Rubber, 31–32, 50, 51 and n, 52, 54, 55, 245, 298
Rude, George, 36n, 37n
Rural development, 54–55, 65, 131, 314
Russia, peasant resistance in, 294n
Russian Revolution, 293–94, 342
Ryle, Gilbert, 45
Sabotage, 29, 31, 34, 248 and n, 249, 282
Sah Bidan, 1, 7, 90, 93, 230
Sahil bin Lebai Pendek, 216, 360
Salim, Haji, 130, 135n, 152, 158–59 and n, 174–75, 201, 251, 253, 261, 334; in village politics, 136, 221, 227–28, 229, 231–32, 233, 334
Salmah, 92, 97
Samad, 92, 114, 132n, 166, 252, 254, 263
Samat, 89, 93, 161n, 210, 216, 228, 229n, 230n, 263–64 and n, 267–69
Sang Kancil (mouse deer tales), 300
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 330–31
Sedekah gifts, 169, 172, 173–75, 176, 177, 193
Selangkuk (village), 249
Setiti Batu (village), 227, 252
Settlement pattern, Sedaka, 87, map 3 (88)
Sewa tunai vs. sewa padi. See Land rents, cash vs. paddy
Shahnon, 4, 94, 198, 230n, 267, 274, 280
Shamelessness, 17, 22, 187, 195, 199
Shamsul, 2, 89, 94, 127, 135n, 144, 165, 194, 208–09, 210, 223, 226, 244, 280, 360
Siak, Tok, 7, 170
Simmel, Georg, 10n, 14n, 182n
Singkir (town), 251
Slander and character assassination, 228, 234, 235, 262, 282, 284, 290
Slavery, 285–86, 287 and n, 291–92, 328, 330–31, 340; American, 33–34, 329, 338
Social authority of rich, 235, 283, 311–12 and n. See also Hegemony, ideological
Social banditry, 266, 273, 300
Social consciousness, 37–41, 287–88, 297, 340–45
Social contract, 345; violations of, 338–40, 342–45, 346–47; violations in Sedaka, 345, 347
Social control, 34, 169–78, 192–98, 307, 312–13, 345; over labor, 152, 172, 175, 185, 193–94, 307
Socialism, 32, 339, 342, 346, 348–49
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Socialist party (Partai Rakyat), 245n
Socialization of wealth, 308, 311–12, 337
Social mobility, 100; obstacles to, 69–70, 97, 149
Social stratification. See Class structure Solidarity of poor labor, 261–65; lack of, 254–55
Sombong (arrogance), 196–98
Status exploitation, 240; in Sedaka, 236–40
Stinginess, 14–15, 20, 173–74, 176–78, 187–89, 195, 196, 308
Stockwell, A. J., 334
Stricken, Arnold, 327n
“Strike” behavior, 248, 258–61. See also Boycotts Structuralism, 42, 319
Subordinate groups, 284–87 and n, 292, 296, 328–29; autonomous sphere and subculture of, 41, 328–30, 334; class consciousness of, 38, 43, 284–89; and conceptual equality, 192–95, 196, 218, 220; and elite values, 40–41, 317–20, 322–24, 335–40; ideological consciousness of, 38–41, 316, 317, 340–45, 346–47; need for solidarity, 254–55, 261–65, 329; radical thought vs. action, 316, 322, 331–33, 339; ritual reversal of status, 287n, 331. See also Compliance and conformity; Deference; Defiance behavior; Resistance
Sukur, 22, 92, 168, 176, 177, 198, 209, 218, 229n, 249, 252, 263, 269, 276, 281
Sukur Kasim, 81n, 86n
Sungai Bujur (village), 87, 109, 122, 270, 276
Sungai Kering (village), 163, 226, 228
Sungai Tongkang (village), 2, 87, 130, 166, 334
Surat layang (flying letters), 334, 362
Swift, M. G., 190
Symbolic authority, 235, 283, 308–09
Symbolic resistance, 235–36, 240, 282–83, 290, 328
Symbols, class, 44–45; rich vs. poor, Sedaka, 22–27
Taha bin Lebai Hussein, 135n, 206n, 216–17, 221–22, 226, 228, 264n, 360
Taib, 11, 89, 92, 135, 168, 175, 177, 188, 198, 201, 211, 230n, 270, 276, 280
Tajuddin, 93, 16In, 250
Tanzania, peasant resistance in, 31, 302
Taxation, 29, 62–63, 169–70, 227, 313, 314
Tax evasion, 31, 170n, 291, 295, 298 and n
Technology, farm, 64–65. See also Combine-harvesters; Mechanization; Tractors
Tenancy, 64, 306; changes in, 70–74, 76; changes in Sedaka, 103–10, 151–54, 205–10; closed to the poor, 100, 102, 108–10, 123–24, 164–69, 210–11, 242; commercial enterprises, 107, 110, 123–24, 167 and n; contracts, oral vs. written, 105, 210; displacement of pure tenants, 70–74, 76, 82, 102, 211; forms of payment, see Land rents; of kin, 72n, 102, 105n, 106–07, 151, 185, 210–11 and n; landlord relations in Sedaka, 104–05, 136–37, 153–54, 164–69, 189, 193–94, 205–12; leasehold (pajak), 73–74, 76, 100, 102, 107–10, 164, 166–69, 210, 242; reform attempt, 54; social injunction against tenant competition, 261, 262–64
Thai migrant labor, 67, 111, 115, 158 and n, 159n, 253
Theft, 34, 235n, 255, 265–72, 289, 290–91, 296, 301, 329; decline of charity and, 269, 27 in, 291; of paddy in Sedaka, 267–71. See also Pilfering; Poaching Thompson, E. P., 42, 235, 285, 296, 309, 350
Thought and action, relationship of, 38, 316, 322, 331
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Threshing of paddy, 74, 75 and n, 117, 119, 144n, 256 and n, 257 and n; wages for, 115 and n, 117–18
Tithe. See Zakat
Tokai (village), 249
Tolong (form of help), 192–95, 197, 213, 283
Tractors, 48, 110, 113, 167n; brokers, 161n; impact on wage labor, 74–75, 113–14; leasing, 107, 109; village gate fee, 212–13
Trade, foreign, 50–51. See also Exports Trade union consciousness, 318, 340–43
Trade unionism, implicit, 255, 256–61; share groups as incipient form of, 119–20, 250–55, 258–60; solidarity behavior, 261–62, 265
Transcript, onstage vs. backstage, 284–89, 321
Transplanting of paddy, 74, 75 and n, 117 and n, 118, 119–20, 250–53; displaced by broadcasting, 121–23, 160, 242, 250n, 260; wages for, 120, 260
Transportation, 50, 54, 65, 66, 124n
Trucks and lorries, 66, 107, 124n; resistance to, 212–19, 248
Tun, Cik, 93, 230
United Malay Nationalists’ Organization (UMNO), 52–58, 159, 183n, 191, 221, 275, 314; main opposition to, 53–54, 58; main support of, 54, 57–58; in Sedaka, 89, 126–27, 129, 130–37, 214–18, 223, 278–81, 311, 334; Sedaka patronage, 126, 135–36, 142–44, 221–23, 225–33
Uphoff, Norman, 83n
Urban migration, 100, 124, 245–46
Ustaz Pawzi, 274
Usufruct monopoly, 110 and n Usury, 16
Utopian ideology, 332
Vietnam, 44, 303; War, 28, 205, 294
Village Development Committee (JKK), 131–33, 135, 212, 214–15, 218, 274–75; corrupt allocation of aid, 221–23, 225–29; their justification, 231–33
Village gate, 212–20, 239
Village government. See Local government
Village Improvement Scheme (RPK), 4n, 131–32, 135, 142, 220–33, 239; abuses of, 143, 222–23, 225–29, 308; average grants, 222; false household survey for, 131, 143, 221, 226–27; villages chosen for, 221 and n
Violence, as form of resistance, 235n, 254, 255; absent in Sedaka, 273
Wage labor, paddy, 74, 157–60, 306; long-term displacement of, 9, 74–76, 82, 111–25, 150, 155–64; near-term increase (1972–76), 65, 67, 110–11, 114, 150; protection of, by village gate, 213, 214–19; pure (sole income source), effect of mechanization on, 112, 116–18; in Sedaka, 98, 110–23, 150, 155–64; Sedaka, resistance of, 249–61; women’s share groups, 250–55, 258–59
Wages, farm labor, 75n-76n, 110, 117–18, 158; advance, 120, 151, 176, 177; fixed cash (kupang), 119–20, 260; losses in, 115–17, 119–20, 158; piece-work, 34, 117–18, 119, 215n, 219, 256, 260; rate determination, 257–61, 265
Wahid, 92, 123, 132n, 153n, 165n, 209, 252
Wan Mat Saman Canal, 62
Wan Zawawi Ibrahim, 239
Water buffalo, 113–14 and n, 266�
��67, 271–72
Water supply, 50, 54, 82, 266. See also Irrigation Weber, Max, 247
Williams, Raymond, 311n, 346
Willis, Paul, 318n, 319, 338n–39n
Women, 237; economic role in family, 202n; farm labor, 117n; farm share groups, 89, 115, 119–20, 250–55, [Page 389] 258–60; heads of households, 90, 117, 250n; honorary men, 89–90, 250n; ineligible for zakat, 171n
Wong, Diana, 74n
Work-relief program, in Sedaka, 12, 129–30
World Bank, 50, 65
Yaakub, 4, 8, 94, 188, 226, 262
Yah, Cik, 200
Yah, Pak, 11, 15–17, 90, 92, 141–42, 146, 198, 206n, 264n, 278–79; critical of the rich, 142–44, 147, 151, 177, 230n; ignored in RPK aid, 142, 226, 227, 229; income, 117
Yan (town and district), 86 and n, 221, 251, 266, 274
Yunus bin Haji Salim, 135n, 360
Zaharuddin, 94, 127, 261
Zahir, Haji, 166, 186, 210
Zainah, Tok, 92, 132
Zakat (Islamic tithe), 169–72; madrasah, 170; mesjid, 170; peribadi (private charity), 10, 21, 144, 156, 169–70
and n, 171–72, 173–75, 176–78, 191, 193–95, 203 and n, 269, 271; raja (official), 31, 87, 169–70 and n, 191
Zapata, Emiliano, 294
Zola, Emile, 37, 143, 265, 285, 304
Weapons of the Weak- Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance Page 62