Shadow Vigilantes
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10. Jennifer Schwager, “Denounce Reckless Actions of Animal Rights Activists,” Animal Petitions: Humans Defending Animals from Other Humans, July 2014, http://animalpetitions.org/5405/denounce-reckless-actions-of-animal-rights-activists/ (accessed June 13, 2017).
11. The narrative is drawn from the following sources: Adam Brandolph, “Former SCI Pittsburgh Prison Guard to Serve Five Years of Probation in Abuse of Sex Offenders,” TribLive, March 28, 2013, http://triblive.com/news/adminpage/3740580-74/guard-nicoletti-charges#axzz37Y0cqMSp (accessed June 13, 2017); Marty Griffin, “SCI Pittsburgh Guard Facing Inmate Abuse Charges,” CBS Pittsburgh, September 27, 2011, http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2011/09/27/sci-pittsburgh-guard-facing-inmate-abuse-charges/ (accessed June 13, 2017); “Sources: SCI Pittsburgh Guards Could Possibly Face Charges,” CBS Pittsburgh, May 4, 2011, http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2011/05/04/sources-sci-pittsburgh-guards-could-possibly-face-charges/ (accessed June 13, 2017); Marty Griffin, “Zappala: More Arrests of Corrections Officers Possible,” CBS Pittsburgh, September 28, 2011, http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2011/09/28/zappala-more-arrests-of-corrections-officers-possible/ (accessed June 13, 2017); Robert Mangino, “Abuse Allegations Mount at SCI Pittsburgh,” CBS Pittsburgh, September 28, 2011, http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2011/09/28/abuse-allegations-mount-at-sci-pittsburgh/ (accessed June 13, 2017); Marty Griffin, “31 Witnesses Set to Testify during Hearing for Suspended Prison Guard,” CBS Pittsburgh, December 7, 2011, http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2011/12/07/31-witnesses-set-to-testify-during-hearing-for-suspended-prison-guard/ (accessed June 13, 2017); Harold Hayes, “Suspended SCI Pittsburgh Guard to Stand Trial on 101 Counts,” CBS Pittsburgh, December 9, 2011, http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2011/12/09/suspended-sci-pittsburgh-guard-to-stand-trial-on-101-counts/ (accessed June 13, 2017); Andy Sheehan, “Correction Officer Goes to Trial on Sadism Charges,” CBS Pittsburgh, January 9, 2013, http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2013/01/09/correction-officer-goes-to-trial-on-sadism-charges/ (accessed June 13, 2017); Richard Lord, “Lawsuit Alleges SCI Pittsburgh Guards Sexually Abused Inmates,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 22, 2011, http://www.post-gazette.com/local/city/2011/09/22/Lawsuit-alleges-SCI-Pittsburgh-guards-sexually-abused-inmates/stories/201109220349(accessed June 13, 2017).
12. Lord, “Lawsuit Alleges.”
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. “Abortion Opposition Stressed in Kidnapping Trial in Illinois,” New York Times, January 26, 1983, http://www.nytimes.com/1983/01/26/us/abortion-opposition-stressed-in-kidnapping-trial-in-illinois.html (accessed November 10, 2017); Juli Cragg, “The FBI Says Three Men Held Dr. Hector Zevallos…,” United Press International, August 31, 1982, https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/08/31/The-FBI-says-three-men-held-Dr-Hector-Zevallos/6888399614400/ (accessed November 10, 2017).
CHAPTER 6. MORAL VIGILANTES BREAKING BAD: COMMUNITY DRUG WARS
1. The narrative is drawn from the following sources: William Raspberry, “Vigilantes Wage War on Junkies,” New Pittsburgh Courier, February 19, 1972; Michael Javen Fortner, “‘Must Jesus Bear the Cross Alone?’: Reverend Oberia Dempsey and His Citizen's War on Drugs,” Journal of Policy History 27, no. 1 (2015): 118–56; Malcolm W. Browne, “Pastor Organizes Militia to Combat Crime in Harlem,” New York Times, October 21, 1967, p. 33; Natalie Shibley, “Squashing Superfly: A Harlem Minister Fights Dope,” Religions of Harlem, April 7, 2011, http://religionsofharlem.org/2011/04/07/squashing-superfly-a-harlem-minister-fights-dope/ (accessed June 20, 2017); “Claims Harlem Has 40,000 Dope Addicts,” editorial, Chicago Daily Defender, October 10, 1962, p. 2; “Cop Slain, 2 Attack Lawlessness in Harlem,” editorial, New York Amsterdam News, November 14, 1970, p. 16; “Harlem Vigilantes Move on Pushers,” editorial, Chicago Daily Defender, June 23, 1965, p. 2; “Says Harlemites Arm Themselves Because of Crime Rise in Area,” editorial, New York Amsterdam News, October 21, 1967, p. 7; “Churches in Harlem Hurt by Crime,” editorial, Washington Afro-American, January 21, 1969, p. 3; Oberia Dempsey, “Dope Battle Lost: The War Goes On,” New York Amsterdam News, November 2, 1968, p. 10; Brian Mann, “How the Rockefeller Drug Laws Changed America,” North County Public Radio, January 24, 2013, http://www.northcountrypublicradio.org/news/story/21316/20130124/how-the-rockefeller-drug-laws-changed-america (accessed June 20, 2016).
2. Browne, “Pastor Organizes Militia.”
3. Shibley, “Squashing Superfly.”
4. Ibid.
5. “Harlem Vigilantes Move on Pushers.”
6. Dempsey, “Dope Battle Lost.”
7. “Churches in Harlem Hurt by Crime.”
8. “Claims Harlem Has 40,000 Dope Addicts.”
9. Raspberry, “Vigilantes Wage War on Junkies.”
10. “Blacks Declare War on Dope,” Ebony 25, no. 8 (June 1970): 31–40.
11. Mann, “How the Rockefeller Drug Laws.”
12. Ibid.
13. For this narrative, the information is drawn from the following sources: Leon Dash, “Rosa Lee: A Mother and Her Family,” interview by Brian Lamb, C-Span, September 18, 1996, video, 58:16, https://www.c-span.org/video/?75246-1/rosa-lee-mother-family (accessed June 20, 2017); Leon Dash, Rosa Lee: A Mother and Her Family in Urban America (Philadelphia: Basic Books, 1996); Leon Dash, “Rosa Lee's Story: The Series,” Washington Post, September 18–25, 1994, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/longterm/library/rosalee/part1.htm (accessed June 20, 2017).
14. Dash, Rosa Lee: A Mother, pp. 111, 112.
15. Dash, “Rosa Lee.”
16. Ibid.
17. Dash, Rosa Lee: A Mother, pp. 96–98.
18. Dash, “Rosa Lee.”
19. Richard Isralowitz, Drug Use: A Reference Handbook (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2004), p. 39.
20. Bruce D. Johnson et al., “Drug Abuse in the Inner City: Impact on Hard Drug Users and the Community,” in “Drugs and Crime,” eds., Michael Tonry and James Q. Wilson, Crime and Justice 13 (1990): 9–67, 11.
21. Ibid., p. 11; Brian C. Bennett, “Crime & Mayhem: Alcohol Leads the Pack in FBI Uniform Crime Reports,” Brian Bennett.com, 2006, http://www.briancbennett.com/charts/fed-data/crime/arrest-overview.htm (accessed June 20, 2017).
22. US Department of Justice, Pennsylvania Drug Threat Assessment (Johnstown, PA: National Drug Intelligence Center, June 2001), p. 4, https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs0/670/670p.pdf (accessed November 15, 2017).
23. Mario R. de la Rosa and Juan-Luis Recio Adrados, eds., Drug Abuse among Minority Youth: Advances in Research and Methodology (Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, 1993), p. 130, http://archives.drugabuse.gov/pdf/monographs/130.pdf (accessed June 20, 2017).
24. John C. Ball et al., “Day-to-Day Criminality of Heroin Addicts in Baltimore: A Study in Continuity in Offense Rates,” in Contemporary Masters in Criminology, eds., Joan McCord and John Laub (New York: Springer Science & Business Media, 2013), p. 116.
25. Isralowitz, Drug Use, p. 39.
26. “Drug Abuse and Addiction: One of America's Most Challenging Public Health Problems: Magnitude,” National Institute on Drug Abuse, http://archives.drugabuse.gov/about/welcome/aboutdrugabuse/magnitude/ (accessed June 20, 2017).
27. National Drug Control Strategy, Data Supplement 2014 (Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2014), https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/ondcp/policy-and-research/ndcs_data_supplement_2014.pdf (accessed June 20, 2017).
28. “Drug Facts: Drug-Related Hospital Emergency Room,” National Institute on Drug Abuse, http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/drug-related-hospital-emergency-room-visits (accessed June 20, 2017).
29. “Drug Facts: Nationwide Trends,” National Institute on Drug Abuse, June 2015, http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/nationwide-trends (accessed June 20, 2017).
30. “Drug Abuse and Addiction.”
31. National Drug Control Strategy, p. 57.
32. The narrative is drawn from the following sources: Bill Gaither, “Herman Wrice: 1939–2000,” Powelton Post
(Philadelphia, PA), May 2000, http://poweltonvillage.org/profiles/herman_wrice.html (accessed June 20, 2017); Yvonne Latty, “Mantua Drug Warrior Dies: Herman Wrice Stricken in Fla. before March,” Philly.com, March 11, 2000, http://articles.philly.com/2000-03-11/news/25604360_1_herman-wrice-wrice-process-drug-dealers (accessed June 20, 2017); Amy S. Rosenberg and Maida Odom, “Bush: Mantua Example for U.S.,” Philly.com, July 25, 1990, http://articles.philly.com/1990-07-25/news/25900197_1_anti-drug-rally-herman-wrice-anti-drug-movement (accessed June 20, 2017).
33. Gaither, “Herman Wrice.”
34. Lori Roza, “Shout ’Em Out Nagging Gets Rid of Criminals and Their Customers,” September 15, 1996, Chicago Tribune, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1996-09-15/business/9609150353_1_wrice-process-herman-wrice-drug-dealers
35. Ibid.
36. Gaither, “Herman Wrice.”
37. Ibid.
38. Bruce L. Benson, To Serve and Protect: Privatization and Community in Criminal Justice (New York University Press, 1998) https://archive.org/stream/tsapbb/tsapbb_djvu.txt.
39. The narrative is drawn from the following sources: Isabel Wilkerson, “‘Crack House’ Fire: Justice or Vigilantism?” New York Times, October 22, 1988, p. 6; “Crack: A Disaster of Historic Dimension, Still Growing,” editorial, New York Times, May 28, 1989, p. 4; “Neighborhood Dilemma: Fight Crime with Crime?” Associated Press, February 13, 1988, http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1988/NeighborhoodDilemma-Fight-Crime-With-Crime-/id-bb0554af524430c9aea95d505045feb9 (accessed June 20, 2017); “2 Acquitted in Torching of Alleged Crack House,” editorial, Chicago Tribune, October 7, 1988, p. 3.
40. “Neighborhood Dilemma.”
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid.
43. Wilkerson, “‘Crack House’ Fire.”
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. Karlyn Barker, “Dobson Guilty of Kidnapping, Robbery, Acquitted of Murder,” Washington Post, December 12, 1973, p. B1; Edward Walsh, “Baltimore Jury Indicts Suspect, 20, in Slaying of Indicted Md. Delegate,” Washington Post, July 21, 1972, p. D1; Walsh, “Del. Turk Scott Slain in Baltimore,” Washington Post, July 14, 1973, p. A1; “Antidrug Group, Slaying Linked,” Milwaukee Sentinel, July 19, 1972, p. 6; “Black October Defends Its Policy of Killing,” editorial, Washington Post, August 27, 1973, p. C2; “Legislator, Indicted in Drug Case, Fatally Shot,” editorial, Los Angeles Times, July 14, 1973, p. A4; “Minister's Son Charged with Murdering Legislator,” Herald-Journal (Spartanburg, SC), July 20, 1973, p. 48; “Slain Legislator Shot Seven Times,” editorial, Philadelphia Tribune, July 17, 1973, p. 1; “Black October's Letter to Paper,” editorial, Washington Post, July 19, 1973, p. A7.
47. “Black October Defends its Policy of Killing,” Washington Post, August 27, 1973, p. C2.
48. “Black October—the Killing of a Drug-Dealing State Delegate,” Voice of Baltimore, May 21, 2012, http://voiceofbaltimore.org/archives/4910 (accessed June 20, 2017).
49. “Slain Legislator Shot Seven Times,” p. 1.
50. “Antidrug Group, Slaying Linked,” p. 6.
51. “Black October's Letter to Paper,” p. A7.
52. Martin Waldron, “Black Group Says It Killed 2 Pushers in a War on Drugs: Victims Identified,” New York Times, August 27, 1973, p. 26.
53. “Black October's Letter to Paper,” p. A7.
54. William Raspberry, “Black Vigilantes May Start Killing Pushers of Heroin,” Tuscaloosa News, February 13, 1972, http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lgMdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QJwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5399,2306760&dq=heroin+vigilante+killed&hl=en (accessed November 16, 2017).
CHAPTER 7. HOW BEING RIGHT CAN RISK WRONGS
1. This narrative is derived from the following sources: Andrew Pollack, “2 Illegal Immigrants Win Arizona Ranch in Court,” New York Times, August 19, 2005, p. A16; Jerry Seper, “16 Illegals Sue Arizona Rancher,” Washington Times, February 9, 2009, p. A3; Craig Bannister, “After Finding 13 Illegal Aliens Sleeping in His Barn, AZ Rancher Now Armed 24/7,” CNSNews.com, May 10, 2012, http://cnsnes.com/blog/craig-bannister/after-finding-13-illegal-aliens-sleeping-his-barn-az-rancher-now-armed-247 (accessed June 20, 2017); Mark Potok, “Anti-Immigration Vigilante Loses Lawsuit,” United Press International, November 23, 2006, http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2006/11/23/Anti-immigration-vigilante-loses-lawsuit/UPI-84731164343631/ (accessed June 20, 2017); Newmexican, “Border Security through the Eyes of Southern Arizona Ranger,” Americans for Legal Immigration PAC, February 9, 2013, http://www.alipac.us/content/border-security-through-eyes-southern-arizona-rancher-1367/ (accessed June 20, 2017).
2. Randal C. Archibold, “A Border Watcher Finds Himself under Scrutiny,” New York Times, November 24, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/24/us/24border.html (accessed November 16, 2017).
3. Border Patrol agents on the southwestern border of the United States increased from 9,100 agents in 2001 to more than 18,500 in 2013. Department of Homeland Security, Budget-in-Brief: Fiscal Year 2014 (Washington, DC: Department of Homeland Security, 2014), https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/FY%202014%20BIB%20-%20FINAL%20-508%20Formatted%20(4).pdf (accessed June 20, 2017); Department of Homeland Security, “Border Security Results,” http://www.dhs.gov/border-security-results (accessed June 20, 2017).
4. This narrative is derived from the following source: Austin Scott, “Maccabees’ Patrol Helps Reduce Crime,” Daytona Beach (FL) Morning Journal, December 21, 1964, p. 3; Matthew Shaer, “Tough Jews,” Tablet Magazine, December 14, 2011, http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/86067/tough-jews?all=1 (accessed June 20, 2017); Rabbi Michoel Seligson, “Rabbi Samuel Schrage: The Maccabee,” Crown Heights News, December 18, 2010, http://crownheights.info/crown-heights-news/30851/rabbi-samuel-schrage-the-maccabee/ (accessed June 20, 2017).
5. Scott, “Maccabees’ Patrol Helps Reduce Crime.”
6. This narrative is derived from the following sources: Bill Maher, “Celebrating 20 Years of Free the Animals,” Huffington Post, April 30, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/bill-maher/peta-ingrid-newkirk-free-the-animals_b_1464990.html (accessed June 20, 2017); David S. Hawtin, “Animal Liberation Front Tactics and Their Effects on Animal Research” (thesis, American Public University System, May 2014), http://www.academia.edu/7581288/ANIMAL_LIBERATION_FRONT_TACTICS_AND_THEIR_EFFECTS_ON_ANIMAL_RESEARCH (accessed June 20, 2017); Michael Janofsky, “Feds Accuse 11 of Ecoterrorism, Targeted Meatpacker, Ski Resort, Timber Firm,” Chicago Tribune, January 21, 2006, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-01-21/news/0601210075_1_elf-and-alf-indictment-federal-charges (accessed June 20, 2017); Richard C. Paddock, “UCLA to Take Activists to Court,” Los Angeles Times, February 21, 2008, http://articles.latimes.com/2008/feb/21/local/me-animals21 (accessed June 20, 2017); Kirsten Scharnberg and Tim Jones, “Ground Zero of Labs vs. Animal-Rights Activists,” Chicago Tribune, June 9, 2005, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-06-09/news/0506090213_1_animal-rights-research-labs-animal-liberation-front (accessed June 20, 2017); Steven Best and Anthony J. Nocella II, introduction to Terrorists or Freedom Fighters: Reflections on the Liberation of Animals (Herndon, VA: Lantern Books, 2004); “Ecoterrorism: Extremism in the Animal Rights and Environmentalist Movements,” Anti-Defamation League, http://archive.adl.org/learn/ext_us/Ecoterrorism.asp (accessed June 20, 2017); Scott Stewart, “Escalating Violence from the Animal Liberation Front,” Stratfor Global Intelligence: Security Weekly, July 29, 2010, http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20100728_escalating_violence_animal_liberation_front#axzz38lnIozp (accessed June 20, 2017); “The Animal Liberation Primer,” Animal Liberation Front, http://www.animalliberationfront.com/ALFront/ALFPrime.htm (accessed June 20, 2017); David Martosko, ed., “Animal Rights Terror Group Takes Credit for Torching Cattle Trucks,” Daily Caller, January 12, 2012, http://dailycaller.com/2012/01/12/animal-rights-terror-group-takes-credit-for-torching-cattle-trucks (accessed June 20, 2017).
7. Maher, “Celebrating 20 Years.”
8. Ibid.
9. Hawtin, “Animal Rights Extremists.”
10. Janofsky, “
Feds Accuse 11 of Ecoterrorism.”
11. “Rodney Coronado,” Activist Facts, https://www.activistfacts.com/person/3255-rodney-coronado/ (accessed November 15, 2017).
12. Paddock, “UCLA to Take Activists to Court.”
13. Scharnberg and Jones, “Ground Zero of Labs.”
14. Best and Nocella, Terrorists or Freedom Fighters, p. 13.
15. Stewart, “Escalating Violence.”
16. Martosko, “Animal Rights Terror Group Takes Credit.”
17. This narrative is derived from the following sources: Jason Trahan and Chris Colgin, “Campaign against Child Sex Predators Draws Critics,” Dallas Morning News, September 11, 2006; Allen Salkin, “Web Pedophile Hunters Go Too Far, Some Critics Claim,” New York Times, December 17, 2006, p. A1; Marisa Schultz, “Online Vigilantes Hunt Down Pedophiles,” USA Today, March 16, 2004, https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/internetprivacy/2004-03-16-online-vigilantes_x.htm (accessed June 20, 2017); Eric Zorn, “Did Vigilante Catch Pedophile, or Wreck a Life?” Chicago Tribune, May 9, 2004, p. C1; Donna Blankinship, “Man Turns Himself In for Killing 2 Child Rapists: Police Say They Believe Man's Claim That He Was Able to Locate the Victims through a County Sheriff's Website That Lists Addresses of Sex Offenders,” Vancouver (BC) Sun, September 7, 2005, p. A3; Julia Scheeres, “Vigilantes Troll for Pedophiles,” Wired.com, March 18, 2004, http://archive.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2004/03/62650?currentPage=all (accessed June 20, 2017); “Mullen Gets 44 Years after Pleading Guilty to Two Killings,” AP Alert (Washington, DC), March 11, 2006.