12. Timothy Pickering to Steuben, June 19, 1779, SP 1:412.
13. Richard Peters to Steuben, June 19, 1779, SP 1:411.
14. Steuben to John Jay, June 12, 1779, SP 1:403.
15. Steuben to Richard Peters, June 12, 1779, SP 1:404; Steuben to Timothy Pickering, June 12, 1779, SP 1:405.
16. Richard Peters to Steuben, June 19, 1779, SP 1:411.
17. Chase, “Baron von Steuben,” 134.
18. North, Baron von Steuben, 16–17; “Autobiography of Peter Stephen Du Ponceau,” 218–19.
19. Remarks on the formation of the army, March 1779, SP 1:301.
20. William B. Reed, ed., Life and Correspondence of Joseph Reed (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1847), 2:115.
21. Steuben to Benjamin Franklin, September 28, 1779, SP 2:57.
22. Remarks on the formation of the army, March 1779, SP 1:301; Steuben to Benjamin Franklin, September 28, 1779, SP 2:57.
23. See, for example, the following inspection returns: SP 2:104, 106, 108, 113, 118, 135, 137, 140, 145.
24. George Washington to Steuben, January 22, 1780, SP 2:163.
25. Steuben to Joseph Reed, October 5, 1778, SP 1:244; instructions on the formation of the army, November–December 1778, SP 1:261.
26. Ferling, Almost a Miracle, 349.
27. Steuben to George Washington, March 28, 1780, SP 2:245.
28. The Board of War to Steuben, January 25, 1780, SP 2:166; Steuben to Washington, January 26–30, 1780, SP 1:167; Timothy Pickering to Steuben, January 29 and January 31, 1780, SP 2:171, 173.
29. Steuben to George Washington, February 23, 1780, SP 2:213.
30. Steuben to Benjamin Walker, February 23, 1780, SP 2:212.
31. Terry Golway, Washington’s General: Nathanael Greene and the Triumph of the American Revolution (New York, 2005), 215–17.
32. Chase, “Baron von Steuben,” 154–55.
33. Steuben to George Washington, April 6, 1780, SP 2:250; Congressional resolution and committee instructions on army formation, April 6–11, 1780, SP 2:251.
34. Steuben to Duponceau, May 5, 1780, SP 2:299; Duponceau to Steuben, July 7, 1780, SP 2:381.
35. Instructions for review of troops, April 24, 1780, SP 2:260; General Orders, April 25, 1780, SP 2:261; Martin, Private Yankee Doodle, 187–88.
36. “Disposition for the Manœuvre,” May 29, 1780, SP 1:325.
37. Golway, Washington’s General, 220–25.
38. General Orders, June 7, 1780, SP 2:337.
39. General Orders, June 9, 1780, SP 2:340.
40. Steuben to William Livingston, June 20, 1780, SP 2:363; Steuben to George Washington, June 20, 1780, SP 2:364; George Washington to Steuben, June 20, 1780, SP 2:365.
CHAPTER 10: TORMENTING THE GOVERNOR
1. SP 5:169.
2. Joseph Beatty Doyle, Frederick William von Steuben and the American Revolution: Aide to Washington and Inspector General (Steubenville, OH, 1913), 185–88.
3. Act of Connecticut Assembly, ca. January 30, 1783, SP 6:78.
4. Kapp, Steuben, 231.
5. Steuben to Daniel Marianus Frank, July 4, 1779, SP 1:432.
6. Steuben to Joseph Reed, May 24, 1780, SP 2:320.
7. James Thacher, A Military Journal during the American Revolutionary War, from 1775 to 1783 (Boston, 1827), 207.
8. “Plan for the Formation of the Light Infantry,” July 14, 1780, SP 2:390; Steuben to George Washington, July 18, 20, 22, and 28, 1780, SP 2:405, 411, 418, 432; George Washington to Steuben, July 18 and 22, 1780, SP 2:408, 420; Henry Knox to Steuben, January 16, 1780, SP 2:160; Steuben’s notes on distribution of orders, June 1780, SP 2:327.
9. Steuben to George Washington, October 23, 1780, SP 3:4.
10. George Washington to Nathanael Greene, October 22, 1780, SP 3:2; George Washington to Samuel Huntington, October 22, 1780, SP 3:3.
11. George Washington to Steuben, October 22, 1780, SP 3:1.
12. “Autobiography of Peter Stephen Du Ponceau,” 227.
13. Ibid., 312–13.
14. Nathanael Greene to Steuben, November 20, 1780, SP 3:43.
15. Steuben to George Washington, November 24, 1780, SP 3:57; Steuben to Nathanael Greene, November 27–28, 1780, SP 3:68.
16. John E. Selby, The Revolution in Virginia, 1775–1783 (Williamsburg, VA, 1988), 254–55.
17. Steuben to Thomas Jefferson, December 15, 1780, SP 3:154.
18. Edward Carrington to Nathanael Greene, January 5, 1781, SP 3:278.
19. John Christian Senf to Steuben, January 9, 1781, SP 3:326.
20. Steuben to Thomas Jefferson, January 6, 1781, SP 3:280.
21. Steuben to Nathanael Greene, January 8, 1781, SP 3:308.
22. George Gibson to Steuben, January 5, 1781, SP 3:276.
23. William North to Nathanael Greene, February 23, 1781, SP 4:117.
24. Nathanael Greene to Steuben, January 7, 1781, SP 3:293.
25. William North to Nathanael Greene, February 23, 1781, SP 4:117.
26. Steuben to George Washington, February 18, 1781, SP 4:54.
27. Thomas Jefferson to Steuben, February 16, 1781, SP 4:27.
28. William Davies to Steuben, February 18, 1781, SP 4:55.
29. Steuben to Thomas Jefferson, February 11, 1781, SP 3:590.
30. Steuben to George Washington, February 18, 1781, SP 4:54.
31. Ibid.
32. Armand le Gardeur de Tilly to Steuben, February 17, 1781, SP 4:46.
33. Richard Claiborne to Nathanael Greene, May 2, 1781, SP 5:12.
34. John Walker to Thomas Jefferson, March 9, 1781, SP 4:278.
35. Steuben to Thomas Jefferson, March 9, 1781, SP 4:274.
36. Thomas Jefferson to Steuben, March 10, 1778, SP 4:287.
37. Steuben to the Board of War, March 23, 1781, SP 4:379.
38. Steuben to Nathanael Greene, March 27, 1781, SP 4:404; Steuben’s draft plan, March 27, 1781, SP 4:412.
39. Richard Henry Lee to Thomas Jefferson, March 27, 1781, SP 4:409; George Weedon to Thomas Jefferson, March 27, 1781, SP 4:411; Lafayette’s comments, March 27, 1781, SP 4:412.
40. Virginia State Council resolution, March 29, 1781, SP 4:427; Steuben to Lafayette, March 29, 1781, SP 4:419; Steuben to George Weedon, March 29, 1781, SP 4:421.
41. George Weedon to Steuben, April 1, 1781, SP 4:446; Steuben to Nathanael Greene, April 2, 1781, SP 4:448.
42. Nathanael Greene to Steuben, April 2, 1781, SP 4:449.
43. Steuben to Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg, April 1, 1781, SP 4:441.
44. Steuben to Lafayette, April 10, 1781, SP 4:498; Lafayette to Steuben, April 21, 1781, SP 4:606.
45. General Orders, April 22, 1781, SP 4:627.
46. Selby, Revolution in Virginia, 270–72; Robert P. Davis, Where a Man Can Go: Major General William Phillips, British Royal Artillery, 1731–1781 (Westport, CT, 1999), 125–61.
47. Steuben to Nathanael Greene, April 25, 1781, SP 4:644.
48. Thomas Jefferson to Steuben, April 26, 1781, SP 6:656.
CHAPTER 11: FROM VIRGINIA TO FRAUNCES TAVERN
1. SP 6:37.
2. William Davies to Steuben, March 10, 1781, SP 4:283; North, Baron von Steuben, 18–20.
3. Steuben to Nathanael Greene, May 15, 1781, SP 5:57.
4. Steuben to Nathanael Greene, May 15, 1781, SP 5:23; Nathanael Greene to Steuben, May 1, 1781, SP 5:3.
5. Steuben to Lafayette, May 28, 1781, SP 5:108.
6. Steuben to Lafayette, June 3, 1781, SP 5:134; Steuben to Archibald Cary, June 3, 1781, SP 5:133.
7. Steuben’s account of events before the retreat from Point of Fork, June 1781, SP 5:132.
8. Steuben to George Washington, June 11, 1781, SP 5:169.
9. Richard C. Bush III, “The End of Colonel Gaskins’s War, May–October 1781,” internet resource (http://www.wscottsmith.com/VirginiaCampaign/gaskins/history.html).
10. Quoted in Joseph Jones to George Washington, June 20, 1781, SP 5:210.
11. Archibald Cary to Thomas Jefferson, June 19, 1781, SP 5:209.
>
12. Lafayette to George Washington, June 18, 1781, SP 5:206.
13. Stanley J. Idzerda, ed., Lafayette in the Age of the American Revolution: Selected Letters and Papers, 1776–1790 (Ithaca, NY, 1977), 2:9, 385.
14. William Davies to Nathanael Greene, June 17, 1781, SP 5:199.
15. Steuben to Richard Peters, July 23, 1781, SP 5:251.
16. Nathanael Greene to Steuben, July 19, 1781, SP 5:248; Steuben to Nathanael Greene, August 13 and September 9, 1781, SP 5:276, 293.
17. Steuben to Benjamin Walker, September 9, 1781, SP 5:294.
18. Steuben to Nathanael Greene, September 19, 1781, SP 5:298.
19. Nathanael Greene to George Washington, September 17, 1781; George Washington to Nathanael Greene, October 6, 1781, in Richard K. Showman et al., eds., The Papers of Nathanael Greene, 16 vols (Chapel Hill, NC, 1976–98), 9:363, 429.
20. North, Baron von Steuben, 21–22; Richard M. Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown (New York, 2004), 245.
21. North, Baron von Steuben, 22.
22. Account from Henry Winfree, April 28, 1781, SP 4:676; North, Baron von Steuben, 25.
23. North, Baron von Steuben, 24–25.
24. Steuben to Nathanael Greene, November 5, 1781, SP 5:334.
25. North, Baron von Steuben, 25.
26. Steuben to Johann Christoph von Hövel, January 5, 1781, SP 5:361.
27. Steuben to George Washington, January 1782, February 4 and 6, 1781, SP 5:357, 379, 381.
28. Robert K. Wright, Jr., The Continental Army (Washington, DC, 1983), 175.
29. North, Baron von Steuben, 23–24; “Disposition for the Manœuvre of the Army,” August 1782, SP 5:530; “Order of Review,” September 7, 1782, SP 5:545.
30. Evelyn M. Acomb, ed., The Revolutionary Journal of Baron Ludwig von Closen, 1780–1783 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1958), 242.
31. Thacher, Military Journal, 312.
32. Steuben to Nathanael Greene, January 26, 1783, SP 6:73.
33. Steuben to Elias Boudinot, December 5, 1782, SP 6:37.
34. Remarks on claims submitted to Congress, December 9, 1782, SP 6:40; Steuben to Benjamin Walker, December 27, 1782, SP 6:50; report of the Congressional Committee on Claims, December 30, 1782, SP 6:60.
35. Thomas Fleming, The Perils of Peace: America’s Struggle for Survival After Yorktown (New York, 2007), 259–74.
36. William North to Benjamin Walker, February 16, 1783, SP 6:84.
37. North, Baron von Steuben, 27.
38. Steuben to George Washington, April 26, 1783, SP 6:141.
39. Chase, “Baron von Steuben,” 280–81.
40. Philip van Cortlandt et al. to Steuben, June 9, 1783, SP 6:165.
41. George Washington to Elias Boudinot, June 30, 1783, SP 6:183; Washington’s instructions for Steuben, July 12, 1783, SP 6:199; Nicholas Fish diary, July 20–August 4, 1783, SP 6:211; Steuben to George Washington, August 23, 1783, SP 6:236.
42. George Washington to Steuben, December 23, 1783, SP 6:279.
CHAPTER 12: AN OLD SOLDIER IN PEACETIME
1. SP 6:330.
2. Steuben to Luzerne, December 30, 1782, SP 6:54; Steuben to Vergennes, December 30, 1782, SP 6:56; Luzerne to Vergennes, January 2, 1783, SP 6:65.
3. The Baron von Bouwinghausen to Steuben, 1782, SP 5:494; Lafayette to Henry Knox, February 11, 1786, SP 7:14; Vergennes to Luzerne, July 21, 1783, SP 6:212; Vergennes to Steuben, July 21, 1783, SP 6:213.
4. Steuben’s will, 1781, SP 5:115. Steuben’s two Canitz nephews, August and Wilhelm, had been living with their elderly grandfather, Wilhelm August von Steuben. They visited Steuben in the United States shortly after the war; according to Steuben, they cheated one of his friends of some $300. The Baron cut August von Canitz from his will, and told the two brothers never to visit him again or he would have them arrested. Steuben to August and Wilhelm von Canitz, January 24, 1789, SP 7:222, 223.
5. Steuben to Jeremiah Powell, April 1779, SP 1:330.
6. “Pro memoria,” April 1783, SP 6:121; Steuben to George Washington, April 15, 1783, SP 6:129; “Projet pour l’établissement des academies et manufactures militaires,” April 16, 1783, SP 6:132; Steuben to George Washington, April 23, 1783, SP 6:134.
7. “Thoughts on a National Militia,” February–March 1784, SP 6:303; George Washington to Steuben, March 15, 1784, SP 6:336.
8. Steuben to Thomas Mifflin, March 21, 1784, SP 6:340.
9. A Letter on the Subject of an Established Militia, and Military Arrangements, Addressed to the Inhabitants of the United States (New York, 1784), 2–16.
10. “Pensées sur L’Habillement militaire,” February–March 1784, SP 6:300.
11. Kapp, Leben des amerikanischen Generals Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, 660–61.
12. Richard Peters to Horatio Gates, February 23, 1784, SP 6:329.
13. Continental Congress resolution and vote on claim, April 13, 1784, SP 6:351.
14. Aedanus Burke, Considerations on the Society or Order of Cincinnati (Philadelphia, 1783); John C. Meleney, The Public Life of Aedanus Burke: Revolutionary Republican in Post-Revolutionary South Carolina (Columbia, SC, 1989), 84–96.
15. Steuben to Henry Knox, November 11, 1783, SP 6:267.
16. Rufus King to Elbridge Gerry, November 5, 1786, quoted in Chase, “Baron von Steuben,” 301.
17. Steuben to William North, November 15, 1786, SP 7:68.
18. Steuben to William North, September 13 and 17, 1786, SP 7:46, 48.
19. Steuben to William North, October 18, 1786, SP 7:57.
20. Steuben to William North, October 27, 1786, SP 7:59.
21. Steuben’s thoughts on American government, February–March 1784, SP 6:297; “Observations sur les Etats Unies et leurs Gouvernement,” February–March 1784, SP 6:299.
22. Steuben to William North, October 29, 1786, SP 7:60.
23. Prince Henry of Prussia to Steuben, April 1787, SP 7:92.
24. William North to Benjamin Walker, August 25, 1792, SP 7:408.
25. Palmer, General von Steuben, 333.
26. Steuben’s record of naturalization, July 4, 1786, SP 7:32. He had already been made an honorary citizen of Pennsylvania in 1784.
27. Steuben to William North, November 24, 1778, Kalkhorst/Steuben Papers, Box 336, Folder 1, CHS; Steuben to William North, July 11, 1786, and October 23, 1788, SP 7:35, 205.
28. Steuben to William North, May 30, 1789, SP 7:324.
29. Washington’s notes on potential army commanders, March 9, 1792, SP 7:376. Actually, virtually none of the generals Washington considered met with his unreserved approval. The command ultimately went to Anthony Wayne, though he was not Washington’s first choice for the position, but Wayne’s dramatic victory at Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794, certainly proved the wisdom of the selection.
30. John Mulligan to Benjamin Walker, November 29, 1794, SP 7:480.
SEARCHABLE TERMS
Note: Entries in this index, carried over verbatim from the print edition of this title, are unlikely to correspond to the pagination of any given e-book reader. However, entries in this index, and other terms, may be easily located by using the search feature of your e-book reader.
Abbey, Edwin Austin, 99
Adams, Samuel
criticism of Washington, 58, 70, 178
as mentor of FvS, 53, 54, 58, 64, 68, 80, 212
Albemarle Barracks, Virginia, 262–68
Alexander, Kitty, 84
Alexandria, Virginia, 251
Allentown, Pennsylvania, 150
American Philosophical Society, 49
André, John, 230
Anhalt, Wilhelmi von, 20
Anna, tsarina, 7
Arbuthnot, Marriot, 247–48
d’Arendt, Baron, 174, 177
Arnold, Benedict, 130–31
British campaign in Virginia and, 239, 240, 243, 247–48
British retreat from Philadelphia and, 142, 146
in command of main British forces, 261
as traitor, 229–30
war co
uncils and, 142
Arnold, Jonathan, 229–30, 297
Austrian Grenzer, 83
Azor (FvS’s dog), 49–50, 51, 54, 61, 88, 295
Bache, Richard, 63
Baden-Durlach, German margraviate, 28, 30
Barber, Francis, 107
Barren Hill, Pennsylvania, 121–25, 132, 142, 166
battalions
as basic unit of infantry, 126–27
formation of, 127
Free Battalions, 16–17
Baylor, George, 182
Baylor Massacre, 181–83, 186
Beaumarchais, Pierre-Augustin Caron de, 37–39, 41, 43–44, 230
staff of FvS and, 48–49, 201, 203
Belmont (country house), 176–77, 187, 278
Bemis Heights, New York, 56
Berlin, 17, 19
Bermuda Hundred, Virginia, 256
Bismarck, Otto von, 3
Black Watch, 162, 165
Blandford, Virginia, 253–56, 259, 265
Blauvelt, Isaac, 182
Blue Book (Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States)
development of, 186–96, 200
as official regulations of U.S. Army, 301
payment for, 198–99
permanent army and, 288–89
printing of, 201, 205–7
Board of War
Blue Book and, 186–96, 198–201, 205–7
FvS and, 64, 68, 176, 186–96, 217–21
incorporation plan, 215–21, 233–34
role of, 58
role of inspector general and, 136–40, 172–79, 197–99
Boston, FvS in, 52–55
Boudinot, Elias, 132, 133, 176, 178, 259, 277
Bougainville, Louis-Antoine de, 51
Bound Brook, New Jersey, 204–5
Brandenburg, Electorate of, 3–4
Brandywine, battle of, 56–57, 69
Breslau (Wroclaw), 8–12, 104, 195
brigades
brigade inspectors, 105, 108, 133
drills of, 126–28, 222–23
formation of, 127–28
The Drillmaster of Valley Forge Page 34