74. T.R. to Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (March 1, 1903).
75. “Big Sticks for Souvenirs,” New York Times (March 5, 1905), p. 6.
76. “Nation Mirrored in Marching Host,” New York Times (March 5, 1905), p. 2.
77. “President Chooses Bible,” New York Times (March 4, 1905), p. 2.
78. T.R. to Robert Barnwell Roosevelt (March 6, 1905).
79. “Devil’s Lake Basin in North Dakota,” North Dakota Science Society (July 2008).
80. Stan Tekiela, Birds of the Dakotas (Cambridge, Minn.: Adventure, 2003), p. 275.
81. Craig Bihrle, “100 Years of Refuges in North Dakota Is Centerpiece for National Event,” North Dakota Outdoors (March 2003), p. 3.
82. Annual Reports of the Department of Agriculture, Fiscal Year Ended June 30 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1905), p. 310.
21: THE OKLAHOMA HILLS
1. Lewis L. Gould, “Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and the Disputed Delegates in 1912,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. 80 (July 1976); and Paul D. Casdorph, A History of the Republican Party in Texas, 1865–1965 (Austin: Pemberton, 1965).
2. T.R. to Cecil Andrew Lyon (March 16, 1905).
3. “Negro Mob Killed Sheriff,” New York Times (March 17, 1905), p. 6.
4. William Caire, Jack D. Tyler, Bryan P. Glass, and Michael A. Mares, Mammals of Oklahoma (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989), p. xi.
5. Bill Neeley, The Last Comanche Chief: The Life and Times of Quanah Parker (Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, 1995), p. 221. Also Edward Charles Ellenbrook, Outdoor and Trail Guide to the Wichita Mountains of Southwest Oklahoma, 8th rev. ed. (Lawton, Okla.: In the Valley of the Wichitas, 2008), pp. 6–9.
6. George Bird Grinnell, When Buffalo Ran (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1920), p. 22. Also Richard C. Rattenbury, Hunting the American West: The Pursuit of Big Game for Life, Profit, and Sport, 1800–1900 (Missoula, Mont.: Boone and Crockett Club, 2008), p. 207.
7. “The Wichita National Forest and Game Preserve,” Miscellaneous Circular No. 36, USDA (May 1925).
8. Alfred Runte, Trains of Discovery: Western Railroads and the National Parks (Niwot, Colo.: Roberts Rinehart, 1990), pp. 19–21. Reprint.
9. Andrew C. Isenberg, The Destruction of Bison: An Environmental History (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 177.
10. Raymond Gorges, Ernest Harold Baynes: Naturalist and Crusader (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1928), pp. 74–75. Also Joel Berger and Carol Cunningham, Bison: Mating and Conservation in Small Populations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), p. 29.
11. Congressional Record, 59 Cong. 1 Sess; Pt. I, p. 103.
12. Officially the bison were protected by proclamation (June 2, 1905, 34 Stat. 3062) by President Theodore Roosevelt, in Otis H. Gates (comp.), Laws Applicable to the United States Department of Agriculture (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1913, rev. 1912), p. 111.
13. David Dary, The Buffalo Book: The Full Saga of the American Animal (Chicago, Ill.: Swallow, 1974), pp. 233–236.
14. Jack Dan Haley, “A History of the Establishment of the Wichita National Forest and Game Preserve, 1901–1908,” unpublished master’s thesis, University of Oklahoma, 1973.
15. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter (New York: Macmillan, 1902), p. 102.
16. Neeley, The Last Comanche Chief, p. 143.
17. “History Files,” Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge, Refuge Headquarters, Indiahoma, Okla.
18. Wichita Mountains (Albuquerque: Southwest Natural and Cultural Heritage Association, 1992). This monograph was compiled by the staff at the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Reserve.
19. John R. (Jack) Abernathy, In Camp with Theodore Roosevelt, or the Life of John R. (Jack) Abernathy (Oklahoma City: Times-Journal, 1933).
20. Jon T. Coleman, “Foreword,” in John R. Abernathy, Catch ’Em Alive Jack (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006), p. v.
21. Matthew Rex Cox, “Roosevelt’s Wolf Hunt.” (Advance article from the Oklahoma Encyclopedia.)
22. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter, p. 111.
23. “President Off to Hunt; Taft Sits on Lid,” New York Times (April 4, 1905), p. 1.
24. W. LaBarre, The Peyote Cult (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989).
25. William T. Hagan, Quanah Parker, Comanche Chief (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993), p. 57.
26. “Star House,” Prairie Lore, Vol. 41, No. 2, Book 15.
27. Neeley, The Last Comanche Chief, p. 199.
28. “Buffalo Hunt Is Held: Game Shot from Auto,” New York Times (June 11, 1903), p. 5.
29. “Killed by Roosevelt’s Train,” New York Times (April 5, 1905), p. 2.
30. “Roosevelt Says He’s a Typical President,” New York Times (April 6, 1905), p. 2.
31. “Col. Roosevelt Greets His Old Rough Riders,” New York Times (April 8, 1905), p. 1.
32. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter, p. 100.
33. David Minor, “Samuel Burk Burnett,” The Handbook of Texas (online; January 9, 2008, update).
34. Time (May 22, 1939).
35. “Dr. Lambert Dies; Narcotics Expert,” New York Times (May 10, 1939), p. 23.
36. Frederick Enterprise (April 15, 1905). (Summary story.)
37. Abernathy, Catch ’Em Alive Jack, p. 100.
38. W. M. Draper Lewis, The Life of Theodore Roosevelt (Philadelphia and Chicago: John C. Winston, 1919), p. 177.
39. Frederick Enterprise (April 15, 1905).
40. “President in Wild,” Washington Post (April 10, 1905), p. 1.
41. Abernathy, Catch ’Em Alive Jack, pp. 103–104.
42. Coleman, “Foreward,” in Abernathy, Catch ’Em Alive Jack, p. ix.
43. Caire et al., Mammals of Oklahoma, pp. 281–285.
44. “Why a Refuge,” Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge Archive, Indiahoma, Okla.
45. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter, p. 101.
46. Abernathy, Catch ’Em Alive Jack, p. 102.
47. Francis Haines, The Buffalo (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001), pp. 200–201.
48. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter, p. 103.
49. “President in Foot Races,” New York Times (April 13, 1905), p. 1.
50. George Bird Grinnell, When the Buffalo Ran (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1920), p. 82.
51. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter, p. 104.
52. David E. Lantz, The Relation of Coyotes to Stock Raising in the West (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1905).
53. Abernathy, Catch ’Em Alive Jack, p. 115.
54. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter, pp. 113–114.
55. Abernathy, Catch ’Em Alive Jack, p. 127.
56. Abernathy, Catch ’Em Alive Jack, p. 115.
57 Frederick Enterprise (April 15, 1905). (Clipping at the Wichita Wildlife Refuge in Oklahoma.)
58. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter, p. 116.
59. Ibid., p. 106.
60. Haines, The Buffalo, p. 6.
61. Neeley, The Last Comanche, pp. 220–221.
62. Clyde L. Jackson and Grace Jackson, Quanah Parker: The Last Chief of the Comanches—A Study in Frontier History (New York: Exposition, 1963), p. 129.
63. Ibid., p. 128.
64. Alice Marriot and Carol K. Rachlin, American Indian Mythology (New York: Mentor, 1972), p. 170.
65. Wichita Mountain Wildlife Refuge (Albuquerque, N.M.: Southwest Natural and Cultural Heritage Association, 1997).
66. Ernest Wallace and E. Adamson Hoebel, The Comanches: Lords of the South Plains (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1952), p. 206.
67. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1886), p. 260.
68. Tenth Annual Report of the Bison Society, 1915–1916 (New York: American Bison Society, 1916), pp. 20–22. Also Robert Dorman, It Happened in Oklahoma (New York: Morris Book Publishing, 2006), pp
. 53–56.
69. Abernathy, Catch ’Em Alive Jack, p. 126.
70. “Speeding to the Rockies,” Washington Post (April 14, 1905), p. 3.
71. “President Appeals to Press,” New York Times (April 15, 1905), p. 1.
72. “Orville H. Platt Dies,” New York Times (April 22, 1905), p. 1.
73. Douglas C. McChristian, “The Great Health Mecca and Summer Resort,” Historical Resources Study (June 2003), Chickasaw National Recreation Area, Sulphur, Okla. (Unpublished.)
74. Reports of the Department of Interior 1919, Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1919), p. 1025.
75. Louis A. Coolidge, An Old Fashioned Senator: Orville H. Platt of Connecticut (New York: Putnam, 1910), p. 623.
76. Edward E. Dale, Jr., “The Grasslands of Platt National Park, Oklahoma,” Southwestern Naturalist, Vol. 4, No. 2 (September 15, 1959), pp. 45–60.
77. Platt Historical District File, Chickasaw National Recreation Area, Sulphur, Okla.
78. “The President’s Return,” New York Times (April 24, 1905), p. 10.
79. “President Cheered at Open-Air Church,” New York Times (May 1, 1905), p. 1.
80. “Skip,” Washington Post (April 11, 1907), p. 12.
81. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (May 25, 1905).
82. William H. Harbaugh, The Theodore Roosevelts’ Retreat in Southern Albemarle: Pine Knot 1905–1908 (Charlottesville, Va.: Albemarle County Historical Society, 1993).
83. T.R., A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open (New York: Scribner, 1916), app. B, p. 366.
84. Ibid., pp. 96–97.
85. Harbaugh, The Theodore Roosevelts’ Retreat in Southern Albemarle, p. 4.
86. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt, June 11, 1905.
87. Ibid.
88. Sylvia Jukes Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt: Portrait of a First Lady (New York: Coward, McCann, and Geoghegan, 1980), p. 3.
89. T.R. to George Herbert Locke (September 27, 1905).
90. Abernathy, Catch ’Em Alive Jack, p 149.
91. “Sat in President’s Chair,” New York Times (February 10, 1906), p. 1. (Special to the Times.)
92. T.R., Outdoors Pastimes of an American Hunter, p. 124.
93. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter, p. 287.
94. T.R. to John Burroughs (October 2, 1905).
95. “Strenuous Sport,” New York Times Book Review (November 4, 1905).
96. Foster Harris, “T.R. and the Great Wolf Hunt,” Oklahoma Today (Fall 1958), p. 31.
97. Abernathy, Catch ’Em Alive Jack, p. 168.
98. Ibid., p. 172.
99. T.R. to John Abernathy (June 4, 1906).
100. Abernathy, Catch ’Em Alive Jack, p. 173.
101. T.R. to Clarence Don Clarke (December 8, 1905).
102. T.R. “Wichita Mountains,” presidential proclamation (June 2, 1905). See John T. Wolley and Bernard Peters, The American Presidency Project. (Online: University of Santa Barbara–California, host.)
103. Caspar Whitney, “The View-Point,” Outing Magazine (April 1907), p. 102.
104. “American Bison Society,” Saving Wildlife (September 2007).
105. J. Alden Loring, “The Wichita Buffalo Range” in Tenth Annual Report of the New York Zoological Society for the Year 1905, pp. 180–200.
106. “Roosevelt to Pay His Hunt Expenses,” New York Times (December 6, 1908), p. 1.
107. Betsy Rosenbaum, “Buffalo, or Is It Bison?” Courtesy of Outdoor Recreation Planner, Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge Archive (Courtesy of Jeff Rupert.)
108. Tenth Annual Report of the Bison Society, 1915–1916 (New York: American Bison Society, 1916), pp. 20–22.
109. Sanborn quoted in John G. Mitchell, “The Way We Shipped Off the Buffalo,” Wildlife Conservation (January–February 1993), pp. 46–50.
110. Elwin R. Sanborn, “An Object Lesson in Bison Preservation: the Wichita National Bison Herd after Five Years,” Zoological Society Bulletin (Wildlife Protection Number), Vol. 16, No. 57 (May 1913), pp. 990–993. R. B. Thomas, “The Wichita National Forest and Game Preserve” (1936), in Miscellaneous Papers of the W.P.A. Project File, Oklahoma Historical Society Library. Clara Ruth, “Preserves and Ranges Maintained for Buffalo and Other Big Game” (Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Biological Survey, Wildlife Research and Management Leaflet BS-95, September 1937), pp. 1–21.
111. Harry B. Candell, “History of the Bison Herd,” Wichita Mountain Wildlife Reserve, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Archives, Indiahoma, Okla. (March 19, 2009).
112. “Traditional Uses of Bison” (Rapid City, S. Dak.: Intertribal Bison Cooperative and Administration for Native Americans, 2008).
113. Author interview with Jeff Rupert, Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, Cache, Oklahoma.
114. Rush quoted in Tom McHugh, The Time of the Buffalo (New York: Knopf, 1972), p. 303.
115. McHugh, The Time of the Buffalo, p. 303.
116. James B. Trefethen, An American Crusade for Wildlife (New York: Winchester Press, 1975), pp. 95–96.
117. Isenberg, The Destruction of the Bison, p. 165.
118. Frank Graham, Jr., “Where Wildlife Rules,” Audubon (June 2003).
119. Jim Pisarowicz, “Wildlife Management” (April 29, 2006), Wind Cave National Park Archives, Hot Springs, South Dakota.
120. William Temple Hornaday, Annual
Report of the American Bison Society (1911), p. 32.
121. Shannon Peterson, Acting for Endangered Species (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002), p. 10.
122. Ellenbrook, Outdoor and Trail Guide to the Wichita Mountains of Southwest Oklahoma, pp. 20–21.
123. Betsy Rosenbaum, “Buffalo, or Is It Bison?”
124. Caire et al., Mammals of Oklahoma, p. 370.
125. “President and Mrs. Bush Host Celebration in Honor of Theodore Roosevelt’s 150th Birthday” (October 27, 2008). Transcript. Laura Bush told the story in the East Room, Office of the Press Secretary, Washington, D.C.
126. Stacy A. Cordery, Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker (New York: Viking, 2007), p. 456.
22: THE NATIONAL MONUMENTS OF 1906
1. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt, March 11, 1906, quoted in Joseph Bucklin Bishop, Theodore Roosevelt’s Letters to His Children (New York: Scribner, 1919), pp. 152–153.
2. Ray H. Mattison, “Devils Tower” (National Park Service, 1955), Devils Tower Wyoming Archive. George L. San Miguel, “How Is Devils Tower a Sacred Site to American Indians” (U.S. National Park Service, August 1994).
3. N. Scott Momaday, The Way to Rainy Mountain (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1976), p. 8.
4. Richard I. Dodge, The Black Hills (New York: James Miller, 1876), p. 95.
5. Newton quoted in Raymond J. De-mallie, “Introduction,” in Mary Alice Gunderson, Devils Tower: Stories in Stone (Glendo, Wyo.: High Plains Press, 1988), p. x.
6. Gunderson, Devils Tower.
7. Mattison, “Devils Tower.”
8. Rebecca Conrad, “John F. Lacey: Conservation’s Public Servant” in David Harman, Francis P. McManamon, and Dwight T. Pitcaithley, The Antiquities Act: A Century of American Archaeology, Historic Preservation, and Nature Conservation (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2006), p. 57.
9. T.R. quoted in Edmund Morris, Theodore Rex (New York: Random House, 2001), p. 507.
10. T.R. to John Pitcher (January 8, 1906).
11. John P. Avlon, “TR’s Enduring Lessons,” Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal, Vol. 26, No. 1 (2004), pp. 16–17.
12. Edward Wagenknecht, The Seven Worlds of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Longmans, Green, 1958), p. 17.
13. Simon Winchester, A Crack in the Edge of the World (New York: Harper Collins, 2006), p. 16.
14. Suzanne Herel, “San Francisco 1906 Quake Toll Disputed, Supervisors Asked to Recognize Higher Number Who Perished,” San Francisco Chronicle (January 15, 2005).
15. “Roosevelt Offers Aid,�
�� New York Times (April 19, 1906), p. 8.
16. “All San Francisco May Burn,” New York Times (April 19, 1906), p. 1.
17. Elting Morison (ed.), The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, Vol. 5 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952), p. 154.
18. “Remington’s Novel,” New York Times (October 25, 1901), p. BR2.
19. Allen P. Splete and Marilyn D. Splete, Frederic Remington: Selected Letters (New York: Abbeville, 1988), p. 359.
20. Frederic Remington to T.R. (Summer 1906).
21. T.R. to Frederic Remington (August 6, 1906).
22. T.R. to John Burroughs (May 5, 1906).
23. T.R. to Owen Wister (April 27, 1906).
24. “President’s Threat with Meat Report,” New York Times (June 5, 1906), p. 1.
25. T.R. to Henry Bryant Bigelow (May 29, 1906).
26. T.R. to George Clement Perkins (June 5, 1906).
27. Hal Rothman, “The Antiquities Act and the National Monuments: A Progressive Conservation Legacy,” Culture Resource Management, National Park Service, No. 4 (1999), pp. 16–18.
28. Harmon, McManamon, and Pitcaithley, The Antiquities Act, p. 3.
29. Robert W. Righter, “National Monuments to National Parks: The Use of the Antiquities Act of 1906,” Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 3 (August 1989), pp. 281–301.
30. Samuel P. Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959), p. 3.
31. Harvey Leake, “John Wetherill,” http://wetherillfamily.com/john_wetherill.htm.
32. John F. Lacey, “The Petrified Forest National Park of Arizona,” Shield’s Magazine, Vol. I, No. 5 (July 1905).
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Conrad, “John F. Lacey: Conservation’s Public Servant,” p. 61.
36. John F. Lacey, “The Petrified Forest National Park of Arizona.”
37. “Elephant Routs G.O.P.,” New York Times (June 10, 1906), p. 1.
38. “R. B. Roosevelt No Better,” New York Times (July 12, 1906), p. 1.
39. “Robert B. Roosevelt Ill,” New York Times (June 11, 1906), p. 1.
40. Ibid.
41. Eric Jay Dolin, Smithsonian Book of National Wildlife Refuges (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian, 2003), p. 58.
42. T.R. to Mark A. Rodgers (June 27, 1906).
43. John Burroughs, Time and Change (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1912), p. 246.
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