86. T. R. Bighorns Diary (August 21, 1884).
87. Merrifield quoted in Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt, p. 67.
88. T. R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, pp. 119–120.
89. T. R., The Wilderness Hunter (New York: Putnam, 1893), p. 146.
90. T. R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, p. 294.
91. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Archive, “Grizzly Bears” Files, Shepherdstown, W. Va. Special thanks to the Grizzly Bear Outreach Project for biological and behavioral information on grizzlies.
92. T. R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, p. 313.
93. Bessie Doak Haynes and Edgar Haynes, The Grizzly Bear: Portraits of Life (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966).
94. T. R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, pp. 158–160.
95. “The Occidental Hotel History,” Archive, Buffalo, Wyo. (June 2009).
96. T. R., Bighorns Diary (September 18–19, 1884). Fort McKinney had been established in 1878, after the Indian wars had ceased.
97. Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt, p. 487.
98. Clark, The Badlands, p. 39.
99. T. R. Bighorns Diary (October 1, 1884).
100. Elizabeth Royte, “Night Moves,”
New York Times Book Review (June 22, 2008), p. 9.
101. T. R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, p. 125.
7: CRADLE OF CONSERVATION: THE ELKHORN RANCH OF NORTH DAKOTA
1. Roderick Frazier Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, 4th ed. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2003), pp. 152–153.
2. New York Sun (October 11, 1884). T.R. said that if it became “necessary” to make comments on Cleveland’s lapsed morals, he would “not hesitate to express them.”
3. “Cleveland’s Electoral Vote,” New York Times (November 7, 1884), p. 1.
4. T.R. to Henry Cabot Lodge (November 7, 1884).
5. Jack London, The Call of the Wild (New York: Regent, 1903), p. 67.
6. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, p. 84.
7. T.R., The Wilderness Hunter, p. 386; T.R. Private Diaries (November 1884); and Carleton Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt: The Formative Years (New York: Scribner, 1958), p. 508.
8. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, pp. 75–76.
9. H. W. Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic (New York: Basic Books, 1997), p. 181. Also see T.R., An Autobiography (New York: Macmillan, 1913), p. 98. Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, 1979), p. 287; Hermann Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Bad Lands (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1921).
10. John Burroughs, Locusts and Wild Honey (Boston, Mass.: Houghton, Osgood, 1879), p. 80.
11. T.R., Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail (New York: Century, 1888), p. 73.
12. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, pp. 223–224.
13. Becky Lomax, “Tracking the Bighorns,” Smithsonian (March 2008), pp. 21–22.
14. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, pp. 226–227.
15. Ibid., p. 113.
16. T.R. to Anna Roosevelt (December 14, 1884).
17. Paul Grondahl, I Rose Like a Rocket: The Political Education of Theodore Roosevelt (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007), pp. 158–159.
18. T.R. to Bamie Roosevelt (April 29, 1885). Also see Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 300.
19. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, p. iii.
20. Unlike most of T.R.’s books Hunting Trips of a Ranchman wasn’t serialized; it was published first in book form. Over the years, however, it was frequently reprinted in various fashions. It appeared in Big-Game Hunting (1898) and as the first part of Hunting Tales of the West, a four-volume set (1907). Individual chapters have been reprinted in more than a dozen periodicals.
21. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, p. 19.
22. Ibid., p. 140.
23. Ibid., p. 147.
24. Ibid., p. 140.
25. T.R., The Wilderness Hunter (New York: Putnam, 1893, 1909), pp. 381–382.
26. “The Game of the West,” New York Times (July 13, 1885), p. 3. (Review.) Also see London Spectator (January 16, 1886) and New York Tribune (September 7, 1885).
27. T.R., The Wilderness Hunter, p. xiii.
28. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 299.
29. Quoted in John F. Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation, 3rd ed. (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2001), p. 115.
30. Ibid., p. 116.
31. George Bird Grinnell, “Introduction,” in The Works of Theodore Roosevelt, Memorial ed., Vol. 1 (New York: Scribner, 1923), p. xv.
32. Michael Punke, Last Stand: George Bird Grinnell and the Battle to Save the Buffalo, and the Birth of the New West (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), pp. 164–167.
33. Grinnell, “Introduction,” p. xvi.
34. “Dr. G. B. Grinnell, Naturalist, Dead,” New York Times (April 12, 1938), p. 23.
35. John F. Reiger, The Passing of the Great West: Selected Papers of George Bird Grinnell, updated ed. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985), pp. 6–7.
36. George Bird Grinnell, “Recollections of Audubon Park,” Auk, Vol. 37 (July 1920). See also Witmer Stone (ed.), The Auk: A Quarterly Journal of Ornithology, Vol. 37 (Lancaster, Pa.: American Ornithologists Union, 1920), p. 373.
37. Richard Rhodes, John James Audubon: The Making of An American (New York: Knopf, 2006), p. 416.
38. George Bird Grinnell, “Memoirs” (unpublished). Written between November 26, 1915, and December 4, 1915, these memoirs recount his life to 1883. They are housed at Birdcraft Museum of the Connecticut Audubon Society, Fairfield. (Thanks to John F. Reiger for bringing this to my attention.)
39. Maria R. Audubon (ed.), Audubon and His Journals (New York: Scribner, 1897), p. 107.
40. Ibid., p. 131.
41. Grinnell, “Memoirs,” p. 37.
42. George B. Ward and Richard E. McCabe, “Trail Blazers in Conservation: The Boone and Crockett Club’s First Century,” in Records of North American Big Game, 4th ed. (New York: Scribner, 1980), p. 9.
43. See George Bird Grinnell, American Duck Shooting (New York: Forest and Stream, 1901); George Bird Grinnell, American Game-Bird Shooting (New York: Forest and Stream, 1910).
44. “True Indians Stories,” New York Times (March 27, 1893), p. 3.
45. Reiger, The Passing of the Great West, p. 2.
46. Margaret Mead and Ruth Bunzel, The Golden Age of American Anthropology (New York: George Braziller, 1960), pp. 113–114.
47. George Bird Grinnell, By Cheyenne Campfires (Hartford, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1926).
48. Mari Sandoz (ed.), The Cheyenne Indians: Their History and Ways of Life (New York: Buffalo-Head Press, 1962), p. v.
49. Grinnell, “Introduction,” p. xvii.
50. Reiger, The Passing of the Great West, p. 3.
51. Mike Thompson, The Travels and Tribulations of Theodore Roosevelt’s Cabin (San Angelo, Tex.: Laughing Horse Enterprises, 2004), pp. 22–25.
52. T.R., Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail, p. 25.
53. Donald Dresden, The Marquis de Mores: Emperor of the Badlands (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970), pp. 111–112.
54. Sylvia Jukes Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt: Portrait of a First Lady (New York: Coward, McCann, and Geoghegan, 1980), p. 79.
55. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 319–320.
56. “Literary Notes,” New York Times (September 20, 1886), p. 10.
57. T.R. to Corinne Roosevelt (March 20, 1885).
58. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 329.
59. Ibid., p. 330.
60. T.R. to Bamie (June 19, 1886).
61. T.R. to Anna Roosevelt (May 15, 1886).
62. “Review of The Life of Thomas Hart Benton,” Zion’s Herald (February 16, 1887) Vol. 64, Issue 7. Also see James Freeman Clarke, “Benton and his Times” The Independent, December 15, 1887, Vol. 39, Issue 2037.
63. T.R., Thomas Hart Benton (Boston, Mass., and New York: Houghton, Mifflin, 1886), p. 225.
64
. Ibid., p. 268.
65. Lowell E. Baier, “The Cradle of Conservation: Theodore Roosevelt’s Elkhorn Ranch, an Icon of America’s National Identity,” Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1 (2007), pp. 15–22.
66. Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Bad Lands, pp. 407–411.
67. All six articles for Outing were collected under the title Ranch Life and Game-ing in the West in The Works of Theodore Roosevelt (Memorial ed., Vol. 1).
68. A. R. Crook, “Misrepresentation of Nature in Popular Magazines,” Science, New Series, Vol. 23, No. 593 (May 11, 1906), p. 748.
69. Ben Merchant Vorpahl, Frederic Remington and the West: With the Eye of the Mind (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1978), p. 51.
70. T.R., “Water-Fowl and Prairie Fowl,” Outing (August 1886).
71. T.R., “The Ranch,” Outing (March 1886).
72. T.R., “A Tame White Goat,” Harper’s Round Table (July 27, 1897). This essay was later reprinted in an omnibus of T.R.’s Harper’s Round Table articles: Good Hunting in Pursuit of Big Game in the West (New York: Harper, 1907). The book was published while T.R. was president.
73. Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Bad Lands, pp. 419–420.
74. Grinnell, “Introduction,” p. xxi.
75. Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 590–591.
76. Lincoln Lang, Ranching with Roosevelt (Philadelphia and London: Lippincott, 1926), pp. 241–243.
77. Brands, T.R., p. 208.
78. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 363–366.
79. T.R., Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail, p. 79.
80. T.R. to Anna Roosevelt, Medora, Dakota (April 16, 1887), in Elting Morison (ed.), The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, Vol. 1 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1951). For his net loss see Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Bad Lands, p. 482.
81. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, pp. 211, 47.
82. Quoted in Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt, p. 596.
83. Frederick Wood, Roosevelt as We Knew Him (Philadelphia, Pa.: John C. Winston, 1927), p. 12.
84. T.R., The Winning of the West, Vol. 3 (New York: Putnam, 1894), pp. 45–46.
85. Brands, T.R., p. 215.
86. T.R., The Winning of the West, Vol. 1 (New York: Putnam, 1889), p. xxii. (Presidential Edition.)
87. Clay S. Jenkinson, Theodore Roosevelt in the Badlands: An Historical Guide (Dickinson, N.D.: Dickinson State University, 2006), pp. 104–105.
8: WILDLIFE PROTECTION BUSINESS
1. Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956), p. 69.
2. Nelson Bryant, “Unveiling a White-tail Buck, in the Spirit of Boone and Crockett,” New York Times (February 25, 1996).
3. George Bird Grinnell, American Big Game in Its Haunts (New York: Forest and Stream, 1904), p. 495.
4. George B. Ward and Richard E. McCabe, Records of North American Big Game (New York: Scribners, 1952), pp. 62–63.
5. “Snap Shots,” Forest and Stream (February 16, 1888), Vol, 30, Issue 4.
6. Founding documents, in Charles Sheldon, “A History of the Boone and Crockett Club: Milestone in Wildlife Conservation” (unpublished), Boone and Crockett Club Archive, Missoula, Mont.
7. Thomas L. Altherr and John F. Reiger, “Academic Historians and Hunting: A Call for More and Better Scholarship,” Environmental History Review, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Autumn 1995), pp. 39–56.
8. Lowell Baier, “Note to Reader,” in “Boone and Crockett Club: Past and Present Roles 1887–1992” (unpublished), Archive, Missoula, Mont.
9. George Bird Grinnell (ed.), Hunting at High Altitudes (New York: Harper, 1913), pp. 435–439. Also see Michael Punke, Last Stand (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), p. 166.
10. H. Duane Hampton, How the U.S. Cavalry Saved Our National Parks (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1971).
11. Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985), pp. 73–74.
12. James B. Trefethen, An American Crusade for Wildlife (New York: Winchester Press, 1975), pp. 81–82.
13. Ward and McCabe, “Trail Blazers in Conservation: The Boone and Crockett Club’s First Century,” in Records of North American Big Game, p. 49.
14. Ibid.
15. T.R. to the Editor, Forest and Stream (December 3, 1892), reproduced in “A Standing Menace: Cooke City vs. the National Park.” (Pamphlet. There is a copy in Yellowstone National Park Library.) Also Rocky Barker, Scorched Earth: How the Fires of Yellowstone Changed America (Washington, D.C.: Island, 2005), pp. 77–78.
16. George Bird Grinnell, “Editor’s Note,” Forest and Stream (January 17, 1889).
17. “Snap Shots,” Forest and Stream (February 16, 1888), p. 8.
18. Estelle Jussim, Frederic Remington, the Camera, and the Old West (Fort Worth, Tex.: Amon Carter Museum, 1987), pp. 19–21.
19. Joseph G. Rosa and Robin May, Buffalo Bill and His Wild West: A Pictorial Biography (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1989), pp. 102–137.
20. Roscoe L. Buckland, Frederic Remington: The Writer (New York: Twayne, 2000), p. 5.
21. Peggy and Harold Samuels, Frederic Remington: A Biography (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1982), pp. 72–75.
22. T.R., The Wilderness Hunter (New York and London: Putnam, 1893), p. 131.
23. Olin D. Wheeler, 6,000 Miles through Wonderland: Being a Description of the Marvelous Region Traversed by the Northern Pacific Railroad (Saint Paul, Minn.: Chas S. Fee, General Passenger and Ticket Agent, Northern Pacific Railroad, 1893), pp. 34–40.
24. T.R., The Wilderness Hunter, pp. 135–136.
25. T.R., The Winning of the West, Vol. 2 (New York: Putnam, 1894), p. 71. T.R. was intrigued at being called “Boston Man” because, he claimed, Indians around the upper Ohio used to call frontiersmen “Virginians.”
26. T.R., The Wilderness Hunter, p. 136.
27. Ibid., p. 145.
28. Ibid., pp. 120–142.
29. John Allen Gable (ed.), “President Theodore Roosevelt’s Record on Conservation,” Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal, Vol. 10 (Fall 1984), pp. 2–11.
30. T.R. to J. P. Morgan (September 18, 1899).
31. H. W. Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), p. 448.
32. T.R. to Henry Cabot Lodge (October 19, 1888).
33. T.R. to Cecil Arthur Spring Rice (November 18, 1888).
34. Joseph Bucklin Bishop, Theodore Roosevelt and His Time: Shown in His Own Letters, Vol. 1 (New York: Scribner, 1920), pp. 43–52.
35. T.R., Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail (New York: Century, 1888), p. 6.
36. Remington quoted in John Gabriel Hunt, “Foreword,” Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail (New York: Gramercy, 1995), p. vi.
37. T.R., Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail, pp. 147, 131.
38. Ibid., p. 134.
39. Ibid., p. 186.
40. “History and Organization of the Biological Survey Unit,” United States Geological Survey Archives, Washington, D.C. Also see Jenks Cameron, The Bureau of Biological Survey: Its History, Activities, and Organizations (Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1929), pp. 21–27.
41. W. W. Cooke, “Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley,” Bulletin 2, Biological Survey (1889). Walter B. Barrows, “The English Sparrow in America,” Bulletin 1, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy (1889).
42. Wilfred H. Osgood, “Clinton Hart Merriam,” Journal of Mammalogy, Vol. 24, No. 4 (November 17, 1943), pp. 421–436. Also C. Hart Merriam, “Two New Shrews,” Proceedings of the Biology Society of Washington, Vol. 15 (March 22, 1902), pp. 75–76.
43. “Officers of the Biological Society,” Washington Post, (January 11, 1991), p. 6.
44. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture 1909 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1910), pp. 115–119.
9: LAYING THE GROUNDWORK WITH JOHN BURROUGHS AND BENJAMIN HARRISON
1. Clif
ford Johnson (eds.) John Burroughs Talks: His Reminiscences and Comments (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1922).
2. Ed Renehan, Jr., John Burroughs: An American Naturalist (Hensonville, N.Y.: Chelsea Green, 1992), p. 178
3. Elizabeth Custer, “Boots and Saddles” or Life in Dakota with General Custer (New York: Harper, 1885); Tenting on the Plains or General Custer in Kansas and Texas (New York: Charles L. Webster, 1887).
4. William Hard quoted in William Davison Johnston, TR: Champion of the Strenuous Life (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Cudahy, 1958).
5. John Burroughs to Julian Burroughs (October 12, 1920), Vassar Library Collection, Poughkeepsie, N.Y.
6. Charles Dickens, Hard Times for These Times (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1870), p. 24.
7. John Burroughs to Louis Untermeyer (June 4, 1919), John Burroughs Collection, Vassar College Library Collection, Vassar University, Poughkeepsie, N.Y.
8. Renehan, John Burroughs, pp. 7–10.
9. John Burroughs, My Boyhood, 2nd ed. (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1922), pp. 5–6.
10. John Burroughs, John Burroughs’s America: Selections from the Writings of the Naturalist (New York: Devin-Adi, 1951), pp. 3–20.
11. Clara Barrus, Life and Letters of John Burroughs (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1925), pp. 1–42.
12. Paul Brooks, Speaking for Nature (San Francisco, Calif.: Sierra Club Books, 1980), p. 6.
13. John Burroughs, John James Audubon (New York: Small, Maynard and Company, 1902).
14. Renehan, John Burroughs, pp. 77–78.
15. John Burroughs, Notes on Walt Whitman as Poet and Person (New York: American News Company, 1867).
16. Daniel Mark Epstein, Lincoln and Whitman: Parallel Lives in Civil War Washington (New York: Ballantine Books, 2004), pp. 279–298.
17. Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1902), pp. 94–95. (Originally published in 1855.)
18. John Burroughs, Notes on Walt Whitman as Poet and Person (New York: American News Company, 1867).
19. John Burroughs, Wake-Robin (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1871), pp. 188–196..
20. Burroughs quoted in Brooks, Speaking for Nature, p. 8.
21. Renehan, John Burroughs, pp. 178—179.
The Wilderness Warrior Page 115