by Mark Curtis
11 David Hencke and Andy Rowell, 'Battle the MoD lost: papers reveal failed bid to sway opinion on Iraq', Guardian, 19 November 2003.
12 'Sincere deceivers', Economist, 17 July 2004; 'He got it wrong'. New Statesman, 19 July 2004.
13 Butler report, paras 433, 434,435, 222, 240, 226, 261, 272, 295, 292.
14 Government response to the intelligence and security committee report on Iraqi weapons of mass destruction – Intelligence and assessments 11 September 2003, Cm.6118, February 2004.
15 Richard Norton-Taylor, 'Tell us the truth about the dossier', Guardian, 15 July 2003.
16 Robin. Cook, 'Blair and Scarlett told me Iraq had no usable weapons', Guardian, 12 July 2004.
17 Cited in Rangwala, 'Iraq's weapons of mass destruction'', www.middleeastreference.org.uk
18 Butler report, para 334.
19 Jack Straw evidence to the House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee. 24 June 2003, Q735, www.publicatiotis.parliament.uk/ pa/cm200203
20 Jonathan Powell to John Scarlett, 17 September 2002, www.the-hiitton-inquiry.org.uk
21 Jonathan Powell to Alastair Campbell and David Manning, 17 September 2002, www.the-hutton-inquiiy.org.uk; emphasis in original.
22 '] was shocked by poor weapons intelligence – Blix', Guardian, 7 June 2003.
23 Robin Cook, 'We must not let one "dodgy dossier" distract us from more crucial questions'. Independent, 26 June 2003.
24 Robin Cook, evidence to the House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee, 17 June 2003, www.publications.pariianient.uk/pa/ cm200203, Q9; 'Iraq hits back with. CIA offer', Guardian, 23 December 2003; 'Secret of Saddam's hidden arsenal', Guardian, 5 September 2002.
25 'Responsibility for the terrorist atrocities in the United States, 11 September 20001 – an updated account', www.pm.gov.uk.
26 Jason Burke, Al Qaeda: Casting a shadow of terror, I. B. Tauris, 2003, p. 19.
27 Peter Beaumont and Ed Vulliamy, 'Story of find in Afghan cave "was made up" to justify sending marines', Observer, 24 March 2002.
28 'Blair; I have secret proof of weapons', Observer, 1 June 2003; Clare Short evidence, Q89. 94.
29 Ewen Macaskill, 'Emails show how No. 10 constructed case for war', Guardian. 23 August 2003.
30 Daniel Pruce to Mark Matthews, 10 September 2002, www.tb.e- hutton-inquiry.org.uk.
31 Daniel Pruce to Alastair Campbell, 11 September 2002, www.the- hutton-inquiry.org.uk; Tom Kelly to Alastair Campbell, 11 September 2002, www.the-hutton-inquiiy.org.uk; Richard Norton-Taylor, 'Dossier was too static for No. 10', Guardian, 21 August 2003.
32 Richard Norton-Taylor. Nicholas Watt and Ewen Macaskill, The remaining questions'. Guardian, 12 September 2003; Richard Norton-Taylor, 'Hoon has no defence for the dossier', Guardian, 1 October 2003.
33 "There was a lack of substantive evidence"', Independent, 4 February 2004; Rogers (ed.). The Hutton Inquiry, pp. 219–21.
34 Richard Norton-Taylor. 'Hoon has no defence for the dossier', Guardian, r October 2003; Robin Cook, 'A sound judgment but it sidesteps the central issues', Independent, 29 January 2004.
35 Alastair Campbell to John Scarlett, 17 September 2002, www.the- hutton-inquiry.org.uk; Sarah Hall, 'Campbell misled us, says MP', Guardian, 22 August 2003.
36 Ewen Macaskill and Richard Norton-Taylor, '10 ways to sex up a dossier', Guardian, 27 September 2003.
37 Evidence from journalist Tom Mangold to the Hutton inquiry, cited in Rogers (ed.), The Hutton Inquiry, p. 227.
38 Vikram Dodd, 'Hoon knew WMD press reports were wrong". Guardian, 23 September 2003; House of Commons, Hansard, 10 February 2004, Col. 1305; Clare Short evidence, Q103–4.
39 Sarah Hall, Patrick Wintour and Richard Norton-Taylor, 'Blair caught in Iraq arms row', Guardian, 5 February 2004.
40 House of Commons, Hansard, 12 February 2004, Col. 1677; Geoff Hoon, evidence to Defence Committee, 5 February 2004, www.pnblications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304.
41 Butler report, para 497,
42 Richard Norton-Taylor, 'What David Kelly knew', Guardian, 24 July 2003; Ewen Macaskill, Richard Norton-Taylor and Vikram Dodd, 'The desperate search for the dossier evidence', Guardian, 27 August 2003.
43 Raymond Whitaker and Kim Sengupta, 'Is this the face of the man who gave Blair the cue for 45-minute WMD claim?', Independent, 22 February 2004.
44 '"A statement popped up and was seized on"', Guardian, 14 August 2003.
45 Cited in Justice Not Vengeance briefing, 'Gilligan 6:07: Dr Kelly was not the only source for the story', 5 February 2004, www.j-n-v.org.
46 Foreword, 'Iraq's weapons of mass destruction: The assessment of the British government', September 2002, www.fco.gov.uk,
47 House of Commons, Hansard, 23 January 2002, Col. 887 and 15 April 2002, Col. 721; 2 December 2002, Col. 522; 5 February 2003, Col. 266.
48 Richard Norton-Taylor, 'Iraq gave a! Qaeda a base, says Blair, Guardian, 18 June 2004; Butler report. para 484.
49 Richard Norton-Taylor, 'UK spies reject al Qaeda link', Guardian, 10 October 2002.
50 'Iraq dossier fiasco rolls on', 12 June 2003, Jane's, www.janes.com.
51 Glen Rangwala, 'Paper written for the Foreign Affairs Committee', www.middleeastreference.org.uk.
52 Suzanne Goldenberg, 'Britain "knew uranium claims were false"'. Guardian, 7 July 2003; Julian Borger, 'Democrats step up pressure on uranium claims', Guardian, 14 July 2003.
53 Seymour Hersh, 'Who lied to whom?'; Memorandum from the Foreign Office to the Foreign Affairs Committee, 28 July 2003, www.publications.parliament.uk.
54 Letters, Guardian, 15 July 2003.
55 Butler report, para 497.
56 'Prime Minister's interview with Arabic television'. 4 April 2003,
www.pm.gov.uk.
57 Nicholas Watt, 'Straw retreats on finding banned weapons', Guardian. 15 May 2003.
58 Jack Straw, evidence to the Foreign Affairs Committee, 24 June 2003, www.publications.parliament.uk.pa/cm200203, Q737, 845–6.
59 House of Commons, Hansard, 15 October 2003, Col. 234; Richard Norton-Taylor and Michael White, 'Report reveals Blair overruled by terror warning', Guardian, 12 September 2003.
60 "They won't go away', Guardian, 13 September 2003.
61 Memorandum from the Foreign Office to the Foreign Affairs Committee report on the foreign policy aspects of the war against terrorism, December 2003, www.publications.parliament.uk; Foreign Affairs Committee, Second report, Session. 2003/04, Foreign policy aspects of the war against terrorism, 2 February 2004, para 23, www.publkations.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304.
4 The new Ministry of Offence
1 DTI, Our energy future – Creating u low carbon economy, Cm 5761, February 2003, foreword, para 6.6, 6.13, 6.16. 6.17, 6.23, 6.25.
2 'US to move troops to Africa to protect oil interests', IPS, 9 July 2003, www.corpwatch.org; Ken Silverstein, 'US oil politics in the "Kuwait of Africa'", The Nation, 22 April 2002; Suraya Dadoo. 'When uncle Sam comes calling in Africa', Media Review. 30 April 2003, www.zmag.org.
3 Jean-Christophe Servant, "Trie new Gulf oil states', Le Monde Diplomatique, January 2003.
4 Rob Evans and David Hencke, 'UK and US in joint effort to secure African oil', Guardian, 14 November 2003.
5 R. Butler to PM, 20 April 1964, DEFE 13/569.
6 Treasury, 'Overseas investment policy', 25 July 1956, T230/306.
7 Cabinet Office, 'Future policy study. 1960–1970', January 1960, CAB21/3847; Cabinet Office, 'Study of future policy, 1960–1970', Working Group, 14 October 1959. CAB21/3844.
8 Treasury, 'Overseas investment policy', 25 July 1956, T230/306; Foreign Office, 'Regional studies', September 1964, FCO49/302.
9 FCO, 'The British interest in oil', March 1967, FCO54/77.
10 Memorandum by Cabinet Secretary, 'Future defence policy', 7 June 1963, CAB21/5901.
11 MoD, Strategic defence review, 1998, Introduction para. 6, Chap. 4 para. 61, chap. 5 para. 87, www.mod.uk.
12 The strategic defence review; A new chapter, July 200
2, Cm 5566., Introduction, chap. 6 para. 89, 92; also 'Supporting analysis and information', section 4, para. 5, www.mod.uk.
13 MoD, Operations in Iraq – Lessons for the future, December 2003, Chapter 3 www.mod.uk.
14 MoD, Delivering security in a changing world, Defence white paper, December 2003, Introduction, para. 1.2, 2.14, 2.7,3.1,3-2,3-5,4-4,4-9, 4,10, 4.19, www.mod.uk.
15 FCO, UK international priorities: A strategy for the FCO, Cm 6052, December 2003, www.fco.gov.uk; Patrick Wintour, 'Ministers look for the lessons in Iraq failures', Guardian, 3 December 2003.
16 Geoff Hoon, speeches to RUSI, 9 December 2003, 26 June 2003; speech to the City forum, 27 November 2003, www.mod.uk.
17 Hoon, speech, 18 July 2002, www.mod.uk.
18 Robert Cooper, 'The new liberal imperialism', Observer, 7 April 2002.
5 Massacres in Iraq: The secret history
1 British embassy, Baghdad, 'Annual report, 1958 – Iraq', 29 January 1959, FO371/140896/VQ1011/1.
2 FO, 'The immediate outlook in Iraq', 24 July 1958, FO371/134201/ VQ1015/162.
3 M. Wright to S. Lloyd, 22 April 1958, FO371/134198/VQ1015/36.
4 British embassy, Ankara to FO, 17 July 1958, FO371/134199/ VQ1015/95.
5 Memorandum by IPC staff member, 'The political situation in Iraq', 25 November 1962, FO371/170428/EQ1015/13.
6 See Web of Deceit, Chapter 12.
7 Aburish, A Brutal Friendship, pp. 139–40.
8 Ibid, pp. 137,139.
9 F. Maynard, Note, 27 September 1962, FO371/164235/EQ1015/83; C. Cope, Note, 1 October 1962, ibid; R. Allen to S. Crawford, 31 December 1962, FO371/170428/EQ1015/05.
10 R. Allen to S. Crawford, 28 January 1963, FO371/170428/EQ1015/26; R. Allen to FO, 9 February 1963, ibid, EQ1015/36.
11 D. Haskell to D. Goodchild, 15 February 1963, FO371/170432/ EQ1015/104; R. Allen to FO, 11 February 1963, FO371/170431/ EQ1015/68.
12 Report by military attaché, 'The revolution in Iraq', 19 February T963, FO371/170434/EQ1015/126; Embassy, Baghdad to FO, 10 February 1963, FO371/170428/EQ1015/39; FO to Embassy, Tehran, 10 February 1963, ibid, EQ1015/33.
13 Embassy, Baghdad to FO, 11 February 1963, FO371/170431/ EQ1015/64.
14 R. Munro to D. Goodchild, 26 February 1963, FO371/170434/ EQ1015/129.
15 R. Lawson to G. Hiller, 2 March 1963, FO371/170434/EQ1015/131; D. Goodchild to R.Munro, 21 March 1963, FO371/170446/EQ1018/3.
16 R. Allen to Earl Home, 17 May 1963, FO371/170437/EQ1015/186; P. Cradock, Minute, 10 July 1963, FO371/170439/EQ1015/236.
17 FO to Embassy, Amman, 9 February 1963, FO371/170428/EQ1015/37.
18 R. Allen to FO, 15 February 1963, FO371/170502/EQ1532/23 and EQ1532/26.
19 FO to various embassies, 12 February 1963, FO371/170432/EQ1015/99.
20 FO, 'The outlook in Iraq', 15 February 1963, FO371/170433/EQ1015/111.
21 FO to Embassy, Ankara, 10 February 1963, F0371/170428/EQ1015/40.
22 A. Elwell to R. Munro, 14 March 1963, FO371/170446//EQ1018/3; written note by IRD official, ibid; FO, 'The outlook in Iraq'.
23 R. Munro to D. Goodchild, 6 March 1963, FO371/164235/EQ1018/3.
24 Embassy, Baghdad to FO, 10 February 1963, FO371/170428/ EQ1015/53; D. Goodchild to R. Munro, 21 March 1963, FO371/170446/EQ1018/3; Embassy, Washington to FO, 10 February 1963, FO371/170430/EQ1015/46.
25 FO brief, 19 February 1963, FO371/170502/EQ1532/28.
26 R. Allen to FO, 13 February 1963, FO371/170432/EQ1015/82; R. Allen to FO, 15 February [963, FO371/170433/EQ1015/120; R. Allen to Earl Home, 22 February 1963, FO371/170434/EQ1015/125; R. Allen to G. Hiller, 25 April 1963, FO371/170461/EQ1051/2.
27 D. Goodchild to H. Maynard, 17 May 1963, FO371/170446/ EQ1018/10.
28 Aburish, A Brutal Friendship, p. 141.
29 Embassy, Washington to FO, 12 June 1963, FO371/170438/ EQ1015/206; Embassy, Baghdad to FO, 21 June 1963, ibid, EQ1015/205; FO to various embassies, 14 June 1963, ibid, EQ1015/217; FO brief, 'Resumption of the Kurdish war in Iraq', 19 June 1963, FO371/170481/EQ1192/67.
30 E. Maynard to D. Goodchild, 22 June 1963, FO37T/170447/EQ1019/4.
31 FO to various embassies, 14 June 1963, FO371/170438/EQ1015/217.
32 G. Hiller, 'Arms for Iraq', 7 June 1963, FO371/170489/EQ1224/8; FO to Amman, 10 April 1963, FO371/170479/EQ1192/21; Ministerial Committee on Strategic Exports, Brief for 8 April 1963 meeting, ibid, EQ1192/25.
33 G. Hiller, 'Arms for Iraq', 29 May 1963, FO371/170480/EQ1192/52.
34 Brief for Cabinet, 11 June 1963, FO371/170438/EQ1015/212.
35 FO brief, 25 June 1963, FO371/170480/EQH92/57; P. Cradock to A. Campbell, 12 July 1963, F0371/170481/EQ1192/63; R. Allen to FO, 18 June 1963, FO371/170489/EQ1224/16; R. Allen to FO, 3 July 1963, FO371/170490/EQ.T224/21.
36 FO to various embassies, 14 June 1963, FO371/170438/EQ1015/217.
37 D. Goodchild to H. Moreland, 27 August 1963, FO371/170490/ EQ1224/24; J. Robey to FO, 9 July 1963, ibid.
38 D. Goodchild to R. Hutton, 20 September 1963, FO371/170485/ EQir94/6.
39 W. Morris, Minute, 8 October 1963, FO371/170482/EQ1T92/91.
40 FO, Minute, 'Arms for Iraq', 13 September 1963, FO371/170492/ EQ1224/70; E. Maynard to D. Goodchild, 6 July 1963, F0371/17O448/ EQ1019/21.
41 Draft FO brief, 12 September 1963, FO371/170449/EQ1019/45.
42 W. Morris, Minute, 26 September 1963, FO371/170449/EQ1019/54; W. Morris, 'Genocide in Kurdistan', 16 September 1963, ibid, EQ1019/45.
43 R. Allen to FO, 4 December 1963, FO371/170485/EQ1194/11; FO to Embassy, Tehran, 22 April 1963, FO371/170489/EQ1224/4.
44 E. Maynard to C. Brant, 30 July 1965, FO371/180813/EQ1019/75; Draft FO brief, June 1965, FO371/180830/EQ1192/29; S. Egerton to C. Brant, 15 January 196S, FO371/186747/EQ1019/2.
45 FO to Embassy, Baghdad, 8 July 1965, FO371/180830/EQ1192/41.
46 Draft FO brief, June 1965, FO371/180830/EQ1192/29.
47 Said Aburish, Saddam Hussein: The politics of revenge, Bloomsbury, London, 2000, p. 68; David McDowall, A Modem History of the Kurds, I. B. Tauris, London, 2000, p. 318.
48 M. Barzani to PM, undated in FO371/180814/EQ1019/87; P. Cradock, Note, 17 September 1965, FO371/180814/EQ1019/102.
49 E. Maynard to C. Brant, 2 January 1965, FO371/180812/EQ1019/1; E. Maynard to M. Burton, 13 March 1965, ibid, EQ1019/24.
50 E. Maynard to C. Brant, 2 September 1965, FO371/180814/EQ1019/95.
51 R. Allen to R. Butler, 20 December 1963, FO371/170445/EQ1017/19.
52 T. Evans to M. Stewart, 25 July 1968, FCO17/417/EQ 1/17; T. Evans to FO, 12 August 1968, FCO17/441/EQ3/24.