21 François Mitterrand, Réflexions sur la politique extérieure de la France (Paris: Fayard, 1986), 104.
22 Charles Grant, Delors. Inside the House that Jack Built (London: Nicholas Brealey, 1994), 66–75.
23 Grant, Delors, 79–119.
24 Sunday Express, 3 Jan. 1988, quoted in Grob-Fitzgibbon, Continental Drift, 438.
25 Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (London: HarperCollins, 1993), 742.
26 www.margaretthatcher.org/document/107332.
27 Grob-Fitzgibbon, Continental Drift, 441.
28 Thatcher, Downing Street Years, 750.
29 Thatcher, Downing Street Years, 753.
30 Le Monde, 28 July 1989.
31 Le Monde, 10–11 Dec. 1989.
32 The Independent, 13 July 1990, cited by Grob-Fitzgibbon, Continental Drift, 286.
33 The Spectator, 14 July 1990, p. 8; Grob-Fitzgibbon, Continental Drift, 287.
34 Grant, Delors, 136–7.
35 www.margaretthatcher.org/document/108234.
36 Geoffrey Howe, Conflict of Loyalty (London: Macmillan, 1994), 697–700.
37 Howe, Conflict of Loyalty, 538.
38 Journal Officiel, Débats parlementaires. Assemblée Nationale, 5 May 1992, 840.
39 Le Monde, 2 May 1992; Jean-Pierre Chevènement (ed.), La République, l’Europe et l’Universel. Colloque, Belfort, 21–22 septembre 1991 (Belfort: IRED, 1993), 255; Jean-Pierre Chevènement, France-Allemagne. Parlons franc (Paris: Plon, 1996), 37.
40 Journal Officiel, Débats parlementaires. Assemblée Nationale, 5 May 1992, 869.
41 Michel Debré, Combattre Toujours, 1969–1993. Mémoires V (Paris: Albin Michel, 1994), 175–6, 221.
42 Le Monde, 5 Sept. 1992.
43 Le Monde, 4 Sept. 1992.
44 Le Monde, 16 Sept. 1992.
45 Le Monde, 20–21 Sept. 1992.
46 Le Monde, 22 Sept. 1992.
47 Alain Duhamel, Les Peurs françaises (Paris: Gallimard, 1993), 50–72; Robert Gildea, ‘Eternal France: Crisis and National Self-Perception in France, 1870–2005’, in Susana Carvalho and François Gemenne (eds.), Nations and their Histories: Constructions and Representations (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 147–8.
48 Norman Tebitt, Unfinished Business (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991), 36, 69.
49 Andrew Gimson, Boris. The Rise of Boris Johnson (London: Simon & Schuster, 2012), 104.
50 William Cash, Europe. The Crunch (London: Duckworth, 1992), 16.
51 William Cash, Against a Federal Europe. The Battle for Britain (London: Duckworth, 1991), 9.
52 Mark Daniel, Cranks and Gadflies. The Story of UKIP (London: Timewell Press, 2005), 9–12, 28, 49.
7 Islamism and the Retreat to Monocultural Nationalism
1 Peter Mandaville, Global Political Islam (New York: Routledge, 2007); Saïd Amir Arjomand, ‘Islamic Resurgence and its Aftermath’, in R. W. Hefner (ed.), The New Cambridge History of Islam VI. Muslims and Modernity: Culture and Society since 1800 (Cambridge University Press, 2010), 173–97.
2 John Esposito, The Iranian Revolution. Its Global Impact (Miami: Florida International University Press, 1990).
3 Iman Khomeini, Islam and the Revolution. Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini (Berkeley, CA: Mizan Press, 1981), 305.
4 Karen Armstrong, Holy War. The Crusades and their Impact on Today’s World (London: Macmillan, 1988), 254.
5 Geoffrey Aronson, Israel, Palestinians and the Intifada. Creating Facts on the West Bank (London: Kegan Paul, 1990), 324–31.
6 Olivier Roy, Globalized Islam. The Search for a New Ummah (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), 297–9.
7 Jason Burke, Al-Qaeda. The True Story of Radical Islam (London: Penguin, 2007), 44–58.
8 Gilles Kepel, Terreur dans l’Hexagone (Paris: Gallimard, 2015), 54–6.
9 George F. Will, ‘The End of Our Holiday from History’, The Washington Post, 12 Sept. 2012. This was taken up by Jonathan Freedland in ‘The 1990s: A Holiday from History’, BBC, 27 Apr. 2017, www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08n1hnh.
10 Andrew Hurrell, On Global Order. Power, Values and the Constitution of International Solidarity (Oxford University Press, 2007), 59–63, 145–61.
11 The Atlantic, Sept. 1990.
12 Samuel P. Huntington, ‘The Clash of Civilizations?’ Foreign Affairs, 72/3 (1993), 22–49; Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).
13 Derek Gregory, The Colonial Present (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), 151–9.
14 Mark Connelly, We Can Take It! Britain and the Memory of the Second World War (Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2004), 270.
15 Jacques Attali, Verbatim III. 1988–1991 (Paris: Fayard, 1995), 702.
16 Gregory, The Colonial Present, 161–2.
17 Jean-Pierre Chevènement, Une Certaine Idée de la France (Paris: Albin Michel, 1991), 101.
18 Gregory, The Colonial Present, 168.
19 Chalmers Johnson, Blowback. The Costs and Consequences of the American Empire (London: Little, Brown, 2000), 9.
20 James McDougall, A History of Algeria (Cambridge University Press, 2017), 283–303.
21 Middle East Quarterly, Sept. 1994, cited by Lotfi Ben Rejeb, ‘United States Policy towards Tunisia: What New Engagement after an Expendable “Friendship”?’, in Nouri Gana (ed.), The Making of the Tunisian Revolution. Contexts, Architects, Prospects (Edinburgh University Press, 2013), 91–2.
22 McDougall, History of Algeria, 306–17.
23 See above, p. 139.
24 Malise Ruthven, A Satanic Affair. Salman Rusdie and the Wrath of Islam (London: Hogarth Press, 1990); Chris Allen, Islamophobia (Farnham: Ashgate, 2010), 41–3.
25 The Daily Mail, 19 Jan. 1989; The Independent, 16 Mar. 1989.
26 The Guardian, 27 Feb. 1989, cited in Michael M. J. Fischer and Mehdi Abedi, Debating Muslims. Cultural Dialogues in Postmodernity and Tradition (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990), 390; Shabbir Akhtar, Be Careful with Muhammed! The Salman Rushdie Affair (London: Bellow Publishing, 1989), 33–49.
27 Akhtar, Be Careful with Muhammed!, 43–5.
28 Demos, 11 (1997), quoted by Runnymede Trust, Islamophobia. A Challenge for Us All. Report of the Runnymede Trust Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia (London: Runneymede Trust, 1997), 28.
29 http://articles.latimes.com/1990–04-19/news/mn-2009_1_conservative-party.
30 Tariq Modood, ‘The Cricket Test: A Note to Mr Tebbit’, New Life, 4 May 1990, in Tariq Modood, Not Easy Being British (Stoke-on-Trent: Runneymede Trust and Trentham Books, 1992), 23–4.
31 The Spectator, 19 Oct. 1991, 7.
32 www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/at-the-gates-of-f-ortress-britain-1328604.html.
33 Melanie Griffiths, ‘Who is Who Now? Truth, Trust and Identification in the British Asylum and Immigration Detention System’, DPhil thesis, School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, Oxford (2014), 97–9.
34 Salman Rushdie, The Satanic Verses (London: Vintage Books, 1998), 343, 439.
35 Q News, 3/8 (20–27 May 1994).
36 Hanif Kureishi, The Black Album (London: Faber, 1995), 106–7.
37 Philip Lewis, Islamic Britain. Religion, Politics and Identity among British Muslims (London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 1994), 173–5.
38 Humayan Ansari, The Infidel Within. Muslims in Britain since 1800 (London: Hurst & Co, 2004), 220.
39 www.pushstuff.co.uk/mmfeatures/fundamental090592.html, partly quoted in Lewis, Islamic Britain, 180.
40 Moazzam Begg, Enemy Combatant. The Terrifying True Story of a Briton in Guantanamo (London: Pocket Books, 2007), 8–92.
41 Gilles Kepel, Les Banlieus d’Islam. Naissance d’une religion en France (Paris: Seuil, 1987), 97, 192, 267.
42 Joan Wallach Scott, The Politics of the Veil (Princeton University Press, 2007), 22.
43 Le Monde, 6 and 7 Oct. 1989.
44 www.ina.fr/video/CAB89044653.
45 Chris
tian Jelen, Ils feront de bons Français (Paris: Robert Laffont, 1991), 141.
46 Le Monde, 26 Oct. 1989.
47 Le Nouvel Observateur, 2 Nov. 1989; www.laicite.fr/voile-profs-ne-capitulons-pas/; Emile Chabal, A Divided Republic. Nation, State and Citizenship in Contemporary France (Cambridge University Press, 2015), 63.
48 Frantz Fanon, L’an V de la revolution algérienne (Paris: Maspéro, 1959), ch. 1, ‘L’Algérie se dévoile’, 15–16, 22–5; translated as ‘Algeria Unveiled’, in Frantz Fanon, Studies in a Dying Colonialism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1965), 44–5. See above, p. 93.
49 Le Monde, 18 Mar. 1992.
50 Michèle Tribalat, ‘Une estimation des populations d’origine étrangère en France en 2011’, Espace, Populations, Sociétés, 1–2 (2015), 1–2.
51 Benjamin Stora, La Gangrène et l’oubli. La mémoire de la guerre d’Algérie (Paris: La Découverte, 1991), 289, 320.
52 Jim House and Neil MacMaster, Paris 1961. Algerians, State Terror, and Memory (Oxford University Press, 2006), 262–96.
53 Jean-Luc Einaudi, La Bataille de Paris, 17 octobre 1961 (Paris: Seuil, 1991).
54 The signatories included former Second World War resisters Germaine Tillion and Jean-Pierre Vernant, and former opponents of the Algerian War or their widows: Josette Audin, Henri Alleg, Simone de Bollardière, Laurent Schwartz and Pierre Vidal Naquet.
55 Inathèque Paris, Simone de Bollardière, interviewed by Stephane Paoli, France Inter, 25 June 2001.
56 Inathèque Paris, ‘Torture en Algerie, Ces aveux qui dértangent’, France 3, 27 June 2001. See also his memoir: Paul Aussaresses, Pour la France. Services speciaux 1942–1954 (Monaco and Paris: Éditions du Rocher, 2001).
57 Liberation, 23 Jan. 2002.
58 John R. Bowen, Why the French Don’t Like Headscarves. Islam, the State, and Public Space (Princeton University Press, 2007), 90.
59 Emmanuelle Comtat, Les Pieds-noirs et politique. Quarante ans après le retour (Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 2009), 249–55.
60 Pascal Perrineau, ‘La dynamique du vote Le Pen. Le poids du “Gaucho-Lépenisme”’, in Pascal Perrineau and Colette Ysmal (eds.), Le Vote de crise. L’élection présidentielle de 1995 (Paris: Figaro/ FNSP, 1995), 244–60; Pascal Perrineau, Le Symptôme Le Pen. Radiographie des electeurs du Front National (Paris: Fayard, 1997), 135–44; Nonna Mayer, Ces Français qui votent Le Pen (Paris: Flammarion, 1999), 86–97, 113–4, 147, 223–33; Christophe Cambadélis and Éric Osmond, La France blafarde. Une histoire politique de l’extrême droite (Paris: Plon, 1998), 429–33.
61 Joan Gross, David McMurray and Ted Swedenburg, ‘Raï, Rap and Ramadan Nights: Franco-Maghribi Cultural Identities’, Middle East Report, 178 (1992), 11–16.
62 Alain Boyer, L’Islam en France (Paris: PUF, 1998), 321–5; Alain Boyer, ‘Aux origines du mouvement des jeunes Musulmans: l’Union des Jeunes de France’, in Ahmed Boubeker and Abdellaji Hajjat (eds.), Histoire politique des immigrations postcoloniales. France, 1920–2008 (Paris: Éditions Amsterdam, 2008), 217–24.
63 Thomas Deltombe and Mathieu Rigouste, ‘L’ennemi intérieur: la construction médiatique de la figure de l’Arabe’, in Pascal Blanchard, Nicolas Bancel and Sandrine Lemaire (eds.), La Fracture coloniale. La société française au prisme de l’héritage colonial (Paris: La Découverte, 2005), 196–7.
64 Le Monde, 23 Aug. 1997.
65 Le Temps, 13 July 1998, cited in Le Monde, 18 July 1998.
66 Le Monde, 21 July 1998.
67 Stuart Hall with Bill Schwarz, Familiar Stranger. A Life between Two Islands (London: Allen Lane, 2017), 196–7.
68 Yasmin Alibai Brown, Who Do We Think We Are? (London: Allen Lane, 2000), 117, 121, 155–6.
69 Janet Bujra and Jenny Pearce, The 2001 Bradford Riot and Beyond (Skipton: Vertical Editions, 2011), 20–51.
70 Bujra and Pearce, The 2001 Bradford Riot, 164.
8 Hubris and Nemesis: Iraq, the Colonial Fracture and Global Economic Crisis
1 Jason Burke, Al-Qaeda. The True Story of Radical Islam (London: Penguin, 2007), 234–46.
2 Dominic Streatfield, A History of the World since 9/11 (London: Atlantic Books, 2011), 3.
3 www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/bush/wspeech.htm.
4 David Harvey, The New Imperialism (Oxford University Press, 2003), 190–2; Derek Gregory, The Colonial Present (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), 48–51.
5 Arabinda Acharya, Ten Years after 9/11. Rethinking the Jihadist Threat (Abingdon: Routledge, 2013), 17.
6 Jason W. Davidson, America’s Allies and War. Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq (New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 106.
7 David Barsamian and Edward Said, Culture and Resistance. Conversations with Edward Said (London: Pluto Press, 2003), 140–1.
8 Gregory, The Colonial Present, 112–14, 130–3.
9 James A. Beckford, Dandle Joly and Farhad Khroskhavar, Muslims in Prison. Challenge and Change in Britain and France (Basingstoke: Palgeave Macmillan, 2005), 218.
10 Farhad Khroskhavar, Inside Jihadism. Understanding Jihhadist Movements Worldwide (Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2009), 201.
11 Streatfield, A History of the World since 9/11, 183.
12 Stanley Hoffmann with Frédéric Bozo, Gulliver Unbound. America’s Imperial Temptation and the War in Iraq (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004), 42.
13 Max Boot, ‘The Case for American Empire’, The Weekly Standard, 15 Oct. 2001.
14 www.nytimes.corM2002/07/28/magazineination-building-lite.html?pagewanted=all.
15 www.nytimes.com/2003/01/05/magazine/the-american-empire-the-burden.html?pagewanted=all.
16 See the documentary The House of War by Robert Young Pelton and Paul Yule.
17 See above, p. 180.
18 The Report of the Iraq Inquiry: Report of a Committee of Privy Counsellors (12 vols., London: Dandy Booksellers, 2016), I: 450.
19 Report of the Iraq Inquiry, II: 188.
20 Philip H. Gordon and Jeremy Shapiro, Allies at War. America, Europe and the Crisis Over Iraq (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004), 127–8.
21 https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Discours_prononc%C3%A9_%C3%A0_l%27ONU_lors_de_la_crise_irakienne_-_14_f%C3%A9vrier_2003.
22 Gordon and Shapiro, Allies at War, 151.
23 Stefaan Walgrave and Dieter Rucht (eds.), The World Says No to War. Demonstrations against the War on Iraq (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2010), 1–19.
24 Hansard. Parliamentary Debates. Commons, 17 Mar. 2003, cols. 726–7; Robin Cook, The Point of Departure (London: Simon & Schuster, 2003), 243–4, 360–5.
25 Tony Blair, A Journey (London: Hutchinson, 2010), 434.
26 Nicholas Bayne, Staying Togeher. The G8 Summit Confronts the 21st Century (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005), 92–3.
27 www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/oct/02/labourconference.labour6.
28 José Bové, La Révolte d’un Paysan. Entretiens avec Paul Ariès et Christian Terras (Villeurbanne: Éd. Golias, 2000), 75–87; José Bové and François Dufour, The World is Not for Sale. Farmers against Junk Food (London and New York: Verso, 2002).
29 William Fisher and Thomas Ponniah (eds.), Another World is Possible. Popular Alternatives to Globalization at the World Social Forum (Nova Scotia: Fernwood, 2003), 354–7; Jackie Smith, Marina Karides, Marc Becker and others, Global Democracy and the World Social Forums (Boulder, CO and London: Paradigm Publishers, 2015).
30 Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), xi–xii.
31 Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Multitude. War and Democracy in the Age of Empire (London: Penguin Books, 2006), 215.
32 Les Roberts, Riyadh Lafta, Richard Garfield, Jamal Khudhairi and Gilbert Burnham, ‘Mortality Before and After the Invasion of Iraq: Cluster Sample Survey’, The Lancet, 363/9448 (2004), 1857–64.
33 Report of the Iraq Inquiry, II: 72–4.
34 Report of the Iraq Inquiry, II: 154.
35 Report of the Iraq Inquiry, III: 21
2, 215.
36 Report of the Iraq Inquiry, VI: 451.
37 Robert J. C. Young, Postcolonialism. A Very Short Introduction (Oxford University Press, 2003), 44.
38 Tariq Ali, ‘Re-colonizing Iraq’, New Left Review, 21 (2003).
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