15 Ian Talbot and Gurharpal Singh, The Partition of India (Cambridge University Press, 2009), 62–96.
16 Joya Chatterji, The Spoils of Partition. Bengal and India, 1947–1967 (Cambridge University Press, 2007), 111–67.
17 Louis Mountbatten, Reflections on the Transfer of Power and Jawaharlal Nehru (Cambridge University Press, 1968), 20.
18 John Gallagher, The Decline, Revival and Fall of the British Empire (Cambridge University Press, 1982), 144–6.
19 William Roger Louis, ‘British Imperialism and the End of the Palestine Mandate’, in William Roger Louis and Robert Stokely (eds.), The End of the Palestine Mandate (London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 1986), 16.
20 Michael J. Cohen, ‘The Zionist Perspective’, in Louis and Stokely (eds.), The End of the Palestine Mandate, 85–7.
21 Ritchie Ovendale, Britain, the United States and the End of the Palestine Mandate, 1942–1948 (London: Royal Historical Society, 1989), 184.
22 Ilan Pappé, The Making of the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1947–51 (London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 1992), 32–60, 154; Benny Morris, ‘Revisiting the Palestinian Exodus of 1948’, in Eugene Rogan and Avi Shlaim (eds.), The War for Palestine (Cambridge University Press, 2007), 37–56; Derek Gregory, The Colonial Present (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), 84–8.
23 I am grateful to Dr Karma Nabulsi for these insights.
24 Nkrumah, Autobiography, 106–7.
25 Richard Wright, Black Power (New York: Harper, 1954), 53, 65.
26 Fenner Brockway, Why Mau Mau? An Analysis and a Remedy (London: Congress of Peoples Against Imperialism, 1953), 2–15.
27 Don McCullin, Unreasonable Behaviour (London: Vintage, 1992), 35.
28 Caroline Elkins, Britain’s Gulag. The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya (London: Pimlico, 2005).
29 Peace News, 977, 8 Mar. 1955. The letter appeared originally in the Tribune, 4 Mar. 1955.
30 See his autobiography: Fenner Brockway, Towards Tomorrow (London: Hart-Davis, 1977); Stephen Hale, Anticolonialism in British Politics. The Left and the End of Empire, 1918–1964 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), 169–203.
31 Hale, Anticolonialism, 233–4.
32 Barbara Castle, Fighting all the Way (London: Macmillan, 1993), 264–88.
33 Saul Dubow, Apartheid, 1948–1994 (Oxford University Press, 2014), 34–62.
34 Dubow, Apartheid, 42–4.
35 Dubow, Apartheid, 68–73.
36 Dubow, Apartheid, 51.
37 Dennis Austin, Britain and South Africa (Oxford University Press, 1966), 126–7.
38 De Gaulle, speech at Constantine, 27 Aug. 1946, in Discours et messages II 1946–1958 (Paris: Plon, 1970), 18–19.
39 Journal Officiel de la République Française. Débats de l’Assemblée Nationale Constituante, 11 Apr. 1946, 1718.
40 Débats de l’Assemblée Nationale Constituante, 11 Apr. 1946, 1713–15.
41 Débats de l’Assemblée Nationale Constituante, 27 Aug. 1946, 3333–7.
42 Grégoire Madjarian, La Question coloniale et la politique du Parti Communiste Français, 1944–1947 (Paris: Maspéro, 1977), 193.
43 Institut d’Études Politiques (IEP), Paris, Centre d’Histoire, ‘Témoignages sur la Guerre d’Algérie’. Interview with Claude Bourdet, conducted by Odile Rudelle, 5 Apr. 1979.
44 Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, Ne pas subir. Écrits, 1914–1952 (Paris: Plon, 1984), 482.
45 Jacques Tronchon, L’Insurrection malgache de 1947 (Paris: Maspéro, 1974), 28.
46 Tronchon, L’Insurrection malgache, 120–5.
47 I am grateful to Professor Guillaume Piketty for this information.
48 Martin Thomas, Fight or Flight. Britain, France, and their Roads from Empire (Oxford University Press, 2014), 193–200.
49 Tronchon, L’Insurrection malgache, 70–3; Jean Fremigacci, ‘La vérité sur la grande révolte de Madagascar’, Histoire, 318 (2007), 37–43.
50 James McDougall, A History of Algeria (Cambridge University Press, 2017), 185–8.
51 IEP, Centre d’Histoire, Témoignages sur la Guerre d’Algérie’. Interview with Claude Bourdet, 5 Apr. 1979, 12; McDougall, History of Algeria.
52 Alphonse Juin, Le Maghreb en feu (Paris: Plon, 1957), 65–86; Alphonse Juin, Mémoires II (Paris: Fayard, 1960), 135–209.
53 Juin, Le Maghreb, 22–86; Juin, Mémoires II, 146–54.
54 Charles-André Julien, Et la Tunisie devint indépendant, 1951–1957 (Paris: Éditions Jeune Afrique, 1985), 24.
55 Julien, Et la Tunisie devint indépendant, 35; Fenner Brockway, African Journeys (London: Victor Gollancz, 1955), 198.
56 Vo Nguyen Giap, Dien Bien Phu (Hanoi: Foreign Language Publishing House, 1964), 166–7.
57 Marcel Bigeard, Pour une Parcelle de gloire (Paris: Plon, 1975), 188, 197.
58 Le Procès Raoul Salan. Compte-rendu sténographique (Paris: Albin Michel, 1962), 76.
59 Pierre Mendès-France, speech of 17 June 1954 in Oeuvres complètes III. Gouverner c’est choisir (Paris: Gallimard, 1986), 57.
60 Mendès-France, speech of 22–23 July 1954 in Oeuvres complètes III, 153–5.
61 Mendès France, speech of 12 Nov. 1954 in Oeuvres complètes III, 455.
62 Quoted by Felix Kloss, Churchill’s Last Stand. The Struggle to Unite Europe (London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2018), 128.
63 Cited by Geoffrey Warner, ‘The Labour Government and the Unity of Western Europe’, in Ritchie Ovendale (ed.), The Foreign Policy of the British Labour Government, 1945–1951 (Leicester University Press, 1984), 71; Anne Deighton, ‘Entente Néo-Coloniale? Ernest Bevin and the Proposal for an Anglo-French Third World Power, 1945–1949’, Diplomacy and Statecraft, 17/4 (2006), 835–52.
64 Maurice Vaïsse, ‘Le général de Gaulle et la défense de l’Europe, 1947–1958’, Matériaux pour l’histoire de notre temps, 29 (1992), 5–8; Charles de Gaulle, Mémoires de Guerre I. L’Appel (Paris: Plon, 1954), 1.
65 Robert Gildea, France since 1945 (Oxford University Press, 2002), 18; John W. Young, Cold War Europe, 1945–1991. A Political History (London and New York: Arnold, 1996), 43–52.
66 Benjamin Grob-Fitzgibbon, Continental Drift. Britain and Europe from the End of Empire to the Rise of Euroscepticism (Cambridge University Press, 2016), 204–22.
67 Abel Thomas, Comment Israël fut sauvé. Les secrets de l’expédition de Suez (Paris: Albin Michel, 1978), 166–76, 186–228; Keith Kyle, Suez. Britain’s End of Empire in the Middle East (London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2003), 315–29; Avi Shlaim, ‘The Protocol of Sèvres: Anatomy of a War Plot’, International Affairs, 73/3 (1997), 509–30.
68 Gamal Abdel Nasser, Philosophy of Revolution (Buffalo, NY: Economica Books, 1959), 59–78.
69 Richard Wright, The Color Curtain. A Report on the Bandung Conference (London: Dobson, 1956), 120.
70 Joseph Ortiz, Mes Combats. Carnets de Route, 1954–1962 (Paris: Éditions de la Presse, 1964), 20.
71 Miles Kahler, Decolonization in Britain and France. The Domestic Consequences of International Relations (Princeton University Press, 1984), 197–9.
72 Patrick Rotman and Bertrand Tavernier, La Guerre sans nom. Les appelés d’Algérie, 1954–1962 (Paris: Seuil, 1992), 24, 44–5.
73 Maurice Vaïsse, ‘France and the Suez Crisis’, in William Roger Louis and Roger Owen (eds.), Suez 1956. The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), 137; Thomas, Comment Israël fut sauvé, 78.
74 Thomas, Fight or Flight, 270–1.
75 Kyle, Suez, 161; Vaïsse, ‘France and the Suez Crisis’, 137.
76 Marc Ferro, Suez. Naissance d’un tiers-monde (Brussels: Complexe, 1982), 55–7.
77 Sue Onslow, Backbench Debate within the Conservative Party and its Influence on British Foreign Policy, 1948–1957 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997), 110–21; Kahler, Decolonization, 137–40.
78 Tony Shaw, Eden, Suez and the Mass Media. Propaganda and Persuasion during the Suez Crisis (London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 1996), 57.
79 Thomas, Comme
nt Israël fut sauvé, 87.
80 Kyle, Suez, 405.
81 Hansard. Parliamentary Debates. Commons, 31 Oct. 1956, 1454.
82 Hansard. Parliamentary Debates. Commons, 1 Nov. 1956, 1699–1700, 1715; Tony Benn, Years of Hope. Diaries, Letters and Papers, 1940–1962 (London: Hutchinson, 1994), 198.
83 Hansard. Parliamentary Debates. Commons, 3 Nov. 1956, 1858, 1908.
84 Kyle, Suez, 439–41.
85 Kyle, Suez, 456–7.
86 William Roger Louis, ‘Public Enemy Number One: The British Empire in the Dock, 1957–71’, in Lynn (ed.), The British Empire in the 1950s, 191.
87 Journal Officiel de la République Française. Débats parlementaires. Assemblée nationale, 19 Dec. 1956, 6165. Speech of Florimond Bonte.
88 Assemblée nationale, 20 Dec. 1956, 6175.
89 Thomas, Fight or Flight, 184.
90 Mark Mazower, Governing the World. The History of an Idea (London: Allen Lane, 2012), 263.
91 Denis Healey, The Time of My Life (London: Michael Joseph, 1989), 172.
92 Robert Marjolin, Architect of European Unity. Memoirs, 1911–1986 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989), 297; David Hannay, Britain’s Quest for a Role. A Diplomatic Memoir from Europe to the UN (London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2013), 278–9.
93 Raoul Salan, Mémoires. Fin d’un empire III: Algérie française (Paris: Presses de la Cité, 1972), 148.
94 Jacques Massu, La Vraie bataille d’Alger (Paris: Plon, 1971), 111–12.
95 Bigeard, Pour une Parcelle de gloire, 229–30.
96 Interview with Jean-Marie Burguière, conducted by Robert Gildea, Larzac, 21 May 2008.
97 Jacques Pâris de la Bollardière, Bataille d’Alger, bataille de l’homme (Paris and Bruges: Desclée De Brouwer, 1972), 84, 98; Massu, La Vraie bataille d’Alger, 225–7.
98 Germaine Tillion, Les Ennemis complémentaires (Paris: Éditions de Minuit, 1960), 151–2; Pierre Vidal-Naquet, ‘La Justice et la patrie: Une Française au secours de l’Algérie’, Esprit, 261 (2000), 144–6.
99 Pierre-Henri Simon, Contre la torture (Paris: Seuil, 1957), 83–4, 88.
100 Laurent Schwartz, A Mathematician Grappling with his century (Berlin: Birkhausen Verlag, 2001), 328–41; Pierre Vidal-Naquet, L’Affaire Audin (Paris: Éditions de Minuit, 1958); Pierre Vidal-Naquet, Mémoires. Le Trouble et la Lumière, 1955–1998 (Paris: Seuil/La Découverte, 1998), 60–3.
101 Salan, Mémoires. Fin d’un empire III, 285.
102 Raymond Dronne, La Révolution d’Alger (Paris: Éditions de l’Empire, 1958), 21.
103 Frantz Fanon, L’an V de la revolution algérienne (Paris: Maspéro, 1959), ch. 1, ‘L’Algérie se dévoile’, 15–16, 21–2, my translation; Frantz Fanon, Studies in a Dying Colonialism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1965), ‘Algeria Unveiled’, 35–67.
104 Hansard. Parliamentary Debates. Commons, 16 June 1959.
105 Hansard. Parliamentary Debates. Commons, 27 July 1959, 221. See also Castle, Fighting all the Way, 288.
106 Malcolm Muggeridge, ‘Appointment with Sir Roy Welensky’, Granada Television, 1 Apr. 1961 (London: Voice and Vision, 1961), 6–7.
107 Harold Macmillan, Riding the Storm, 1956–1959 (London: Macmillan, 1971), 733–5.
108 Ian Cobain, The History Thieves. Secrets, Lies and the Shaping of a Modern Nation (London: Portobello Books, 2016), 104–13, 122–32.
4 Neo-Colonialism, New Global Empire
1 Irwin M. Wall, France, the United States and the Algerian War (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2001), 100, 120–30.
2 Saul Dubow, ‘Macmillan, Verwoerd and the 1960 “Wind of Change” Speech’, in L. J. Butler and Sarah Stockwell (eds.), The Wind of Change. Harold Macmillan and British Decolonization (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 20–47.
3 Mark Mazower, Governing the World. The History of an Idea (London: Allen Lane, 2012), 258–63; Glenda Sluga, Internationalism in the Age of Nationalism (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013), 116–23.
4 Kwame Nkrumah, Neo-Colonialism. The Last Stage of Imperialism (London: Nelson, 1965).
5 Julian Jackson, A Certain Idea of France. The Life of Charles de Gaulle (London: Allen Lane, 2018), ch. 19.
6 James McDougall, A History of Algeria, 217–27.
7 Wall, France, the United States and the Algerian War, 100, 120–30.
8 Jean-Marie Le Pen, Les Français d’abord (Paris: Éditions Carrère-Michel Lafon, 1984), 50.
9 Pierre Lagaillarde, ‘On a triché avec l’honneur’: Texte intégral de l’interrogatoire et de la plaidoirie des audiences des 15 et 16 novembre 1960 du procès des ‘Barricades’ (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1961).
10 Rémi Kauffer, OAS. Histoire de la guerre franco-française (Paris: Seuil, 2002).
11 Francine Dessaigne, Journal d’une mère de famille pied-noir (Paris: L’esprit nouveau, 1972), 85, 91. Entries for 22, 25, 28 Sept. and 2 Oct. 1962.
12 Jean Monneret, Une Ténébreuse Affaire. La fusillade du 26 mars 1962 à Alger (Paris: l’Harmattan, 2009).
13 Dessaigne, Journal, 184. Entry for 19 Apr. 1962.
14 Hadj Saloum Diakite, Sékou Touré face au Général de Gaulle (Dakar-Ponty: Éditions feu de brousse, 2007), 66.
15 Philippe Gaillard and Jacques Foccart, Foccart parle. Entretiens avec Philippe Gaillard I (Paris: Fayard/Jeune Afrique, 1995).
16 Jean-Marie Soutou, Un Diplomate engagé. Mémoires 1939–1979 (Paris: Éditions de Fallois, 2011), 345.
17 John Chipman, French Power in Africa (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989), 233; Frédéric Turpin, Jacques Foccart. Dans l’Ombre du pouvoir (Paris: CNRS Éditions, 2015), 185–206; Jackson, A Certain Idea of France, 610–15.
18 Thomas Deltombe, Manuel Domergue, and Jacob Tatsita, La Guerre du Cameroun. L’invention de la Françafrique (Paris: La Découverte, 2016); François-Xavier Verschave, La Françafrique. Le plus long scandale de la République (Paris: Stock, 1998), 91–108.
19 Dubow, ‘Macmillan, Verwoerd and the 1960 “Wind of Change” Speech’, 32.
20 Tom Lodge, Sharpeville. An Apartheid Massacre and its Consequences (Oxford University Press, 2011).
21 Christabel Gurney, ‘“A Great Cause”: The Origins of the Anti-Apartheid Movement, June 1959–March 1960’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 26/1 (2000), 123–44; Håkan Thörn, Anti-Apartheid and the Emergence of a Global Civil Society (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006).
22 Stuart Ward, Australia and the British Embrace. The Demise of the Imperial Ideal (Melbourne University Press, 2001), 147, 150.
23 Dubow, Apartheid, 99.
24 Dubow, Apartheid, 112.
25 Nadine Gordimer, foreword to Cosmas Desmond, The Discarded People. An Account of African Resettlement (Breamfontein, Transvaal: The Christian Institute of South Africa, 1970).
26 Dubow, Apartheid, 87–94, 132–41.
27 Charles H. Feinstein, An Economic History of South Africa. Conquest, Discrimination and Development (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 203–21.
28 Anthony Sampson, Black and Gold. Tycoons, Revolutionaries and Apartheid (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1987), 90–6.
29 Thörn, Anti-Apartheid.
30 Sampson, Black and Gold, 99–102.
31 Roy Welensky, ‘The Federation and Nyasaland: Speech’, 8 Nov. 1961, Salisbury (Salisbury: Publications Department, Federal Public Relations Division, 1962), 1, 6.
32 Miles Kahler, Decolonzation in Britain and France. The Domestic Consequences of International Relations (Princeton University Press, 1984), 328.
33 Roy Welensky, Welensky’s 4000 Days. The Life and Death of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (London: Collins, 1964), 324.
34 Bill Schwarz, Memories of Empire. The White Man’s World (Oxford University Press, 2011), 418.
35 Cecil King, The Cecil King Diary, 1965–1970 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1972), 45. Entry of 8 Dec. 1964. Cited by Ben Pimlott, Harold Wilson (London: HarperCollins, 1992), 373.
36 Pimlott, Harold Wilson, 371.
; 37 Faan Martin, James and the Duck. Tales of the Rhodesian Bush War, 1964–1980. The Memoirs of a Part-Time Trooper (Milton Keynes: Author House, 2007), xiv–xv.
38 David Caute, Under the Skin. The Death of White Rhodesia (London: Allen Lane, 1983), 90.
39 Bernadette Devlin, The Price of my Soul (London: André Deutsch and Pan, 1969), 54.
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