by Jason Fagone
briefed U.S. leaders “Juanita Moody,” NSA Center for Cryptologic Heritage, Hall of Honor, https://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic-heritage/historical-figures-publications/hall-of-honor/2003/jmoody.shtml.
Ann Caracristi “Ann Caracristi,” NSA Center for Cryptologic Heritage, Hall of Honor, https://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic-heritage/historical-figures-publications/women/honorees/caracristi.shtml.
339 brief, verifiably true comments Sheldon, “Analytical Guide.” See the entries for Items 658, 1006, and 1006.1.
340 “There are plenty of mysteries” ESF interview with Valaki, transcribed February 21, 2012, 8.
first joined the agency Valaki obituary.
“Well, thanks again, Mrs. Friedman” ESF interview with Valaki, transcribed January 12, 2012, 5.
341 “Girl cryptanalyst and all that” Ibid.
Valaki shut off the recorder Ibid., 6.
“You mean to say” ESF interview with Valaki, transcribed February 21, 2012, 8.
“I’ll bet no two women” ESF interview with Valaki, transcribed January 10, 2012, 8.
the women laughed Ibid. The transcript reads, “((Both laugh.))”
INDEX
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Abwehr, 225, 227–28, 246, 263–64
“acoustical levitation device,” 44
Acoustics Laboratory (Riverbank), 25, 102
ADFGVX cipher, 104
Alexandrine von Taxis, 71
Allied bombing of Germany, 286–87, 301–2
All This and Heaven Too (Field), 184, 192–94, 233
America First Committee, 214
American Black Chamber, The (Yardley), 160–63, 165, 271, 332
American Expeditionary Forces (AEF), 101, 102–6, 108
American General Headquarters (GHQ), 102–6, 108
American Magazine, 296, 299
American University, 156
AMT VI, 225–26, 261, 265, 286–87
Amytal, 219, 270, 313
anagrams, 39, 322
Anderson, Jeanne, 339
Angooki Taipu A, 149–50
Angooki Taipu B, 149–50
anti-Jewish pogroms, 58, 59, 170
anti-Semitism, 59, 130, 182–83, 213–14
Argentina, 180–83
Becker in, 224–29, 263–66, 274, 275–78, 283–84, 287–91, 302
break with Nazi Germany, 285, 286–88, 289
coup d’état of 1943, 273, 274, 275, 284
fascist politics in, 182–83, 283–84
FBI in, 205–6, 288–91
German immigrants in, 181–82
Hellmuth Affair, 275–76, 278, 279–81, 287–91
Nazi radio operations, 228–29, 261–66, 283–84
Circuit 3-N, 260–61, 266–69, 272–75, 277–79, 285
Perón and, 265–66, 273, 275–76, 284, 303
secret weapons deal with Nazi Germany, 272–73, 274–77, 279–80
support for Nazi Germany, 183–84, 262–63, 265–66, 273–74
Utzinger in, 261–66, 276–78, 283–84, 287, 291–92, 297, 302–3
Arizona, USS, 237
Arlington Hall, 252–53, 269–70, 303, 316, 318. See also Signal Intelligence Service
Arlington National Cemetery, 304, 335, 338–39
Armatou, Louis “Frenchy,” 138–39
Armistice of World War I, 107–8
Army, U.S.
G-2 (intelligence), 201, 204, 231
jurisdictional squabbles, 254–55
“word-equivalent” alphabet, 75
Army Air Corps, 251, 315
Army Signal Corps, 120–22
Elizebeth in, 120–22
resignation, 126
William in, 98–99, 102, 120–22, 128
codebreaking, 125–26, 129–30, 140, 147–48
Army Signal Corps School, 67
Army War College, 100–101
Asama Maru, 166–67
Astaire, Fred, 181
atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 312, 313–15
Aumann, Eduardo, 273
Aurora-Elgin and Fox River Electric Company, 22
Auschwitz concentration camp, 178, 302
Austria, 180, 181
“back-to-the-soil” movement, 59–60
Bacon, Francis, 38–42. See also Bacon’s cipher
Baconian theory of Shakespeare authorship, 38–42, 321–23
arguments against, 54–57, 61–62
basic theory of, 40–42
brief history of, 39–40
Bacon’s cipher (Baconian cryptology), 39–46, 321–23, 335
Riverbank research, 30, 33–34, 37–38, 40–48, 54–57, 65, 112–13
Bamford, James, 337
Bank of New York, 292
Barkley, Fred and Claire, 250
Barnum, P. T., 18
Battle of Midway, 212, 252
Battle of Stalingrad, 265
Battle of the Coral Sea, 212
Battle of the United States (film), 299–300
Batvinis, Raymond J., 234
Baxter, James Phinney, 44
Beaconsfield POW camp, 312
Beale Treasure, 156
Becker, Johannes Siegfried “Sargo,” 223, 223–29
appearance of, 224, 263
arrest and imprisonment of, 302–3
Bolivia coup plotting, 274, 277, 281, 283, 415n
espionage activities, 227–31, 241, 242, 245, 263–66, 268–69, 273, 274, 277–78, 281, 283–84, 287
FBI and, 223–24, 245, 247, 289–91
first spying missions, 224–25
Hellmuth Affair and, 289–91
in hiding, 296–97
Perón and, 263–66, 273, 274, 275–76, 283–84, 302
secret weapons deal, 275–76, 277–78
Bell Labs, 91
Berchtesgaden, 310
Berlin bombing, 286–87
Bezdek, Vladimir, 229
biliteral ciphers, 41–44, 57, 61, 66, 69, 75, 101, 102, 154
Biliteral Cypher of Sir Francis Bacon Discovered in His Works (Gallup), 43–44
binary code, 41
Blackburn, W. G. B., 206
Black Chamber, 100–101, 104, 109, 121, 147–48, 157, 169
The American Black Chamber (Yardley), 160–63, 165, 271, 332
Blackstone Hotel (Chicago), 331
Bletchley Park, 197, 217, 221, 267
coordination with coast guard, 259
Enigma and, 197, 200–201, 269, 285–86
William at, 270, 304, 312–13, 317
women in, 197
Bliss, Cornelius N., 66
Bliss Fabyan & Company, 23–24
Blue Enigma, 264, 268
Blumenfeld, Isadore “Kid Cann,” 384n
Bolivia, 180–81, 303
coup d’état of 1943, 283–84
German immigrants in, 181–82
Nazi clandestine activities in, 273, 274, 275–76
plotting of coup, 274, 277, 281, 415n
support for Nazi Germany, 183–84, 266
bombes, 124, 196–97
book ciphers, 84, 190–94, 231, 255
bootlegging. See rum-running
Bratzel, John, 246, 298
Braun, Eva, 311
Brazil, 180–83, 243–47
arrests and roundups in, 243–47, 253–54, 262
Becker in, 224, 225, 227
Engels in, 227–29, 241–42, 243, 245, 247
fascist politics in, 182–83, 274
FBI in, 205–6, 243–47, 253–54, 262, 289
German immigrants in, 181–82
Nazi clandestine activities in, 224, 225, 229–30, 241–44, 247, 262–63
support for Nazi Germany, 183–84, 262–63, 266
Brazilian Integralism, 182, 278, 284
Britain
Hindu-German Conspiracy, 80–83
in World War I, 63, 67, 86–
88, 107
in World War II, 180–81, 187–88, 204, 213–18, 227, 242, 254–56, 279–81, 288–89, 301–2, 305. See also Bletchley Park
British Security Co-ordination (BSC), 214–18, 238, 254–55
Brummell, Beau, 29
Bryden, John, 242
Buenos Aires
Becker in, 224–29, 263–66, 274, 275–78, 283–84, 287–91, 302
FBI in, 205–6, 288–91
German immigrants in, 181–82
Hellmuth Affair, 275–76, 278, 279–81, 287–91
Nazi radio operations, 228–29, 261–66, 283–84
Circuit 3-N, 260–61, 266–69, 272–75, 277–79, 285
support for Nazi Germany, 183–84, 265–66, 273–74
Utzinger in, 261–66, 276–78, 283–84, 287, 291–92, 297, 302–3
Bullitt, William, 179
Burke, Billie, 51
Byrd, Richard, 51
Cabell, James Branch, 9–10
cabinet noir, 71
Cabo de Hornos (ship), 276, 279–80
cacao, 257–58
Callimahos, Lambros, 85
Camp 020, 280–81
Canine, Ralph, 333
Capone, Al, 135, 144, 145, 146–47
Capra, Frank, 299–300
Caracristi, Ann, 339
Carson, Anne, 63
Carter, Jimmy, 3
Cassie (nanny), 132
Chaplin, Charlie, 262
Chicago, 10–11, 12–13
Chicago Daily News, 25, 26, 27
Chicago Evening American, 158
Chicago Fire of 1871, 12
Chicago Herald, 24
Chicago & North Western Terminal, 16–17, 35
Chicago Stock Exchange, 51
Chicago Times, 13
Chicago Tribune, 13, 30
Chicago World’s Fair (1893), 13, 32
Childs, J. Rives, 85
Chile, 266
German immigrants in, 180–81
Nazi clandestine activities in, 226, 241, 243–44, 247, 259, 274, 277, 278
support for Nazi Germany, 183–84, 263
Chongqing bombing, 171
Christmas cards, 153–54, 217, 255–56, 300–301
Churchill, Winston, 212
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 189, 215–16, 240
ciphers. See also specific types of ciphers
defined, xvi
cipher board games, 154–55, 172
cipher discs, 86–88
cipher machines, 40, 44, 119–20, 122–26, 149–50, 170–71, 184, 187
Ciphers for the Little Ones (Fabyan), 57
“circuits,” 189
Circuit 3-N, 249, 260–61, 266–69, 272–75, 278–79, 285
“clandestine,” 184–85
clandestine circuits, 189–90. See also Circuit 3-N
Clark, Marvin, 138–39
Cleopatra (movie), 172
Coast Guard Cryptanalytic Unit, 133–47. See also Friedman, Elizebeth Smith, at Treasury and coast guard
creation of unit, 139–40, 141–42
FBI’s relationship with, 231–35
move to Naval Annex, 252–53, 269–70
transfer to navy jurisdiction, 235–36
code, defined, xvi
codebreakers. See also specific codebreakers
brief history of, 66–67, 71–72
defined, xvi
mental strain on, 125
personality of, 70, 125
sexism and, 70–71
codebreaking
basic task of, 70–71, 72–74
use of term, 84
coincidence counting, 113, 199
Columbia University, 141, 171
Condor airline, 182, 228
Consolidated Exporters Corporation, 135–39, 143–47, 331
Converter M-134, 149–50, 170–71
Cooley, Vernon, 142, 186–87
Cooper, Gary, 214
Coordinación Federal, 302
Copacabana Beach, 181
Cornell University, 58, 60, 96
Cornero, Tony “The Hat,” 138
C-rations, 309
“cribs” (crib-based detection), 197
Crimea, 256
Crosby, Francis, 289–90
“cryptanalysis,” William’s invention of term, 84
cryptanalysts. See also codebreakers
defined, xvi
cryptograms
defined, xvi
frequencies of letters, 69–70, 83–84
“The Gold-Bug” (Poe), 60–61
cryptographers, defined, xvi
Cryptography Engineering (Schneier, Ferguson, and Kohno), 119
Cryptolog (journal), 340
“cryptologic schizophrenia,” 237–38
cryptology, defined, xvi
Crypto-Set Headquarters Army Game, 155
Cuba, 180
Cuban Missile Crisis, 339
Cumming, Belle, 50, 159
Cunningham, Walter McCook, 322
Curie, Marie, 142
Czechoslovakia, 180, 308
Dachau concentration camp, 143, 178, 302
Dahl, Roald, 214–15
Darwin, Charles, 39
De Augmentis Scientarium (Bacon), 40
De Furtivis Literarum Notis (della Porta), 155–56
Delegacia de Ordem Politica e Social (DOPS), 245–46
Della Porta, Giambattista, 155–56
DeMille, Cecil B., 172
Detective Fiction Weekly, 169
Dickinson, Velvalee, 292–96
digital ciphers, 124
Dinieus, Edna Smith, 7, 170, 311
death of mother, 64–65
Mexican vacation, 207
William and, 60
disappearing ink, 184
DNA, 24
Doe, Harry, 144
Doll Lady. See Dickinson, Velvalee
Donovan, William, 240–41, 316
Dove, Billie, 51
Driscoll, Agnes Meyer, 131
Drosophila melanogaster, 49–50, 58
Dunninger, Joseph “Amazing Dunninger,” 321
Duquesne, Frederick Joubert, 232–34, 300
Eagle’s Nest (Kehlsteinhaus), 306, 310–11
Ecuador, 180–81
Edison, Thomas, 24
Einsatzgruppen, 178
Einstein, Albert, 24, 79, 308, 355n
Eisenhour, Bert, 30, 44, 48–49
electroshock therapy, 151, 219
Elizabeth I of England, 11–12, 38–39, 43, 57
Engels, Albrecht “Alfredo,” 227–29, 241–42, 243, 245, 247
Engledew Cottage, 46, 84, 97
Enigma, 125–26, 194–202, 263–64, 283
British codebreakers, 124, 196–97, 221
Circuit 3-N, 249, 260–61, 266–69, 272–75, 278–79, 285
Elizebeth’s work, 194, 197–202, 260–61, 267, 283, 284–86
Polish breakthroughs, 196–97, 200
William’s curiosity about, 125–26
Enola Gay, 313–14
Erasmus, 8, 9
Ezra, Isaac, 166–67, 331
Ezra, Judah, 166–67, 331
Fabyan, George
appearance of, 52–53
declining health and death of, 158–59, 322
Elizebeth and, 46, 51–52, 53, 156
departure and return from Riverbank, 113–15
first meeting and job offer, 5–6, 15–19
family background of, 23–24, 89–90
personality of, 51–53, 95
Riverbank Laboratories. See Fabyan, George, and Riverbank
rumors about, 21–22
Vierling compared with, 308
William and, 53, 58–59, 95, 112–13, 123–24, 131–32, 142, 158–60, 313
Fabyan, George, and Riverbank, 21, 21–22, 51–53, 95
Baconian cryptology, 34, 35, 44, 54–55, 57, 65, 112–13, 158, 322, 323
copyright issues, 78–79, 123–24, 156–57
dinnertime, 29–31
scientific research
, 24–28, 53–54
size and scope of, 50
the Villa, 24, 25, 31–32, 46, 52, 98, 159
William and Elizebeth’s departure and return, 113–15
World War I work, 67, 77–78, 98–99, 100–102
Fabyan, Nelle, 26, 30, 32, 46, 51, 159–60
Fabyan Scouts, 52
Farley, John, 187, 201
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
British spies and, 215–16, 254
coast guard’s relationship with, 231–35
Cryptographic Branch, 206
Dickinson case, 292–96
Duquesne spy ring, 232–34
Elizebeth and, 203–4, 206, 217–18
jurisdictional squabbles, 254–55
post-war activities, 321, 329
publicity seeking, 134–35, 298–300
Rumrich case, 204–5
South American counterintelligence, 205–6, 231–34, 243–47, 253–54, 262, 288–91
Becker and, 223–24, 245, 247, 289–91
Hellmuth Affair, 288–91
Utzinger and, 247, 291, 297
Special Intelligence Service (SIS), 205–6, 231–34
Teapot Dome case, 129–30
Technical Research Laboratory, 206, 217–18, 232
World War I and, 67
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 206, 217, 229, 242, 245–46, 259–60, 290
Feinstein, Genevieve Grotjan, 209–11
Figl, (Andreas), 148
Fiske, Gertrude Horsford, 44
Fleming, Ian, 214–15
Flying to Rio (musical), 181
Ford, Henry, 130
Fort Meade, 332, 337
Fox River, 32, 33, 46, 94
Fox Valley Guards, 52, 66, 68
France, in World War II, 180–81, 207, 208, 253, 256
Frank, Waldo, 262–63
Freedom of Information Act, 337
Freeman, Walter, 151
Frémont, Jessie and John, 152–53
French Légion d’Honneur, 25
Frente de Guerra, 183
frequency tables, 72, 73, 74, 75, 367n
Fricke, Wilhelm, 312
Friedman, Barbara, 131–33
birth of, 131
cryptograms, 132–33, 153, 194
education of, 206–7, 321
father’s depression, 151
jobs and career, 301, 304
Leninism and, 251
NBC interview with mother, 164
in New York City, 251
travels of mother, 139
World War II and, 304, 305
Zionism and, 309–10
Friedman, Elizebeth Smith, xi–xv
appearance of, 5, 6
at Army Signal Corps, 120–22
resignation, 126
Bethesda, Maryland, house, 127–28, 133
Chicago move, 10–11
children and parenting, 131–33, 164–65, 206–7, 301, 304, 305, 321
Christmas cards, 153–54, 217, 255–56, 300–301
cipher board games, 154–55, 172
at coast guard. See Friedman, Elizebeth Smith, at Treasury and coast guard