White River Plateau Timberland Reserve, 296, 379
White River region, 378, 379, 382
“White Seal, The” (Kipling), 77
Whitman, Walt, 69, 246, 265, 266, 369–70, 504
Burroughs’s relationship with, 220–22, 517
Whitney, Casper W., 286, 385, 388, 416, 808–9
Whitney, William, 589
Whymper, Edward, 140
Whyte, William H., 362
Wichita Forest Reserve and National Game Preserve (later Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge), 19, 590, 594, 610–11, 612, 616, 624–29, 641, 810
Wichita Mountains, 129, 273, 277, 421, 581, 585–91, 594, 595, 601–12, 616
types of habitat in, 591
Wichita Mountains Forest Reserve, 421, 587–90, 593
Wichita Uplift, 591
Wilcox, Ansley, 395
Wilcox (guide), 129–30, 132
Wild Animals I Have Known (Seton), 504–5
Wild Bird Guests (Baynes), 714
Wilde, Oscar, 91, 766
wilderness, 241–42, 243, 331
Adirondacks as, 39, 70, 342
Alaska, 76–77
America as, 37, 141
Bierstadt’s painting of, 260
Cooper’s effect on concept of, 41
defined, 70
Hudson River valley as, 35
North Woods as, 110–20
Thoreau’s condemnation of war on, 4–5
T.R.’s craving of, 109, 110, 140
T.R.’s deferring of need for, 138
Wilderness Act (1964), 70
Wilderness and the American Mind (Nash), 70
Wilderness Hunter, The (Roosevelt), 6, 223, 250, 251, 265–67, 371, 379n, 419
cougars in, 382
preface of, 265
reviews of, 266–67
“Wilderness Reserves” (Roosevelt), 545, 555–56, 621
Wild Horse Trail, 209–10
wildlife, massacre for profit and sport of, 9–11
wildlife conservation, 231, 448
Columbian Exposition and, 258–59
in T.R.’s annual message, 408, 411
“Wild Parks and Forest Reservations of the West, The” (Muir), 410
Wild West Show, 154, 207, 258, 374, 413, 581, 595, 611, 660, 687
Wild Wings (Job), 708–12, 711, 716, 721, 725, 727, 744
Wilhelm, Kaiser of Germany, 576
Wilhelm II, Kaiser of Germany, 788
Will, Thomas, 735
Willamette Valley, 425, 748–49
William IV, King of England, 3
William L. Finley National Wildlife Refuge, 748–49
Willis, Joe, 195–96
Willis, John, 209–10, 641
Wilmer, Joe, 615–16
Wilmer, Will, 615–16
Wilson, Alexander, 38, 58, 97, 99, 363
Wilson, E. O., 29n, 175
Wilson, James, 424, 433, 564, 590, 684
bird reservations and, 14, 584, 712
T.R.’s correspondence with, 680–81
Wilson, John Lockwood, 291–92
Wilson, Mary Ellen, 52–53
Wilson, Woodrow, 21, 450, 811
Winchester, Simon, 637
Wind Cave, 19, 403, 460–63, 544
Wind Cave National Game Reserve, 628, 629
Wind Cave National Park, 462–63, 467, 468, 628, 760
Winning of the West, The (Roosevelt), 209, 213, 223, 225, 226–29, 242, 249, 251, 524
Edith’s reading of, 233
Native Americans and, 199, 243, 274–75
new foreward to, 331
Parkman’s influence on, 198–99, 228
reviews of, 228–29, 289
strenuous life in, 348–49
Turner influenced by, 240
Volume 3 of, 274–75
Volume 4 of, 297
Winslow House, 257–58
“Winter of the Blue Snow,” 197
Winter Sunshine (Burroughs), 217
Winter Valley, 611, 624, 625, 626
wire, 521, 590
Wisconsin, 129, 241, 367, 372, 389, 569, 625, 684
Dells in, 772
T.R.’s campaigning in, 211
Wister, Owen, 289, 316, 321, 341, 463–67, 576, 592, 641, 688
in Boone and Crockett Club, 203, 262
on T.R., 122–23, 289, 315
“With the Cougar Hounds” (Roosevelt), 381–82
“Wolf-Coursing” (Roosevelt), 603–4, 620–21
Wolfe, Thomas, 231
wolf exterminators, 604
wolves, 385, 502, 581, 589, 619–23, 783
eastern timber, 72
gray (prairie wolves; coyotes), 308, 585, 592, 593, 594, 600, 601, 604–9, 608, 620–23
Leopold on, 706–7
Long’s description of, 619–20
Mexican gray (Canis lupus bailey), 706
red, 699
“Wolves and Wolf Nature” (Grinnell), 308–9
“Woman as a Bird Enemy” (Chapman), 11
Woman’s Roosevelt Memorial Association, 82n
women, 243n as suffragists, 11, 79, 655
Wood, J. G., 28, 37
Wood, Leonard, 313, 315, 322–23, 335
Wood, L. N., 732
woodcocks, 83, 505
“Woodlands of Alaska, The” (Emmons), 470–71
woodpeckers, 31, 72, 484, 570, 700
ivory-billed, 9, 320, 700, 727
Woodruff, Timothy, 355
Woods Hole, Mass., 144
Woody, Tazewell, 250
Wool Growers Association, 295
World Conservation Congress, 804–5
World War I, 21
World War II, 328, 742, 743
Worster, Donald, 424, 429, 535, 539
Wounded Knee, massacre at (1890), 253, 641
WPA Guide to California, 296
wrens, 33, 774, 775
Wright, Dr., 71
Wright, Frank Lloyd, 257–58
Wright, Robert R., Jr., 523
Writers’ Project, 295–96
Wyoming, 137, 149n, 467, 629, 662n, 675, 786–87
bird reservations in, 18, 790–91
cougars from, 413
developers in, 226, 236, 401
forest preserve in, 239, 291, 403
as grazing state, 676, 681
Great Loop tour in, 507, 508, 512, 515
hunting in, 249
national monument in, 631–35, 632
poachers in, 231
railroad in, 232
ranching in, 153
T.R.’s first expedition in, 171–75
T.R.’s writing about, 181, 247, 377
Wyss, Johann D., 28
Yale University, 187, 245, 340, 345, 390, 400, 449, 707
yellow journalism, 310, 384–85, 683
Yellowstone Act (1872), 76, 231, 232
Yellowstone Forest Reserve, 472n
Yellowstone Game Protection Act (Lacey Act; 1894), 76, 269–72, 284, 285, 286, 403, 715
Yellowstone Lake, 270, 399
Yellowstone National Park, 20, 21, 137, 200, 230–39, 267–73, 304, 384, 403, 450, 462, 528, 535, 621, 629
animals slaughtered in, 189, 201
buffalo in, see buffalo, in Yellowstone
cougars in, 382, 502
elk in, see elks, in Yellowstone
“grand holiday” to, 30–35
Grant and, 76, 248, 460
Grinnell and, 188–89, 231, 232, 236, 238, 270
Harrison in, 224, 231
Hayden Survey in, 107
Ludlow Expedition in, 188, 189
Mammoth Hot Springs in, 234, 513, 515
photography of, 74, 218, 269
poaching in, 76, 201, 205, 231, 248–49, 263, 269, 270, 272, 429
protection of, 205, 206, 232, 236, 238, 239, 244, 248–49, 262, 267–72, 296, 322, 398, 399, 403, 429, 492, 569–70
Remington in, 262
Roosevelt Arch in, 516
surveying of, 188
tourism in, 233, 270,
271, 454, 464, 555–56, 570
travel to, 148, 205, 232, 271, 507, 633
T.R. in, 218, 233–35, 413–14, 502–3, 505–8, 508, 511–18, 555–56
Wister in, 262
Wyoming developers and, 226
Yellowstone National Park Timberland Reserve, 238, 239, 400
Yellowstone River, 187, 233, 250, 515
Yellowstone Science (Johnston), 236, 383
YIC, 238, 245, 249
Yosemite National Park, 21, 267, 271, 286, 384, 450, 457, 535, 536–47, 621, 649
creation of, 236
Hetch Hetchy in, 544, 636, 734, 789–90
Mariposa Grove in, 536–38, 539, 636, 642, 649, 771
surveying of, 294
T.R. in, 21, 444, 502, 507, 508–9, 536–47, 539, 542, 556, 636
Yosemite National Park Archive, 545
About the Author
DOUGLAS BRINKLEY is a professor of history at Rice University and a contributing editor at Vanity Fair. The Chicago Tribune has dubbed him “America’s new past master.” Six of his books have been selected as New York Times Notable Books of the Year. His most recent book, The Great Deluge, won the Robert F. Kennedy Book Award. He lives in Texas with his wife and three children.
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ALSO BY DOUGLAS BRINKLEY
The Reagan Diaries (editor)
The Great Deluge: Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans, and the Mississippi Gulf Coast
The Boys of Pointe du Hoc: Ronald Reagan, D-Day, and the U.S. Army 2nd Ranger Battalion
Tour of Duty: John Kerry and the Vietnam War
Windblown World: The Journals of Jack Kerouac, 1947–1954 (editor)
Wheels for the World: Henry Ford, His Company, and a Century of Progress, 1903–2003
The Mississippi and the Making of a Nation (with Stephen E. Ambrose)
American Heritage History of the United States
The Western Paradox: Bernard DeVoto Conservation Reader (editor, with Patricia Nelson Limerick)
Rosa Parks
The Unfinished Presidency: Jimmy Carter’s Journey beyond the White House
John F. Kennedy and Europe (editor)
Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy since 1939, Eighth Edition (with Stephen E. Ambrose)
The Majic Bus: An American Odyssey
Dean Acheson: The Cold War Tears, 1953–1971
Driven Patriot: The Life and Times of James Forrestal (with Townsend Hoopes)
FDR and the Creation of the U.N.
Credits
Jacket photograph Courtesy of Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Harvard University
Jacket design by Jarrod Taylor
Maps by Nick Springer
Copyright
THE WILDERNESS WARRIOR. Copyright © 2009 by Douglas Brinkley. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, down-loaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
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* Although the term Audubon Society is commonly used, many state Audubons are separate entities in fierce competition with the “National Audubon.”
* He created two federal bird reservations at the same time in Michigan: Siskiwit Islands and Huron Islands.
* George Bird Grinnell used almost the same phrase in 1882, in an editorial in Forest and Stream, speaking of “generations yet unborn.”
* The Boy Hunters was dedicated to “The Boy Readers of England and America.” Reid hoped that the novel would “Interest Them So as to Rival in Their Affections the Top, the Ball, and the Kite—That It May Impress Them, So as to Create a Taste for that Most Refining Study, the Study of Nature.” As for the hunting of white buffalo, Reid got the idea from the true story of the Cheyenne killing one in 1833.
* Baird’s scientific naturalist works—Catalogue of North America Birds, Review of American Birds, North American Reptiles, and Catalogue of North America Mammals—were reference bibles to Roosevelt.
* By 2009 the naturalist E. O. Wilson of Harvard University had documented 14,001 ant species. See Nicholas Wade, “Scientist At Work: Taking a Cue From Ants on Evolution of Humans,” New York Times, July 15, 2008.
* Other allies of Bergh included the poet William Cullen Bryant, the industrialist Peter Cooper (who formed Cooper Union), and the politician John A. Dix (whom Fort Dix, New Jersey, was named after).
* According to the historian Patricia O’Toole, Henry Adams was touring the Nile River at the same time as the Roosevelt family.
* Theodore noted that these “seven species” were “in easy shot” but did not raise his rifle to them, as December 29 was a Sunday and his father forbade shooting.
* The voyage of the Beagle lasted from December 1831 to October 1836. Its mission was a hydrographical survey of South America and the South Pacific. Besides the Galápagos, Darwin got to visit the Falkland Islands, Cape de Verde Islands, Brazil, Tahiti, New Zealand, and dozens of other nirvanas for an aspiring naturalist.
* Charles Waterton (1856–1912) was a British naturalist and explorer who influenced Charles Darwin, publishing a number of books recounting his specimen collecting missions. Nikolaus Brahm (1751–1812) was an eccentric German zoologist who was obsessed with naming larvae. Roosevelt liked the stories about Waterton—another eccentric, to put it mildly—who pretended to be a dog biting dinner guests on their legs. Waterton also invented a way to preserve animal skins, molding them to create caricatures of his opponents. A fierce opponent of the British soap factories that polluted a lake near his house, Thomas Waterton eventually had a national park named after him in Alberta, Canada. Waterton turned his own estate into the world’s first waterfowl and nature reserve. Roosevelt may have later taken his ideas about federal bird reservations from Waterton.
* When it was created in 1885 by Congress the Biological Survey was for “economic ornithology.” The following year mammals were incorporated. In 1896 the unit’s name was changed to the Division of Biological Survey. On March 3, 1905 T.R. officially upgraded the outfit to the Bureau of Biological Survey. Throughout the text I use simply Biological Survey.
* Ironically, in 1919 R.B.R.’s brownstone became headquarters for the Woman’s Roosevelt Memorial Association.
* Originally published as Forest and Stream in 1873, the magazine changed its name to Field and Stream in 1930.
* Probably Roosevelt meant snow buntings, which would have been rare indeed in New York in May.
* Some scholars question whet
her Roosevelt was using “bully” at this early point in his life. Certainly he was saying it in the early 1880s. Other expressions that he constantly used during his college years were “By Jove” and “My Boy.”
* Much of Mount Desert Island became preserved. It was originally established as Sieur de Monts National Monument in 1916, then as Lafayette National Park in 1919, and was renamed Acadia National Park in 1929.
* Throughout the entire Midwest tramp Theodore kept regular diaries, which have (strangely) remained unpublished. They are permanently housed at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. A university press should jump at the chance of publishing an edition.
* There are actually three Raccoon rivers in Iowa: North, South, and Middle. They are tributaries of the Des Moines River and part of the Mississippi River watershed.
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