, I hear you complain with a great sigh of resignation. History can be boring. It’s all about dates and battles and the names of kings and queens who are long dead. Well, yes, I agree, history is about those things. But it’s also about much more than that. It’s about the men and women and children from the past and how they lived and died. Those children didn’t have to go to school but that doesn’t mean that their life was easy. I’m sure they had to work hard doing chores just as you do today. In fact, they were just like you, with the same hopes and dreams as you have today – to be happy and contented and to live a long and interesting life.
Today, you usually learn about history from books. Ever since man discovered a means of writing he has left records. The first writings were scratched on tablets of clay. Men also inscribed the exploits of their peoples and their rulers on buildings and on tombs and on stone. Later, men discovered ways of making paper. The Egyptians made paper from papyrus reeds and used a pictorial type of writing called hieroglyphics. They also inscribed hieroglyphics on their tombs and buildings. From all those writings we can learn about the people who lived at that time.
The first people who came to Ireland did not have writing, so how can we know their history? Or how can we know what Ireland was like before those first people arrived? Luckily, there are ways, other than writing, of discovering what a country was like thousands of years ago, and how its people lived.
So let’s go back to that time before people arrived in Ireland. It is a time when the country resembled Antarctica as we know it today, and almost the whole country was covered in a giant ice cap. Let’s go back to what we call the Great Ice Age, just before the beginning of the exciting history of Ireland and its people.
2
Ireland’s History Begins
Until 9,000 years ago there were no humans living in Ireland. People could not have survived because the climate was bitterly cold. It was so cold that most of the country was covered by a gigantic ice cap. This was hundreds of metres deep in places, especially in the northern part of the country. It was so heavy that it pressed down the land, just like what happens to a piece of foam rubber if you place a heavy book on it. We don’t know why the country was so cold, but we know this icecap existed because it has left evidence behind of its presence.
Wherever there are icecaps, there are also glaciers. A glacier is a gigantic river of ice. As you know, rivers flow and so do glaciers, but they do not flow as fast as a river. A glacier moves so slowly that its movement is hardly noticeable. As it creeps forward, it gouges out the earth beneath and to each side of it, creating valleys and fjords in the process. Killary Harbour, a fjord on the border of Counties Mayo and Galway, was carved out by a gigantic glacier, and is the only fjord in Ireland.
As a glacier creeps forward, it collects debris – soil and ground-up rock and sand and grit. When it eventually melts it deposits this debris, which forms small round hills or long ridges. In Ireland these hills are called drumlins and the ridges are called eskers. Most of them are in the north of the country and many Irish place names have the word ‘drumlin’ or ‘esker’ in them. There is other evidence, too, for the presence of glaciers in Ireland. When they move across solid rock they scrape it, and we can still see these scrape marks today in various parts of the country.
So until around 10,000 years ago, Ireland was like Antarctica is today, though we did not have penguins in Ireland. In fact, during the Great Ice Age, which is what we call that time, few animals could have survived the bitter cold.
Then the climate changed and the ice slowly melted. We don’t really know why this happened, only that it did. With all that weight gone, the land must have given a great sigh of relief as it rose up, just like that piece of foam rubber when the book is lifted from it. At Courtmacsherry, County Cork, you can see beaches high above the beach on which you sunbathe or build sandcastles. This tells us that at the time of the Ice Age the land had been pressed down to the level of the raised beach. Ireland is still rising out of the sea, but so slowly that it will be thousands of years before there is a noticeable change.
Once the ice melted, vegetation grew. Gradually, over the next 1,000 years or so Ireland was covered with a giant forest. During this time one of the most amazing Irish animals lived – the giant elk or deer. He was 3 metres or more in height and his antlers were even wider. As the forest expanded, the elk became extinct. It is thought that his antlers were so wide that they caught in the branches of trees and he could no longer find food.
Other animals survived, like brown bears and wolves and foxes and wild boar. There were fish in the rivers and in the seas and, of course, there were birds. As the vegetation expanded there were fruits and nuts and tubers and fungi. There was an abundance of food for anyone who cared to come and hunt or fish, or gather fruit and nuts and fungi.
By this time, people lived throughout much of Europe and had found their way to Britain and other parts of the world. But, as yet, they had not travelled to Ireland. All that was about to change and the history of Ireland really begin.
We don’t exactly know when the first humans came to Ireland, or where they came from. Some historians believe that the first people came from Greece and died of plague. Others believe that the first people were the Formorians, who were said to have come from Africa, and were descended from Noah. After them came the Fir Bolgs and still later the Tuatha Dé Danann, who were said to have magical powers. Then the Milesians came and conquered the Tuatha Dé Danann, who then retreated underground and became the fairies of Irish legends.
As this is clearly part of myth and legend, you can see that it’s not easy to know the early history of the people who first came here. The stories about them were not written until thousands of years after they first came. Instead, the stories were passed down by word of mouth, and no doubt were added to and exaggerated so that it’s difficult now to tell truth from myth.
But luckily there is physical evidence of the presence of the first people who came to Ireland long ago. This evidence exists at the places where they lived and died. In Ireland, these places are around the coast of County Antrim and further west at Mount Sandal in County Derry.
The nearest land to the County Antrim coast is the west coast of Scotland. So we assume that those first settlers came from there. On a clear day you can see the Irish coastline from Scotland. So the people who lived on the Scottish shores 9,000 years ago must have looked west many times and wondered about the land they could see across the sea.
These people were hunter-gatherers. They lived in tents made of animal skins or huts made of brush. They hunted and fished for their food and gathered berries, fruits and nuts, and fungi and edible roots. When animals and other food sources became scarce, they gathered up their belongings and moved on to where there was food. Because of this, they were used to moving to and exploring new places.
Now, all creatures are curious. Not only do they like to explore their own environment but they also like to explore the world about them. Just observe the behaviour of a new puppy. It will dash about the house, looking and sniffing at everything. If you open a cupboard, it will scamper inside to see what’s in there. If you open a door it will rush through to see what lies beyond.
Humans are just as curious as any puppy. But they go further than mere curiosity. They ask questions. One day a man must have stood at the edge of the sea in Scotland, looked west to Ireland and wondered about that land. What sort of land was it? Who, if anyone, lived there? Should he travel there and explore it?
Can you picture him? He’s probably not tall, because we think that people were smaller long ago. He’s probably short and stocky, but strong and healthy
too. There were few medicines in those times and if he became ill, or was injured, it was likely that he would die.
He’s wearing simple breeches made of cured animal skins and probably some sort of vest or tunic, also made of skins. His feet are bare, or he may be wearing simple leather sandals, or leather thongs wrapped around his feet. His body is smeared with the juice of berries or with chalk, and almost certainly so is his face. He may have crude tattoos on his skin and even have body piercings, just as some people do today.
His hair is wild and matted and he’s carrying a flint axe or spear and possibly a flint knife. For danger lurks all about. He might be attacked at any time by a wild animal or by men from another tribe living in the vicinity. Perhaps he and his tribe are in danger from other tribes who live close by, and he is thinking that he might find safety in that land across the sea.
At one time Ireland was joined to Scotland and you could walk from one country to another. We think that this was how all those animals came to Ireland when the ice began to melt. But by 9,000 years ago, that linking piece of land had become submerged beneath the sea as the ice melted and sea levels rose. This is why we assume that the first men who travelled to Ireland did so in a boat.
This may have been a dugout canoe, which is formed by gouging out the inside of a huge log and shaping one end into a V shape so that it will cut easily through the water. Or perhaps the boat had a simple wooden frame covered with animal skins and probably caulked (sealed) with pitch. Whichever it was, it would have been a very frail craft for a sea journey and those first humans who crossed the sea to Ireland must have been very brave indeed. Not only were they going to be at the mercy of the sea, but they didn’t know whether they might encounter hostile people or fierce wild animals in the new land.
They would have planned for the journey, taking with them on the boat meat and fish and maybe nuts and edible roots. Water would have been essential, and they would have brought a number of boars’ bladders filled with water, the openings carefully tied off so that none of the precious liquid should spill.
Ireland Page 1