NOTES ON THE PRINCIPAL SOURCES
Amatus (Aime) of Monte Cassino
Amatus lived as a monk at the monastery of Monte Cassino during the second half of the eleventh century. He was thus presumably an eyewitness of many of the events he chronicles, and is consequently the best source for the early history of the Norman conquest of Italy, covering the period from its beginnings to 1080. His main object is avowedly to tell of the glories of Robert Guiscard and Richard of Capua, but his facts seem to be generally accurate.
The original Latin text of Amatus's work has been lost, but there exist at the Bibliotheque Nationale two early fourteenth-century copies of a translation into an Italianate Old French. The work has never to my knowledge been translated into English.
Geoffrey Malaterra
A Benedictine monk of Norman origin, Malaterra seems to have come to Apulia as a young man and later to have settled at Robert Guiscard's foundation of S. Eufemia, from which he eventually moved to its daughter house, S. Agata at Catania. At the outset he makes it clear that he is writing on the instructions of Count Roger I, and that his chronicle is based not on documents but on oral tradition and hearsay; it is therefore not surprising that the first part should be rather vague. After 1060, however, his narrative tightens. Apart from one longish digression about Robert Guiscard's Byzantine expedition, he is now dealing with Roger in Sicily to the exclusion of all else, and may well be recording on occasion the Count's own reminiscences; at any rate he is the best—indeed, practically the only—source for Roger's Sicilian wars and, in view of his semi-official standing, he is presumably fairly trustworthy. His chronicle stops in 1099. No English or French translations exist.
William of Apulia
William's epic poem was written at the instigation of Pope Urban II and is dedicated to Roger Borsa. It can be dated fairly accurately to the last few years of the eleventh century—probably between 1095 and 1099. It tells the story from the beginning until the death of Robert Guiscard in 1085, and the return of Roger Borsa and the army to Italy. Unlike other pro-Norman chroniclers of the period, William was an Italian; Chalandon suggests that he came from Giovinazzo, which certainly seems to get more than its share of favourable mentions. Relying largely on local sources, he is particularly useful where events in Apulia are concerned; he is less good on western Italy and Sicily. His work has two main themes—the providential succession of the Byzantines by the Normans, and the glorification of the House of Hauteville. There is a French translation by Marguerite Matthieu (see below).
Leo of Ostia
Leo Marsicanus came from a noble family of the Marsi and entered Monte Cassino in about 1061. Forty years later Paschal II created him Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia. He was a personal friend of Abbot Desiderius, at whose request he wrote his chronicle of the monastery and to whom it is dedicated. Although the work was begun only after 1098, Leo's first draft takes no note of Amatus and is based on archives and oral traditions; later, however, he seems to have come across his predecessor's work and rewrote much of his own in consequence, bringing his account up to the year 1075. It was subsequently continued by Peter the Deacon who, though he was to become librarian of the monastery and to play an important part in its affairs, proved an unscrupulous and untrustworthy chronicler: Chalandon, in a rare burst of feeling, speaks of his 'detestable reputation'. Leo's own work, however, is well-informed and of considerable value. There is no English or French translation.
Falco of Benevento
Member of one of the leading families of Benevento, a Palace notary and scribe, Falco wrote a retrospective history of his own city and South Italy as a whole between 1102 and 1139. It is of interest not only for its own qualities—it is reliable, methodical, vivid, and contains much of which its author was an eyewitness—but also because it reflects the opinions of a Lombard patriot, for whom the Normans were little better than a bunch of uncivilised brigands. An Italian translation exists and is listed below.
Alexander of Telese
Alexander, Abbot of the monastery of S. Salvatore near Telese, wrote his chronicle at the request of the Countess Matilda, sister of Roger II. Though ostensibly a biography of Roger, the first part is sketchy in the extreme; we are told nothing about Adelaide's regency and the account becomes interesting only from 1127, with the events leading up to the establishment of the Sicilian Kingdom. From that point until 1136, when Alexander abruptly breaks off, he becomes a valuable source—though allowance must be made for his extreme tendentiousness. For him Roger was divinely appointed to bring peace and order to the South, after meting out just punishment for earlier iniquities. Despite his cloth, the Abbot has little respect for the Pope, and even chides Honorius II for his 'insolence'. There is an Italian translation listed below.
I. ORIGINAL SOURCES
1. Collections of Sources
(The abbreviations used elsewhere in this bibliography and in the footnotes follow each entry in parentheses.)
AMARI, M. Biblioteca Arabo-Sicula. Versione Italiana, 2 vols. Turin and Rome, 1880-81. (B.A.S.)
ARCHIVIO STORICO SICILIANO. (A.S.S.)
BOUQUET, M. et al. Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France. 23 vols.
Paris, 1738—1876. New Series, Paris 1899- (in progress). (R.H.F.) Corpus Scriptorum Historiae By^antinae. Bonn, 1828-97. (C.S.H.B.) GUIZOT, F. Collection des Memoires Relatifs a PHistoire de France. 29 vols.
Paris, 1823-27. (G.M.H.F.) JAFFE, p. Bibliotheca Rerum Germanicarum. 6 vols. Berlin, 1864-73.
(J.B.R.G.)
MIGNE, J. p. Patrologia Latina. 221 vols. Paris, 1844-55. (M.P.L.) Monumenta Germaniae Historica, ed. G. H. Pertz, T. Mommsen et al.
Hanover, 1826- (in progress). (M.G.H.) Monumenta Gregoriana, ed. Jaffe. J.B.R.G., vol. II.
MURATORI, L. A. Rerum Italicarum Scriptores. 25 vols. Milan, 1723-51. (R.I.S.)
RE, G. DEL. Cronisti e Scrittori Sincroni della Dominazione Normanna nel Regno di Puglia e Sicilia. 2 vols. Naples, 1845, 1868. (R.C.S.S.)
Recueil des Historiens des Croisades. Publ. Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, Paris, 1841-1906. Historiens Occidentaux, 5 vols (R.H.C.Occ.)
WATTERICH, J. M. Pontificum Romanorum quifuerunt inde ab exeunte saeculo IX usque finem saeculi XIII vitae ab aequalibus conscriptae. Leipzig, 1862. 2 vols. (W.P.R.)
2. Individual Sources
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ALEXANDER OF TELESE. Rogerii Regis Siciliae Rerum Gestarum Libri IV. In R.C.S.S., vol. II (with Italian translation).
AMATUS OF MONTE CASSINO. Ystoire de li Normant, ed. V. de Bartholomaeis, Fond per la Storia d'ltalia, Scrittori, Rome, 1935.
ANNA COMNENA. The Alexiad, tr. E. Dawes, London 1928.
AnnatesBarenses. In M.G.H. Scriptores, vol. V.
ANNALES BENEVENTANI. In M.G.H. Scriptores, vol. III. AN-NUWAYRI, ed. Amari, with Italian translation. B.A.S., vol. II. ANONYMUS VATICANUS. Historia Sicula. In R.I.J'., vol. VIII. AT-TIGANI, ed. Amari, with Italian translation. B.A.S., vol. II. BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ST. Vita Prima. In M.P.L., vol. 185. BRUNO. Vita Sancti Leonis IX. In W.P.R., vol. II.
CEDRENUS, GEORGIUS. Synopsis Historiarum, ed. Bekker. In C.S.H.B. Bonn, 1839. 2 vols.
EADMER. Historia Novarum in Anglia et de Vita Anselmi, tr. R. W. Southern. London, 1962.
FALCO OF BENEVENTO. Chronicon. In R.C.S.S., vol. II (with Italian translation).
GLABER, RADULF. Historiarum Sui Temporis, Libri V. In R.H.F., vol. X. IBN AL-ATHIR. Kamel at Tawarikh, ed. Amari, with Italian translation. B.A.S., vol. I.
IBN HAMDIS OF SYRACUSE. Ed. Amari, with Italian translation. B.A.S., vol. II.
IBN JUBAIR. Account of a visit to Sicily. French translation, with notes by M. Amari, Journal Asiatique, Series IV, vols 6 and 7, December. 1845, January/March 1846; Italian translation in B.A.S., vol. I.
JOHN OF SALISBURY. Historia Pontificalis, ed. with translation by M. Chibnall. London, 19
56.
LEO OF OSTIA (MARSICANUS). Chronicon Monasterii Casinensis. In M.G.H. Scriptores, vol. VII, and M.P.L., vol. 173.
MALATERRA, GEOFFREY. Historia Sicula. In M.P.L., vol. 149 and R.I.S., vol. V.
ORDERICUS VITALIS. The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy, tr. with notes by T. Forester. London 1854. 4 vols.
PSELLUS, MICHAEL. Chronographia, tr. E. R. A. Sewter. London, 1953.
ROMUALD OF SALERNO. Chronicon. In R.C.S.S., vol. I with Italian translation; also in M.G.H., Scriptores, vol. XIX or R.I.S., vol. VII.
SKYLITZES, JOHN. 'ETTLTO/J,^ la-ropiQiv, ed. Bekker (Cedrenus's Copy of main section). In C.S.H.B., vol. II.
WIBERT. Vita Leonis IX. In W.P.R., Vol. I.
WILLIAM OF APULIA. Gesta Roberti Wiscardi. In M.G.H., Scriptores, vol. IX. For French translation see M. Mathieu, Guillaume de Pouille: La Geste de Robert Guiscard. (Istituto Siciliano di Studi Bizantini e Neoellenici. Palermo, 1961.)
WILLIAM OF MALMESBURY. Gesta Regum Anglorum. In M.P.L., vol. 179 and
M.G.H., Scriptores, vols X, XIII. English translation with notes by
J. A. Giles, London, 1895. WILLIAM OF TYRE. Belli Sacri Historia and Historia Rerum in Partibus Trans-
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II. MODERN WORKS
AMARI, M. Storia dei Musulmani di Sicilia. 3 vols. Florence, 1854-72.
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BUCKLER, G. Anna Comnena. London, 1929.
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History of the Eastern Roman Empire. London, 1912.
'The Roman Emperors from Basil II to Isaac Komnenos', English Historical Review, IV', 1889.
CAHEN, C. Ee Regime Fe'odal de 1'Italie Normande. Paris, 1940.
— 'Notes sur l'histoire des croisades et de l'orient latin', Bulletin de la Faculte des Eettres de I'Universite de Strasbourg, XXIX, 1950-51.
Cambridge Medieval History. 8 vols. Cambridge, 1911-36. CASPAR, E. Roger II und die Grundung der normannisch-sicilischen Monarchie. Innsbruck, 1904.
— Die Eegatengewalt der normannisch-sicilischen Herrscher im 12. Jahrhundert. Rome, 1904.
Catholic Encyclopaedia, The, ed. C. G. Herbermann. 15 vols. London and
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— Histoire de la Domination Normande en Italie et en Sicile. Paris, 1907. 2 vols. COHN, w. Die Geschichte der normannisch-sicilischen Flotte unter der Regierung
Rogers I und Rogers II, 1060-1134. Breslau, 1910. CRONIN, V. The Golden Honeycomb. London, 1954. CURTIS, E. Roger of Sicily. New York, 1912. DELARC, 0. Les Normands en Italie. Paris, 1883. Dictionary of National Biography.
Dictionnaire de Theologie Catholique, ed. Vacant and Mangenot. 9 vols in 15. Paris, 1926-50.
Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Geographie Ecclesiastiques, ed. Baudrillart. Paris, (in progress).
DIEHL, c. Etudes Byzantines. Paris, 1905. 2 vols.
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RUNCIMAN, s. History of the Crusades. Cambridge, 1954. 3 vols. ■— The Eastern Schism. Oxford, 1955.
SCHLUMBERGER, G. L'Epopee by^antine ct la fin duXesiecle. Paris, 18 96-190 5. 3 vols.
STEFANO, G. DI. Monumenti della Sicilia Nor manna.
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INDEX
NOTE: The names of countries and peoples occurring constantly in the text, e.g. Italy, Sicily, 'Lombards, Byzantines, etc., are not included in the index
. Nor are those of modem historians listed in the bibliography.
Abdullah ibn Haukal, 133 Abdullah of Kairouan, 47, 53-5 Abelard de Hauteville, 107-8, 164, 180,
196, 217, 221, 235 Abelard, Peter, 323 Abruzzi, 198-9, 214-15 Abu Abdullah ibn Maimun, 296 Abu es-Salt, 301 Abu Hafs, 46 Acerenza, 68, 209 Acre, 287-8
Adelaide of Savona, Countess of Sicily, Queen of Jerusalem, 54n., 280-4, 286-90, 304
Admirals, 276, 292
Agnes of Guienne, Western Empress, 74,
120, 159, 20m., 205 Agrigento, 145-6, 156, 160, 163, 166, 189,
The Normans In The South Page 40