by Jason Fagone
founding of, xii, 319
interview with Elizebeth, 3–5, 48, 79, 340–41
removal of papers from Friedman library, 327–29, 337
William and, xii, 319, 332–33
William F. Friedman and Elizebeth S. Friedman Memorial Auditorium, 339
Naujocks, Alfred, 178–79
Naval Communications Annex, 252–53, 269–70, 271, 303, 316, 319–20
Navy, U.S.
coast guard jurisdiction transfer to, 235–36
codebreaking operations, 121–22, 125, 130–31
jurisdictional squabbles, 254–55
OP-20-G (intelligence), 201, 204, 231, 254–55
Nazi Germany, 171, 177–85, 213–18, 256–57
Allied bombing of, 286–87, 301–2
concentration camps, 143, 178, 302
declarations of war, 180–81
founding, 126
invasion of Poland, 177–79, 183, 226–27
Kristallnacht, 170
seizure of power, 142–43
inability to break SIGABA messages, 150
South American activities, 180–85, 223–36, 241–47, 253, 261–66, 273–80, 286–92. See also specific countries
surrender, 304–5
NBC, 163–65
Neutrality Acts of 1930s, 187–88, 213, 215
New Atlantis, The (Bacon), 39, 47
Newberry, Walter, 12
Newberry Library (Chicago), 5–6, 11–16
Elizebeth and Fabyan meeting at, 5–6, 15–17
Shakespeare Folios at, 5–6, 11–12, 14–15, 17–18, 33–34, 38–39, 44–45
New Yorker, The, 312
New York Public Library, 78, 160
New York Times, 338
Niebuhr, Dietrich, 262, 263–64
nihilist cipher, 88–89
North Star, 93–94
NSA. See National Security Agency
nuclear fission, 171
numerology, 39–40
Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI), 108–9
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 216
Office of the Coordinator of Information (COI), 216, 238, 240–41
“omnia per omnia,” 40, 41
“open code,” 295
Operation Bolivar, 263–64
Operation Drumbeat, 242
OP-20-G (intelligence), 201, 204, 231, 254–55
ordnance lab, at Riverbank, 31, 49, 324
Orion, RMS, 188
Osteika, Barbara, 339
Owen, Orville Ward, 40
Paeffgen, Theodor, 225–26
Pall Mall (magazine), 88
Panama, 301, 304, 316
Panama Canal, 170
paper ciphers, 121, 122
Paraguay, 180–81, 183–84, 247, 262, 266, 274
Paraguayan Air Force, 262, 274
Paris, in World War II, 207, 208
Pearl Harbor attack, 236–39
Penn, William, 7
Perkins, Stub and Enid, 250, 314
Perón, Eva Duarte, 265, 303
Perón, Juan Domingo, 183, 265–66, 273, 275–76, 283–84, 297, 302, 303
perpetual-motion machine, 53, 95
Peru, 205–6, 284
phonetic alphabet, 75
“pie circuits,” 189–90
Pinklepurr (cat), 128
Playfair Cipher, 65–66, 67–69
Poe, Edgar Allan, 60–61
Poland, invasion of, 177–79, 183, 226–27
Polish codebreakers, and Enigma, 196–97, 200
poly-alphabetic ciphers, 83, 194–95, 197–99
Porter, William C., 219
Portugal, 256
Pott, Henry, 44
Powell, J. A., 30, 99
Prairie Wife, The (Stringer), 96–97
prisoners of war (POWs), 107, 312–13
Procedure 40, 271–72
Procedure 62, 271–72
Prohibition, 120, 133–40, 143–47, 165. See also rum-running
psychiatry, 219
Puebla Cordoba, 207
Purple (Japanese cipher), 149–50, 209–13, 220–21, 237–38
Puzzle Palace, The (Bamford), 337
Quakers, 6–7, 8, 15
Queen Mary, RMS, 242–43, 244
Radcliffe, 206, 321
radio intelligence, 137, 142, 185
Radio Security Service (RSS), 216
rail fence ciphers, 109–10, 110, 126–27, 127, 255
Ramírez, Pedro Pablo, 273
Ramsay, Jean Chase, 250
Reader’s Digest, 167–68
Reagan, Ronald, 338
Reali, Elpido, 244–45
Red (Japanese cipher), 149–50
Red Enigma, 283, 284–86
Red Scare, 329
Reifel, Henry, 138
Republic, USS, 170, 171–73
Republican National Convention, 34–35
Reynolds, S. Wesley, 328, 423n
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 311
Rio de Janeiro, 180–83, 225, 227–29, 243–44
“Ripplette,” 23–24
Riverbank Laboratories, 21–28, 323
Baconian cryptology, 30, 33–34, 37–38, 40–48, 54–57, 65, 112–13
codebreaking school, 101–2
codebreaking work, 28–29, 46–47, 65–71, 74–89, 100–101
death of George and Nelle, 159
dinnertime at, 29–31
families at, 50–51
guests of, 22–23, 30, 51
men of, 48–50
music at, 46
rumors about, 21–22, 26–27
scientific research, 24–28, 53–54
size and scope of, 50
townspeople and, 21–23
women of, 28–29, 47–51
World War I recruitment, 98–99
World War I work, 65–66, 67–69, 100–101
Riverbank Cipher Department, 28–29, 46–47, 67–68, 123–24, 159–60
Riverbank Genetics Department, 30
Riverbank Lighthouse, 48, 68
Riverbank Lodge, 19, 28, 31, 34, 37–38
dinnertime at, 29–31
Riverbank Publications, 77–79, 83, 84, 103, 123–24, 156–57
copyright issues, 78–79, 123–24, 156–57
Riverbank Villa, 24, 25, 31–32, 46, 52, 98, 159
Riverbank Windmill, 49–50, 95, 97–98
Rochefort, Joe, 125
“rod square,” 200
Rogers, Ginger, 181
romanji, 149
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 203, 214
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano
death of, 304
“Fireside Chat” (1940), 218
Inaugural address of 1933, 142–43
SIGABAs, 150
World War II, 179–81, 216, 218, 235
declaration of war, 239
“hemisphere defense,” 204–5
Pearl Harbor attack, 238–39
Roosevelt, James, 239, 240–41
Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr., 322
Roosevelt, Theodore “Teddy,” 18, 39, 51
Root, Charles, 133–34, 136
Rosen, Leo, 221
Rosicrucian Society, 43
Rout, Leslie, 246, 298
Rowlett, Frank, 148, 150, 209–11, 313
Royal Air Force (RAF), 213, 214, 301–2
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), 168–69
Rumrich, Guenther, 204–5
rum-running, 133–40, 320–21
Consolidated case, 135–39, 143–47, 331
I’m Alone case, 138–39, 331
“running keys,” 83–84
Russian Nihilists, 88–89
Russian pogroms, 58, 59, 170
Sabine, Wallace, 31
San Francisco, 138, 171
San Francisco Chronicle, 166–67
Santry, Margaret, 163–65
São Paulo, Brazil, 181, 227, 229–30, 243, 244–47
Scandinavia, 188
Schutzstaffel (SS), 178–79, 184–85, 223, 261–62. See also specific ag
ents
Scientific American, 27–28
Scotland Yard, Hindu-German Conspiracy, 80–83
Sebold, William, 233–34
Secret Service, 134
Secrets Act, 163
“Security Calypso” (song), 288
Selective Service Act of 1917, 96
Seven Sisters colleges, cryptology courses, 252
sexism, 70–71, 142, 203
Seymour, Henry, 44
Shadow War, The (Rout and Bratzel), 246, 298
Shakespeare, William, 8, 38–40. See also Baconian theory of Shakespeare authorship
Folios at Newberry, 5–6, 11–12, 14–15, 17–18, 33–34, 38–39, 44–45
Shakespeare Ciphers Examined, The (Friedman), 322–23
Shannon, Claude, 90–91
Sheldon, Rose Mary, 337
SIGABA, 150, 313
Signal Corps. See Army Signal Corps
Signal Intelligence Service (SIS), 148–51, 157, 170–71, 290
Purple, 149–50, 209–13, 220–21, 237–38
Silvestri, Silvio, 50
Sinkov, Abraham, 148, 221
Slade, Maxwell, 146
Smith, Edna. See Dinieus, Edna Smith
Smith, John Marion, 7, 10, 64
Smith, Sopha Strock, 7, 64–65, 131, 380n
Snowden, Edward, xiii
So Little Time (Marquand), 315
“solving in depth,” 197, 198–200
Sommer, Hedwig, 226, 297
South America. See also specific countries
fascist politics in, 182–83, 218
FBI in, 205–6, 231–34, 243–47, 253–54, 262, 288–91
German immigrants, 181–82
support for Nazi Germany, 183–84, 262–63, 265–66, 273–74
Soviet Union, 305–6, 329
in World War II, 256, 302, 305
Battle of Stalingrad, 265
Spanish-American War, 71, 101
Special Intelligence Service (SIS), 205–6, 231–34
Stagni, Pablo, 262, 274
Stalin, Joseph, 305
Starziczny, Josef, 227, 244–45
State Department, U.S., 83, 121, 147, 165–66, 254
Stein, Gertrude, 155
Stephens, Robin “Tin Eye,” 280–81
“stepping maze,” 150
Stevens, G. G., 259
Stimson, Henry, 147–48, 160–61
Story of San Michele, The (Munthe), 192
Stratton, F. J. M. “Chubby,” 216–17, 259–60, 297–98, 331
Strong, George, 204
Stutz Bearcat, 48–49
substitution ciphers, 80, 84, 194
suffrage movement, 34–35
suicide drugs, 185
Supermarine Spitfire, 213
Swiss army, 200–201
Teapot Dome scandal, 129–30
Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 8, 9, 74, 172
terminology, xvi
Tesla, Nikola, 24, 257
Texas Ranger (ship), 138
Thames River, 213
Thermann, Edmund von, 182, 183–84
Thurn-und-Taxis Post, 71
Thurston, H. C., 13
TICOM (Target Intelligence Committee), 305–11, 312–13, 317, 318
T-men, 134–35, 137–38, 143–47, 165–66, 167
Tolson, Clyde, 202
transposition ciphers, 80, 109–10, 190, 255
Treasury Department, U.S., 133–47, 163–70, 187–88. See also Coast Guard Cryptanalytic Unit
law enforcement agencies of, 134–35
Truman, Harry S., 316, 318, 332
Tuchman, Barbara, 64
Turing, Alan, 124, 196–97, 211, 312–13
Turrou, Leon, 204
Twain, Mark, 39
ULTRA, 197, 212, 279, 289, 298
United Kingdom. See Britain
United Officers’ Group (GOU), 265–66
United States v. Albert M. Morrison et al., 143–47, 384n
University of Chicago, 30, 55, 99
Uruguay, 205–6, 287–88
Utzinger, Gustav “Luna,” 394n
arrest and imprisonment of, 297–98, 302–3
clandestine radio operations, 228–29, 261–66, 276–78, 283–84, 287, 291–92
deportation to postwar Germany, 303
FBI and, 247, 291, 297
Hellmuth arrest, 281
move to Buenos Aires, 261–62
move to Rio, 185, 228–29
paranoia of, 276–77, 291–92
radio business of, 261, 303
radio station ruse, 263–64
Valaki, Virginia, 3–5, 48, 79, 340–41
Van Deman, Ralph, 67, 68–69
Van Kirk, Harold, 9
Venezuela, 180, 205–6
Vichy France, 256
Vierling, Oskar, 307–8
Vietnam, 213
Villa Devoto prison, 302–3
Villarroel, Gualberto, 283–84, 303
Virginia Military Institute, 333, 337
Voynich Manuscript, 156, 387n
WAC (Women’s Army Corps), 252, 269
Wallace, Edward C., 293–94
Wallace, Mary E., 293
Waller, Martha, 252–53, 269–70
Wall Street Crash of 1929, 139
Walter Reed General Hospital, 218–21, 250
War Department, U.S., codebreaking unit, 100–101
war rations, 239, 316
Warsaw Ghetto, 213
Washington Herald, 120
Washington Post, 130, 338
Washington Sunday Star, 295–96
Washington Times-Herald, 296
WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service), 252, 269, 316
“wayward girls,” 26–27
Weinheimer (AMT VI spy), 226
Wells, Kate, 28–29
Wenger, Joseph, 253–54, 255
West, Jack, 245–46
What Every Woman Knows (movie), 172
What I Know About the Future of Cotton and Domestic Goods (Fabyan), 52, 132
White, Harry Dexter, 236
White City, 13, 32. See also Chicago World’s Fair (1893)
Wilhelmson, Jack “the Sailor,” 50–51
William F. Friedman and Elizebeth S. Friedman Memorial Auditorium, 339
Williams, Bert, 16
Wilson, Woodrow, 11, 63, 214
Winchell, Walter, 215
Windhuk, SS, 228, 243–44
Wohlstetter, Roberta, 332
“wolves,” 264, 283, 286, 292
Women of Arlington Hall and Naval Annex, 252–53
Women’s Royal Navy Service, 197
Woodcock, Amos Walter Wright, 144–47
Wooster College, 8
worksheets, 76, 156–57, 200, 257
World War I
Armistice, 107–8
codebreaking at Riverbank, 28–29, 46–47, 65–71, 74–89
William and, 104–11
codebreaking, 102–6, 108
discharge, 111–12
recruitment, 98–99
Zimmermann Telegram, 63–64
World War II. See also Nazi Germany; and specific countries
Allied shipping and codes, 187–94, 231, 242–46
declarations of war, 180–81, 239
surrender of Germany, 304–5
surrender of Japan, 316, 317–18
Wouk, Herman, 334
Wright, Frank Lloyd, 31
X-rays, 24, 27–28
Yardley, Hazel, 121
Yardley, Herbert O., 121, 158, 169
The American Black Chamber, 160–63, 165, 271, 332
Black Chamber, 100–101, 104, 121, 147–48, 157
papers and files of, 157
Young Ziegfield (singer), 288
Ziegfeld, Flo, 51
Zimmermann, Arthur, 64
Zimmermann Telegram, 63–64
Zionism, 59, 309–10
Zweig, Stefan, 181
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
JASON FAGONE is a journalist who covers science, technolo
gy, and culture. Named one of the “Ten Young Writers on the Rise” by the Columbia Journalism Review, he is a contributor to the Huffington Post Highline and has written for GQ, Esquire, The Atlantic, the New York Times, Mother Jones, and Philadelphia magazine. Fagone is also the author of Ingenious: A True Story of Invention, the X Prize, and the Race to Revive America and Horsemen of the Esophagus: Competitive Eating and the Big Fat American Dream. He lives in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania.
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THE WOMAN WHO SMASHED CODES. Copyright © 2017 by Jason Fagone. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
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* The true number was closer to 75,000 dead and another 75,000 injured.