Shadow Vigilantes
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juvenile offenders, 179–82, 250
Kennedy, John F., 234
Kennedy, Robert, 33
Kent, Perry, 119–21
kidnapping, 35, 101–103, 109, 179, 193, 249, 269
King, Martin Luther, 39
King, Rodney, 162–66, 190, 214, 248–49
Kirkpatrick, Frederick Douglas, 37–38
Klaas, Polly, 170–72, 249–50
Ku Klux Klan, 13, 14, 33–37, 39, 95
Lavender Panthers, 43–45, 110, 229, 234
law, reputation of the, 92–93, 125–26, 195, 204–206, 223, 226–28, 230
Law without Justice: Why Criminal Law Doesn't Give People What They Deserve (Robinson and Cahill), 63, 229
legal reform, 311–12
dampened by shadow vigilantism, 15, 30–31, 197
that goes beyond justice, 170–77
to promote crime control, 193–94, 225, 231
legal technicalities, 13, 63–92, 201, 213, 221, 253–76
Legion of Doom, 98–100, 239
legislators, 15, 30, 101, 170–76, 179–80, 193, 196, 244, 311
lenient sentencing
community reaction to, 173, 223
lead to mandatory minimums, 15, 201
need for sentencing guidelines, 176, 306
as a source of disillusionment, 213, 216–17
Lewis, Thomas, 69–70
liability, criminal
causes upset with victims, 78–79, 87–89, 217
deserved, 201, 219
guilty people escaping, 13, 61, 91, 170, 201, 213
imposing undeserved, 194
juries refuse to impose, 160–61 (see also jury nullification)
for police officers, 165–67, 227
liability doctrines, 62, 81, 170, 219–20
Llorca, Michael, 90–91
Los Angeles, California, 115, 154, 162–65, 190, 214, 248–49
lynching, 103–104
Maccabees, 131–32, 168, 243–44
MAD (Mantua Against Drugs), 117–19, 122, 242
Malcolm, William, 147–50, 159
mandatory minimums. See mandatory sentencing
mandatory sentencing, 15, 172–76, 201, 213–14, 225, 230, 270, 307
Manhattan, New York, 115, 267
Mantua, Pennsylvania, 117–19
Mapps, Charles Devol, 63–64, 213
Mapp v. Ohio, 187
Martin, Trayvon, 168, 190
McComb, Mississippi, 272
McElroy, Ken, 151–54, 159, 247
Milam, J. W., 34–35, 233
Miller, Shari, 56, 58–59
Miranda warning, 59, 65, 69, 70, 223, 258–60, 260–61, 263
Mirandized, 68
Model Penal Code, 193, 278, 306
Mollen Commission, 186–88
Money, Mississippi, 34
moral authority, 217, 224
moral credibility
and the downward spiral, 213–14, 214–25
empirical research, 318
gained through just practices, 182
of the justice system, 13, 176, 188, 253, 290
loss of, 145, 197, 206, 230–31
moral desert. See punishment: deserved
moral vigilante code, 13–15, 95, 97–10, 149, 196, 215–16, 225–26
cause no more harm than necessary (Legion of Doom), 98–100
don't act alone, 104–105
facts, be sure of (Utash beating), 105–106
only act if the law won't (Hart kidnapping), 100–104
only act in cases of serious failures, 97
publicly report action, 108
respect society's norms (antiabortion killing), 109
show restraint and temperance (Pittsburgh Prison Guards), 106–108
warn government, 108
withdraw from further action (San Francisco), 110
moral vigilantes, 13, 33–48, 95–96, 104, 109, 127, 133, 137, 143
Deacons for Defense and Justice, 37–39, 110
Dempsey, Oberia, 111–13, 115, 116
Lavender Panthers, 43–45, 110, 229, 234
Legion of Doom, 98–100, 239
Maccabees, 131–32, 168, 243–44
Malcolm, William, death of, 147–50, 159
McElroy, Ken, death of, 151–54, 159, 247
Operation Rescue, 140–43, 245–46
Pink Gang, 46–48, 110, 235
Project Perverted Justice, 138–40, 142, 168, 246–47
Vigilance Committee, 39–43, 45, 110, 229, 234
Wrice, Herman, 117–19, 242
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 38, 233
Natchez, Mississippi, 39
neighborhood watch, 129–32, 167–70
Newark, New Jersey, 206–209
New York City, 50–54, 207, 263
Nicoletti, Harry, 107–108, 241
Nitz, Michael, 75–77, 237–38
normative influence, 216, 218, 220
offenses, new, 193
“off the pusher,” 123–25
Operation Rescue, 140–43, 245–46
Oswald, Lee Harvey, 234
outrage
as a cause of vigilante action, 140, 149–151, 188–89, 246–50
causes of, 61–63, 114–19, 164
politicians’ sense of, 179
at the system indifference to justice, 73, 89, 149–51, 237
victims expressing, 78, 89, 133, 137–38, 217, 233
voters expressing, 172–173, 176, 182
overcharging, 15, 56, 191–95
overlapping offenses, 55–56, 193–94
Palm, Danny, 28–30, 236–37
pardon, 79, 272
Parisis, Angelo, 119–21
Pasadena, Texas, 161, 248
Paschal High School (Fort Worth, Texas), 98–99, 239
Patrick, Delvecchio, 19–24, 235–36
Pensacola, Florida, 36
perjury, 152, 187–88, 210, 213, 255
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 115, 242, 259
Pink Gang, 46–48, 110, 235
Pirates, Prisoners, and Lepers: Lessons from Life outside the Law (Robinson and Robinson), 216
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 107–108, 142, 241
plea bargain. See plea deal
plea deal, 26, 28, 77, 91, 179, 181, 206, 237, 240, 251, 255, 256
police
cooperation with, 195, 202, 205–206, 210–12, 213–14
court control of, 15, 55, 58, 70, 73, 227–28, 262–67
failure to cooperate with, 62, 150, 154, 159, 196, 205–206, 214
frustration with limitations on, 15, 57–59, 87–89, 162, 187, 201, 223, 259–60, 267
inability to intercede for community, 111–13, 122–23, 159
intentional killing of, 214
perceived indifference of, 21–23, 29, 43–47, 119, 129–33, 153, 155–56, 189
reputation with the community, 37–38, 47, 164–66, 167, 205–206, 221, 223, 227, 236, 248–49
“testilying,” 15, 55, 183–88, 197, 225
use of force by, 162–68
political reform, 30, 43
politicians. See legislators
Polk, James, 39–42
private policing, 167–70
Project Perverted Justice, 138–40, 142, 168, 246–47
prosecuting vigilantes, 148–50, 153–54, 156–57, 159, 162, 190–91, 215–16
prosecutors, 55–56, 78, 160, 188, 237, 262, 270
issues facing, 204, 208–13
manipulation of, 188, 191–95, 210
overcharging by, 15, 56, 191–95
Puerto Rico, 79–81, 238
punishment
arbitrary outcomes, 73–74, 197, 218
blameworthy offender, 13, 30, 81, 85, 106, 217–19, 302
deserved, 13–17, 92, 105, 182–94, 217, 321
giving, 61–62, 92
policy for, 160, 179, 182, 217–18, 220, 230, 306
Queens, New York, 69
racial profiling, 204
&
nbsp; Ranch Rescue, 127–29, 168, 243
Reagan, Ronald, 109
reliable evidence (exclusion of), 13, 59, 62, 68–69, 71–73, 227, 237, 258–66, 320
repeat offender statutes. See three strikes
Rockefeller, Nelson, 113
Roeder, Scott, 141–42, 245
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 104
rule of law, 36
Sage, Laura, 65–67
San Francisco, California, 13, 40–43, 43–45, 102, 110, 234, 254
San Francisco Vigilance Committee, 39–43, 45, 110, 229, 234
San Jose, California, 100–104, 249–50
Schaeffer, Brenda, 82–85
Scott, Turk, 123–26
search and seizure, 15, 55, 58, 68–70, 183, 185, 185–27
self-defense
Bernhard Goetz, 50–54, 159–61, 190, 247–48
Castle Doctrine, 248
common law formulation, 278
Deacons for Defense and Justice, 36–39
George Zimmerman, in the case of, 168
Lavender Panthers, 43–45, 110, 229, 234
limits on, 15, 21, 26–27, 100, 161–62
as viewed by juries, 21, 53–54, 160
sentencing, 77, 78–79, 85, 92, 176, 195, 201, 213
Sentencing Reform Act, 194–95
sexual predator sting, 90–91, 138–40
shadow vigilantes
in action, 15, 49–60, 145, 160, 176, 183–85, 195–96, 215–16, 229
community as, 161–82
demand for mandatory minimums (Taylor), 173–77
jury nullification for officers (Rodney King), 162–67
juveniles tried as adults (Bosket), 177–82
law-and-order legislation (Klaas), 170–73
refusal to indict (Joe Horn), 161–62
rise in community policing (Zimmerman), 167–70
community members as, 49–54, 159–82
dangers brought on by, 15, 95, 161–62, 182, 195–97, 229, 313
distorting effect of, 15, 30, 60, 68, 145, 159, 182, 199, 214
downward spiral, 15, 49–60, 145, 159, 176–77, 199, 226, 253, 313
effects on the system, 15, 49–60, 213–14, 225, 230–31, 320
jury nullification (Goetz), 50–55
justice officials as, 55–60, 183–99
exceeding search and seizure rules, 183–88
increased dangers caused by, 195–97
prosecutorial overcharging, 191–95
reluctance to prosecute, 188–91
“testilying,” 183–88
police and evidence rules (Bradford), 55–60
triggers for action, 15, 60–93, 147–57, 170, 177, 199, 215, 225, 228
voters as, 49, 79–80, 159, 176, 216, 238
shaming. See stigmatization
Sher, Lillian, 69–70
Shore, Mary Ann, 82–85
Siddell, Roseann, 63–64
social contract, 13–14, 19–21, 122, 143
breaching, 19–31, 45, 79, 96, 108, 110, 116, 129, 225
social influence, 13, 111–13, 131, 139, 147. See also stop snitching
social pressure, 111–13, 117–19, 132, 203–206, 219, 225
societal damage, 17, 97, 99, 110, 111, 121–22, 143, 202, 228
societal interests served by justice, 16, 43, 98, 122, 127, 183, 226–28
societal norms, 104, 109, 204, 206, 218–20
societal views. See community views
speedy trial, 66–68, 213
statute of limitations, 91–94, 272–73, 273–74
stigmatization, 79, 106, 117–18, 139, 219, 225
stopping vigilante echo, 225–28
civil liberties, 186–87, 227–28
improve systems reputation for seeking justice, 226
non-justice-frustrating rules, 183–99, 226–27
police and evidence rules (Bradford), 55–60
understanding law-and-order legislation, 170–73
stop snitching, 15, 202, 213, 214, 225
subversion of the system
as a cause of crime, 15, 17, 229–31
by officials, 54–60
provoking resistance to authority, 159, 218–19
shadow vigilantism, through, 145, 183–88, 195–202
suppression of evidence. See exclusionary rule
sympathy for offender, 13, 75, 78, 173, 181, 270
Taylor, Shane, 174–75, 250
Terrell, Dorothy, 64–65
“testilying,” 15, 55, 183–88, 197, 213, 225
Thomas, Ernest (Chilly Willy), 37–38
Thomas, Henry Lee, 64–65
three strikes statutes, 172–77, 249–50
Thurmond, Thomas, 101–104
Till, Emmett Louis, 34–36, 233–34
Tiller, George. See Operation Rescue
Tomaski, Alan, 91–92
truth in sentencing, 195
United States Parole Commission, 194–95
Utash, Steve, 105, 240–41
value judgments, 217, 269
Venice, California, 154–57, 159
victims, 26–28, 54, 59, 147–50, 272, 307
express outrage, 78–79, 87–89, 217
refuse to work with authorities, 208, 219
vigilantes, become, 15, 43, 137–38
Vigilance Committee. See San Francisco Vigilance Committee
vigilante
classic (see classic vigilante)
community complicity, 147–57
assassination of William Malcolm, 147–51
Ken McElroy death, 151–54
Venice Pagodas, 154–57
dynamic, 49–60, 201
echo, 31, 199, 225
groups being wrong, 127–43
displacement problem (Maccabees), 129–32
minority views (ALF), 133–37
outside extremists (killing for a cause), 137–43
professional neutrality (Ranch Rescue), 127–29
impulse
defenses for the guilty, 81–93
distorting justice, 176, 225
duty to minimize damage, 98–100
justice as a game, 63–68, 253–58
legal practices, inspired by, 60, 61–62, 126, 159, 167, 229
legal technicalities, inspired by, 73–81
public support for the, 101–102, 120–22, 133, 149–50, 153–54
and social contract, 14, 24, 28–30, 39, 48, 95
suppressing evidence, inspired by, 68–73
unjust sentencing, inspired by, 225
moral (see moral vigilante)
prosecution of, 150, 153–54, 215
reputation of, 33
vigilante code. See moral vigilante code
Waco, Texas, 268
Warren court, 223
Washington, DC, 114, 125, 183
Wise, David, 78–79
witness intimidation, 15, 151, 202, 206–13, 251
Wrice, Herman, 117–19, 242
wrongful conviction, 62, 221
Zimmerman, George, 168–69, 190