64. T.R. quoted in University of State of New York Bulletin (March 1, 1914), pp. 39–44.
65. T.R. to Raymond Ditmars ([n.d.] 1907).
66. Ibid. This letter is quoted in Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist (New York: Harper, 1956), p. 143.
67. T.R., “Notes on Florida Turtles,” American Museum Journal, Vol. 17, No. 5 (May 1917).
68. Don Arp, Jr., “Hunting the Dragons: TR and the World’s Crocodilians,” Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal, Vol. 24, No. 4 (2001), pp. 5–9.
69. John Mortimer Murphy, “Alligator Shooting in Florida,” Outing Magazine (1899).
70. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter (New York: Macmillan, 1902), pp. 362–363.
71. Joseph Bucklin Bishop (ed.), Theodore Roosevelt’s Letters to His Children (New York: Scribner, 1914), p. 184.
72. T.R., African Game Trails (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1910), p. 341.
73. Michael Grunwald, The Swamp (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), p. 128.
74. “Dr. John C. Gifford, Forestry Authority,” New York Times (June 27, 1949), p. 27.
75. Nathaniel Southgate Shaler The United States of America (New York: Appleton, 1894), p. 278.
76. “John Clayton Gifford,” in Reclaiming the Everglades: South Florida’s Natural History, 1884–1934, Everglades Archival Library and Museum, Fla.
77. Bureau of Reclamation, Reclamation Project Data (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1948).
78. I. F. Eldredge, “Fire Problem on the Florida Native Forest,” Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters (Washington, D.C.: Judd and Detweiller, 1911), pp. 166—168.
79. Thomas Barbour, The Vanishing Eden: A Naturalist’s Florida (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1944).
80. T.R., “Notes on Florida Turtles,” American Museum Journal, Vol. 17 (1917).
81. Oliver P. Pearson, “The Metabolism of Hummingbirds,” The Condor, Vol. 52, No. 4 (July–August, 1950), pp. 145–152.
82. “U.S. Fish and Wildlife Overview/ History,” Island Bay National Wildlife Refuge Archive, Sanibel, Fla. (April 9, 2009).
83. On October 23, 1970, President Richard Nixon, recognizing how exceptional the islands were, declared the refuge a Wilderness Area. Thus no tourists are allowed to visit them.
84. “U.S. Fish and Wildlife Overview/ History.”
85. Mark V. Barrow, Jr., A Passion for Birds: American Ornithology after Audubon (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997), p. 142.
86. William Dutcher to William Moody (July 2, 1903), in Auk, Vol. 21 (January 1904).
87. Herbert K. Job, Report to William Dutcher (1904).
88. Hermann Hagedorn and Sidney Wallach, A Theodore Roosevelt Round-Up (New York: Theodore Roosevelt Association, 1958), p. 64.
89. For Darling’s childhood experiences I consulted the Darling Papers, Special Collections, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
90. David L. Lendt, Ding: The Life of Jay Norwood Darling (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1979), pp. 3–17.
91. Joseph P. Dudley, “Jay Norwood ‘Ding’ Darling: A Retrospect,” Conservation Biology, Vol. 7, No. 1 (March 1993), pp. 200–203. (This article includes two of Darling’s cartoons.)
92. Lendt, Ding, p. 21.
93. Worth Mathewson, William L. Finley: Pioneer Wildlife Photographer (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 1986), p. 9.
94. Eric Jay Dolan and Bob Pumaine, The Duck Stamp Story (privately published), pp. 34–77.
95. Ding Darling U.S. Fish and Wildlife Files. Sanibel, Florida U.S. Fish and Wild-life, December 18, 2008.
96. Ibid.
97. “Ding Darling National Wildlife Center,” Duck Report, No. 32 (2008).
98. Author interview with Ding Darling’s grandson, Christopher D. Koss, Key Biscayne, Fla. (November 4, 2007).
99. Elting Morison, “Introduction,” The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt: The Big Stick: 1905–1907, Vol. V (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1954), p. xiv.
100. Wendell Berry, “The Peace of Wild Things,” in Collected Poems: 1957–1982 (San Francisco: North Point, 1985). Also see Rodger Shlickeisen, “Finding Solace with the Wood Drake,” Fish and Wildlife News (Spring 2008), p. 45.
101. Mathewson, William L. Finley, p. 57.
102. “Klamath Basin National Wildlife Refuges,” Mission Statement, Klamath Basin National Wildlife Reservation Archive, Tulelake, Calif.
103. William L. Finley, American Birds (New York: Scribner, 1907).
104. Mathewson, William L. Finley, pp. 57–84.
105. William L. Finley, “Among the Pelicans,” The Condor, Vol. 9, No. 2 (March–April 1907); William L. Finley, “The Grebes of Southern Oregon,” The Condor, Vol. 9, No. 4 (July–August 1907). William L. Finley, “Among the Gulls on Klamath Lake,” The Condor, Vol. 9, No. 1 (January–February 1907).
106. Finley, “The Grebes of Southern Oregon.”
107. William Kittredge, Balancing Water: Restoring the Klamath Basin (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), pp. 76–79.
108. Finley, “Among the Pelicans,” p. 40.
109. Mathewson, William L. Finley, p. 9.
110. Finley quoted in National Geographic (August 1923).
111. “Oregon Governor Oswald West,” National Governors Association, Biography File, Washington, D.C.
112. T.R., “The People of the Pacific Coast,” Outlook, Vol. 99, No. 4 (September 23, 1911).
113. Ibid.
114. “Rogue Goes to the Birds,” Rogue Wire Service Report (March 28, 2008).
115. Butcher, America’s National Wildlife Refuges, pp. 531–532.
25: THE PRESERVATIONIST REVOLUTION OF 1908
1. Donald Worster, A Passion for Nature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 421.
2. Terry Gifford, Reconnecting with John Muir: Essays in Post-Pastoral Practice (Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 2006) p. 42.
3. Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1967), pp. 172–173.
4. William Kent to John Muir (January 16–17, 1908). John Muir Papers (Microfilm Edition of Ronald H. Limbaugh and Kristen E. Lewis (eds.), John Muir Papers, Reel 17, Frame 9495–9500).
5. Galen Clark, “The Big Trees of California” (1907), Yosemite National Park Archive, Calif.
6. John Muir to William Kent (January 14, 1908). John Muir Papers, (Reel 17, Frame 9487).
7. T.R. to William Kent (January 22, 1908), Muir Woods National Monument Archive, Mill Valley, California.
8. William Kent to T.R. (January 30, 1908), Muir Woods National Monument Archive.
9. T.R. to Douglas Robinson (January 10, 1908).
10. Sandburg quoted in Stephen J. Pyne, How the Canyon Became Grand (New York: Viking, 1998), p. 159.
11. Pyne, p. 158.
12. Robert H. Webb, Grand Canyon: A Century of Change—Rephotography of the 1889–1890 Stanton Expedition (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1996), p. 208.
13. Hal Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts: The American National Monuments (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989), pp. 16–18.
14. Hal Rothman, “The Antiquities Act and National Monuments: A Progressive Conservation Legacy,” CRM Bulletin, Vol. 22, No. 4 (1999), pp. 16–18.
15. Pyne, How the Canyon Became Grand, p. 111.
16. T.R., A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open (New York: Scribner, 1916), pp. 96–97.
17. William M. Gibson, Theodore Roosevelt among the Humorists. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1989), p. 34.
18. Webb, Grand Canyon: A Century of Change, p. 208.
19. Ibid.
20. T.R., A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open, p. 28.
21. Address by Robert Glenn to the National Conference of Governors (May 13–15, 1908), published in Proceedings of a Conference of Governors (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1909), p. 121.
22. Patricia O’Toole, When Trumpets Call: Theodore Roosevelt after t
he White House (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005), p. 228.
23. David H. Dickason, “David Starr Jordan as a Literary Man,” Indiana Magazine of History, Vol. 38 (1941), pp. 343–358; and David Starr Jordan, Evolution and Animal Life: An Elementary Discussion of Facts, Processes, Laws, and Theories Relating to the Life and Evolution of Animals (New York: Appleton, 1907).
24. Char Miller, “Landmark Decision: The Antiquities Act, Big Stick Conservation, and the Modern State,” in David Harmon, Francis P. McManamon, and Dwight T. Pitcaithley (eds.), The Antiquities Act: A Century of American Archeology, Historic Preservation, and Nature Conservation (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2006), pp. 64–78.
25. Ron Chernow, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. (New York: Random House, 1998), p. 435.
26. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (February 23, 1908).
27. “Jewel Cave National Monument,” National Park Service Archive, Jewel Cave, South Dakota.
28. Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, Place of Passages: Jewel Cave National Monument Historic Resource Study (Omaha, Neb.: Midwestern Regional National Park Service, 2006), pp. 173–177.
29. Ibid., p. 4.
30. “Jewel Cave National Monument, South Dakota, by the President of the United States, A Proclamation,” Box 1, Jewel Cave National Monument Archives, Mount Rushmore National Monument.
31. Ibid.
32. In fact, the Biological Survey called for the wholesale extermination of English sparrows, as they had become a menace to fruit trees and other crops from coast to coast. Report of the Chief of the Bureau of the Biological Survey for 1908 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1908), p. 9.
33. T.R. to Dr. C. Hart Merriam (March 15, 1908).
34. T.R. to Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. (May 23, 1908).
35. J. C. Kerbis Peterhans and T. P. Gnoske, “Man-Eaters of Tsavo,” Journal of East African Natural History, Vol. 90 (2001), pp. 1–40.
36. T.R. to Lieutenant Colonel John Henry Patterson (March 20, 1908).
37. T.R., African Game Trails (New York: Scribner, 1909), p. ix.
38. “The Colossal Natural Bridges of Utah,” National Geographic, Vol. 15 (1904), pp. 367–369. (Author unknown.)
39. There is some controversy over the use of the word “Anasazi.” While recognizing its limitations, I have chosen it both for its brevity and because there is no agreed-on alternative.
40. T.R., A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open, pp. 39–62.
41. Ibid., pp. 53–54.
42. T.R. at the creation of Natural Bridges National Monument (April 16, 1908), Natural Bridges National Monument Archive, Lake Powell, Utah.
43. G. Michael McCarthy, Hour of Trial: The Conservation Conflict in Colorado and the West, 1891–1907 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1977).
44. George F. Kunz, “The Preservation of Scenic Beauty” in Proceedings of the Conference of Governors, pp. 408–419.
45. T.R. to Cecil Arthur Spring-Rice (April 11, 1908).
46. Edward J. Renehan, Jr., John Burroughs: An American Naturalist (Post Mills, Vt.: Chelsea Green, 1992), p. 250.
47. T.R. to John Burroughs (June 29, 1907), Theodore Roosevelt Papers, Reel 346.
48. John Burroughs, “With Roosevelt at Pine Knot,” Outlook (May 25, 1921).
49. John Burroughs, Camping and Tramping with Roosevelt (Boston, Mass., and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1906), pp. 102–103.
50. Renehan, John Burroughs, p. 250; Lifton Johnson, John Burroughs Talks (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1922), pp. 237–241; and Clara Barrus (ed.), Burroughs, The Life and Letters of John Burroughs, Vol. 2 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1925), p. 363.
51. William Harbaugh, “The Theodore Roosevelts’ Retreat in Southern Albemarle, Pine Knot 1905–1908,” Magazine of Al-bermarle Country History, Vol. 51, 1993, pp. 37–41.
52. Johnson, John Burroughs Talks, p. 290.
53. T.R. to Archie Roosevelt (May 10, 1908) in Joseph Bucklin Bishop (ed.), Theodore Roosevelt’s Letters to His Children (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1919), pp. 226–227.
54. Ibid.
55. Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist (New York: Harper, 1956), p. 180.
56. Charles F. Clark, Theodore Roosevelt and the Great Adventure (Des Moines, Iowa: Garner, 1959), p. 111.
57. T.R. quoted in ibid., p. 112.
58. T.R., Address to the National Governors’ Conference, May 13–15 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1909), p. 8.
59. Address of Edwin L. Norris in Proceedings of the Conference of Governors (Washington, D.C.: Goverment Printing Office, 1909), pp. 172–173.
60. L. O. Howard, Fighting the Insects (New York: Macmillan, 1933), pp. 239—240.
61. T.R. to Theodore Elijah Burton (June 8, 1908).
62. T.R. to Archie Roosevelt (May 17, 1908), in Bishop (ed.), Theodore Roosevelt’s Letters to His Children, p. 228.
63. T.R. to Frank M. Chapman (May 10, 1908).
64. Report to the Chief of the Biological Survey for 1907 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1908), p. 9.
65. T.R. to Frank M. Chapman (June 7, 1908).
66. Charles Herner, The Arizona Rough Riders (Prescott, Ariz.: Scharlot Hall Museum, 1998), p. 222.
67. Johnson, John Burroughs Talks, p. 291.
68. Michael F. Anderson, Polishing the Jewel: An Administrative History of the Grand Canyon (Grand Canyon, Ariz,: Grand Canyon Association, 2000), pp. 15–108; and Stephen R. Whitney, A Field Guide to the Grand Canyon (Seattle: The Mountaineers, 1996), pp. 53–65.
69. T.R., A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open, p. 5.
70. “Clinton G. Smith,” in Biographical Record of the Graduates and Former Students in the Yale Forestry School (New Haven, Conn.: Yale Forestry School, 1913), p. 86.
71. T.R., “Forestry and Foresters,” speech before the Society of American Foresters, March 26, 1903 (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Forestry, Circular No. 25, June 11, 1903).
72. T.R. to Henry Cabot Lodge (June 24, 1908).
73. Elting Morrison (ed.), The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, Vol. 7 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1954), p. 4. (Editorial footnote.)
74. T.R. to Henry Fairfield Osborn (August 5, 1908).
75. T.R. to Henry Cabot Lodge (August 18, 1908).
76. Jack London, “The Other Animals,” Collier’s (September 5, 1908); and “London Answers Roosevelt,” New York Times (August 31, 1908), p. 7.
77. T.R. to Mark Sullivan (September 9, 1908).
78. London, “The Other Animals.”
79. Jonathan Swift, Gulliver’s Travels: The Voyages to Lilliput and Brobdingnag (New York: American Book Company, 1914), p. 129.
80. T.R. to Professor L. H. Bailey (August 4, 1908).
81. T.R., “Country Life Commission,” Century Magazine (October 1913).
82. T.R. to Herbert Myrick (September 10, 1908).
83. Ibid.
84. T.R. to Herbert Mynick (September 10, 1908).
85. T.R. to William Jennings Bryan (September 27, 1908).
86. T.R. to William Kent (September 28, 1908).
87. “Attacks Gifford Pinchot,” New York Times (October 1, 1908), p. D3.
88. Gould, The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 289.
89. T.R. to John Raleigh Mott (October 12, 1908).
90. T.R. to Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. (November 27, 1908).
91. T.R. to George Otto Trevelyan (December 1, 1908).
92. T.R. to John St. Lee Strachey (February 22, 1907).
93. T.R. to John Hay (May 22, 1903).
94. T.R. to Whitelaw Reid (December 4, 1908).
95. Dave Cooper, “Wild Hike Reveals Right Tuff in Wheeler Geologic Area,” Denver Post (September 24, 2006).
96. T.R. to Robert Underwood Johnson (December 17, 1908).
97. T.R., An Autobiography, p. 424.
98. Eric Jay Dolin, Smithsonian Book of Natural Wildlife Refuges (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution
Press, 2003), pp. 60–61.
99. T.R. to Sydney Brooks (November 20, 1908).
26: DANGEROUS ANTAGONIST
1. T.R. to William Howard Taft (December 31, 1908).
2. Nathan Miller, Theodore Roosevelt: A Life (New York: Morrow, 1992), p. 483.
3. Ibid., p. 485.
4. M. Nelson McGeary, Gifford Pinchot: Forester-Politician (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1960), p. 115.
5. Miller, Theodore Roosevelt: A Life, p. 490.
6. T.R., “A Hunter-Naturalist in Europe and Africa,” Outlook, Vol. 99, No. 3 (September 16, 1911).
7. T.R. to Winston Churchill (January 6, 1909).
8. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (January 14, 1909).
9. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (January 9, 1909).
10. Henry Litchfield West, “The Incoming Taft Administration,” Forum (March 1909).
11. T.R. to Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. (January 31, 1909).
12. “The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: 100 Years of Presidential Protection,” Marine Conservation Biology Institute (Washington, D.C.). (Pamphlet, 2007.)
13. William Alanson Bryan, Natural History of Hawaii: Being an Account of the Hawaiian People, the Geology and Geography of the Islands, and the Native and Introduced Plants and the Animals of the Group (Honolulu: Hawaiian Gazette, 1915), p. 93.
14. Mark Twain, Roughing It, Vol. 1 (Hartford, Conn.: American, 1871), pp. 265–266.
15. Nona Beamer, Nã Mele Hula: A Collection of Hawaiian Hula Chants (Lã’ cie, Hawaii: Pacific Institute Press, 1987), p. 46.
16. Bryan, Natural History of Hawaii, p. 93.
17. Turner Morton, “Laysan—A Bird Paradise,” Pearson’s Magazine (May 1901).
18. “An Island Owned by Birds,” Friend: A Religious and Literary Journal, Vol. 75, No. 11 (September 28, 1909).
19. Bryan, Natural History of Hawaii, p. 97.
20. Ibid.
21. “Laysan Island,” Youth’s Companion (March 9, 1905), p. iii.
22. “Laysan Island,” Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Multi-Agency Education Project File, Laboratory for Interactive Learning Technologies, University of Hawaii (July 2008).
23. Bryan, Natural History of Hawaii, p. 95.
24. Morton, “Laysan—A Bird Paradise.”
25. A. Binion Amerson, Jr., The Natural History of French Frigate Shoals: Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Washington, D.C.: Paper No. 79, Pacific Ocean Biological Survey Program, Smithsonian Institution, 1971).
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