CHAPTERS 2–3
Hu Jie generously shared his research materials with me. I also drew on the collections of remembrances written by Lin Zhao’s classmates and her sister that were edited by Xu Juemin. Throughout this book, I relied heavily on Philip Short’s authoritative biography of Mao and Roderick MacFarquhar’s extensive research into his political campaigns. I gathered additional details on how the Hundred Flowers and Anti-Rightist campaigns unfolded at Peking University from Goldman’s eyewitness account and the materials translated by Doolin. Schoenhals helped me understand the party’s use of language. For the Mencius quote that Hu recalled on his bicycle ride, I used the David Hinton translation on page 230 of Mencius, published by Counterpoint in 1999.
Doolin, Dennis, Communist China: The Politics of Student Opposition, Hoover Institution Studies, 1964.
Goldman, René, “The Rectification Campaign at Peking University: May–June 1957,” China Quarterly, Oct.–Dec. 1962, pp. 138–53.
MacFarquhar, Roderick, The Hundred Flowers Campaign and the Chinese Intellectuals, Octagon Books, 1974.
––––––. The Origins of the Cultural Revolution: Contradictions Among the People, 1956–1957, Columbia University Press, 1973.
Mu Qing, Guo Chaoren, Lu Fuwei, Lishi de shenpan, published in the People’s Daily, January 27, 1981.
Peng Lingfan, interview on Radio Free Asia, February 28, 2005.
––––––. Wode jiejie Lin Zhao—2004 xinzuo, published in Kaifang, May 19, 2004.
Schoenhals, Michael, Doing Things with Words in Chinese Politics: Five Studies, RoutledgeCurzon, 1995.
Short, Philip, Mao: A Life, Henry Holt & Co., 2000.
Wu Fei, Hu Jie: Yong jingtou jishi yi yingxiang sixiang, published in China Youth Daily, November 22, 2004.
Xu Juemin, ed., Zhuixun Lin Zhao, Changjiang Literature and Art Press, 2000.
––––––. ed., Zoujin Lin Zhao, Ming Pao Publishing House, 2006.
Yue Daiyun and Carolyn Wakeman, To the Storm: The Odyssey of a Revolutionary Chinese Woman, University of California Press, 1987.
Zhang Yuanxun, Beida wangshi yu Lin Zhao zhisi, first published in Jinri Mingliu, February 2000.
CHAPTER 4
The history of the Cultural Revolution by MacFarquhar and Schoenhals is the best so far, and I draw on it for details, chronology, and interpretation. My account of how the Cultural Revolution unfolded in Chongqing relies on the work of He Shu, a scholar and editor in the city, who generously shared his unpublished research with me, as well as on memoirs written by former Red Guards there. Other amateur historians in Chongqing who helped me include Chen Xiaowen and Han Pingzao.
Chen Xiaowen, Chongqing Shaping gongyuan hongweibing muyuan beiwen jilu, unpublished.
Esherick, Joseph, Paul Pickowicz, and Andrew Walders, eds., The Chinese Cultural Revolution As History, Stanford University Press, 2005.
He Shu, Chongqing wenge wudou dashiji, unpublished.
––––––. Lun zaofanpai, unpublished.
––––––. Wenge shouli daguimo wudou buzai Shanghai zai Chongqing, unpublished.
Li Musen and He Shu, Qinli Chongqing dawudou—Chongqing fandaodipai yihao qinwuyuan zishu, unpublished.
Liao Bokang, Lishi changheli de yige xuanwo—Sichuan Xiao Li Liao shijian huimou, Sichuan People’s Publishing House, 2005.
Liu Zhiming, Chongqing hongweibing muqun chaiqian fengbo, published in Phoenix Weekly, January 19, 2006.
MacFarquhar, Roderick and Michael Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, Belknap Press, 2006.
Morning Sun, documentary film produced and directed by Carma Hinton, Geremie Barmé, and Richard Gordon, Long Bow Group, 2003.
Wang Youqin, Wenge Shounanzhe, Open Magazine Publishing, 2004.
Yu Liuwen and Han Pingzao, Qingchun mudi maizang Chongqing wenge wudou, published in Southern Weekend, April 29, 2001.
Zhou Ziren, Duanyi Chongqing wudou, unpublished.
––––––. Hongweibing xiaobao zhubian zishu, Fellows Press of America, 2006.
––––––. Zheng Siqun zhisi he Chongqing bayiwu yundong, unpublished.
CHAPTER 5
In addition to Xiao Yunliang, I interviewed several of the worker leaders as well as Yao Fuxin’s daughter and wife over a period of years. For information on Mao’s brief career as a labor organizer, I consulted the Short biography as well as the earlier work of Lynda Shaffer. During my research into labor issues in China, I often crossed paths with Ching Kwan Lee, whose excellent academic treatment of the protests in Liaoyang was helpful. The state sector employment figures are drawn from the government’s statistical yearbooks, and the numbers of “mass incidents” are taken from statements by Chinese public security officials. Details of the Shenyang corruption scandal are drawn from state media reports as well as articles published in Hong Kong. The best English accounts of the scandal were written by John Pomfret in the Washington Post and James Kynge in the Financial Times.
Human Rights Watch, Paying the Price: Worker Unrest in Northeast China, July 2002.
Lee, Ching Kwan, Against the Law: Labor Protests in China’s Rustbelt and Sunbelt, University of California Press, 2007.
Shaffer, Lynda, “Mao Ze-dong and the October 1922 Changsha Construction Workers’ Strike: Marxism in Preindustrial China,” Modern China 4, no. 4, October 1978, pp. 379–418.
––––––. Mao and the Workers: The Hunan Labor Movement, 1920–1923, M. E. Sharpe, 1982.
Yu Jianrong, Zhongguo gongren jieji zhuangkuang—Anyuan shilu, Mirror Books, 2006.
CHAPTER 6
Glowing reports about Chen Lihua and the Jinbao Avenue project are easy to find in the state media, so I have not listed them here. Instead, I have included a few pieces that took a more critical approach. The best research into the demolition of the neighborhoods of old Beijing and the role of developers and local officials in the process is by the urban planning scholar Fang Ke, who is profiled in Johnson’s book.
Chen Yongjie, Gangshang Beijing chai hutong beikong jin kaiting, and related articles, published in Ming Pao, March 31, 2005.
––––––. Wei hutong dizheng daodi, published in Ming Pao Monthly, April 19, 2005.
Fang Ke, Dangdai Beijing jiucheng gengxin—diaocha, yanjiu, tansuo, China Architectural Industry Publishing House, 2000.
Fang Ke and Zhang Yan, “Plan and Market Mismatch: Urban Redevelopment in Beijing During a Period of Transition,” Asia Pacific Viewpoint 44, no. 2, 2003, pp. 149–62.
Fang Yu, Yige hutong baoweizhe de shuangzhong jie, published in Economic Observer, January 27, 2006.
Johnson, Ian, Wild Grass: Three Portraits of Change in Modern China, Vintage, 2005.
Liu Chunqiu and Xu Huiying, Siya yezhu zuchan kaifashang beichai zhi gongtang, published in No. 1 Financial Times, January 7, 2005.
Wang Jun, Zouchu chaiqian jingji moshi, published in Oriental Outlook Weekly, October 25, 2006.
Xie Guangfei, 1380 yi nali qule? Zhuanye renshi jisuan tudi pizu heidong, published in China Economic Times, October 15, 2003.
Zhang Tingwei, “Urban Development and a Socialist Pro-Growth Coalition in Shanghai,” Urban Affairs Review 37, no. 4, 2002, pp. 475–99.
Zhang Yan and Fang Ke, “Is History Repeating Itself? From Urban Renewal in the United States to Inner-City Redevelopment in China,” Journal of Planning Education and Research 23, no. 3, 2004, pp. 286–98.
Zhang Yan and Fang Ke, “Politics of Housing Redevelopment in China: The Rise and Fall of the Ju’er Hutong Project in Inner-City Beijing,” Journal of Housing and Built Environment 18, 2003, pp. 75–87.
CHAPTER 7
I visited Wangying Village and interviewed the three Wangs as well as several others who participated in the tax revolt. In quoting from An Investigation of China’s Peasantry, I used my own translation in some places and that of the abridged English edition, Will the Boat Sink the Water? The Life of China’s Peasants, in other places.
Chen Guidi and Wu Chuntao,
Zhongguo nongmin diaocha (An Investigation of China’s Peasantry), People’s Literature Publishing House, 2003.
––––––. Will the Boat Sink the Water? The Life of China’s Peasants, Public Affairs, 2006.
Wang Heyan, Wo weishenme gao zhongguo nongmin diaocha, published in China Business Herald, July 20, 2004.
CHAPTER 8
In addition to my interviews with doctors, virologists, and disease control officials, I obtained from a third party a copy of Jiang Yanyong’s diary notes and consulted the excellent reporting in Caijing during the epidemic. Greenfeld also tracks the development of the epidemic well.
Greenfeld, Karl Taro, China Syndrome: The True Story of the 21st Century’s First Great Epidemic, HarperCollins, 2006.
Jiang zhenhua de Jiang Yanyong, published in Caijing, June 3, 2003.
Li Jing, Jiang Yanyong: Renmin liyi gaoyu yique, published in Sanlian Shenghuo Zhoukan, June 9, 2003.
Li Ya, Jiang Yanyong tan pilu zhongguo yinman SARS zhenxiang guocheng, Voice of America, April 9, 2003.
Wu Xiaoling, SARS quanguo chuanbolian, published in Caijing, May 6, 2003.
CHAPTER 9
The development of the Southern Metropolis Daily can be observed in the pages of the newspaper itself, including its coverage of the death of Sun Zhigang and its campaign against the shourong system. After the arrest of Cheng Yizhong and his two colleagues, I interviewed family members as well as many of the newspaper’s reporters, editors, and advertisers, a few of its political patrons, and other sources in the propaganda apparatus. I also collected the open letters and petitions that were written on behalf of Cheng.
Dong Fanyuan, Baoye fengyun—Nanfang dushi bao jingying shilu, China Finance and Economy Publishing House, 2002.
Lin Wei, Shui zhizaole canjue renhuan de lunjianan, published in China Youth Daily, July 26, 2000.
Tang Jianguang, Sun Zhigang siwang zhenxiang, published in China Newsweek, June 12, 2003.
CHAPTER 10
In addition to my notes on the trial and interviews with those involved, I obtained audio recordings of all four days of the court proceedings. Pu Zhiqiang provided copies of two essays he wrote that helped explain the development of his thinking: Xiangdang jiaoxin, his statement to the authorities; and Guanyu Hebei sheng Gaobeidian shi gonganju zhifa qingkuang de huibao, his thoughts on the failure of his first attempt to defend the civil rights of a client.
Wang Dan, ed., Liusi canjiazhe huiyilu, Mirror Books, 2004.
CHAPTER 11
I drew on the pathbreaking scholarship of Susan Greenhalgh and Tyrene White for history and analysis of the one-child policy. In addition to my interviews with the key players involved in Chen Guangcheng’s defense, I also relied on news coverage of the case by Maureen Fan in the Washington Post and Joseph Kahn in the New York Times. The Pils paper also helped shape my thinking about the weiquan movement.
Greenhalgh, Susan, Just One Child: Science and Policy in Deng’s China, University of California Press, 2008.
Greenhalgh, Susan and Edwin A. Winckler, Governing China’s Population: From Leninist to Neoliberal Biopolitics, Stanford University Press, 2005.
Pils, Eva, “Asking the Tiger for His Skin: Rights Activism in China,” Fordham International Law Journal 30, April 2007, pp. 1209–87.
Teng Biao, Linyi jihua shengyu diaocha shouji, posted online September 2005.
White, Tyrene, China’s Longest Campaign: Birth Planning in the People’s Republic, 1949–2005, Cornell University Press, 2006.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This book would not have been possible without the help of countless people across China who let me into their lives during the past seven years. They include the main characters and their families, of course, all of whom were generous with their time and patience, but also hundreds of others who shared their experiences and insights with me, sometimes at significant personal and professional risk and often for no reason other than a desire to explain their nation to the world. I am especially grateful to friends and colleagues in the Chinese press, journalists laboring under difficult conditions who routinely reminded me of the nobility of my profession. Given the political situation in China, it would be unwise to identify those who helped me most. My hope is that circumstances will some day allow me to thank them all individually and publicly.
I owe a special debt to the Washington Post, one of the few American newspapers still committed to covering the world. Don Graham, Len Downie, and Phil Bennett gave me one of the best jobs in journalism by sending me to China and also graciously granted me time off to write this book. David Hoffman, the paper’s superb foreign editor, never failed to improve my work and went beyond the call of duty by reading the manuscript and showing me how to make it better. Ed Cody introduced me to foreign correspondence both as an editor in Washington and as a colleague in Beijing. I was particularly lucky to spend many of my years in Beijing working alongside John Pomfret, the best correspondent in China. John was the ideal bureau chief and he taught me more about reporting in China than anyone else. He was also kind enough to read the manuscript and offer smart advice.
A succession of talented researchers assisted me in China. Wen Haijing, an outstanding journalist and translator, worked tirelessly on the book and demonstrated a remarkable ability to find people and track down information. Greg Distelhorst provided critical support early in the project, and Cui Weiyuan ably took up Greg’s duties when he turned to academia. Jiang Fei introduced me to Hu Jie and joined my interviews with him. In the Beijing bureau, Chen Hong, Zhao Wei, Zhang Jing, Jin Ling, and Zhang Wei shared their friendship and wisdom, joined me on my travels, and assisted with articles that later inspired several chapters of the book. Jin Ling, especially, helped make the chapters on Zhang Xide and his lawsuit possible.
At Simon & Schuster, I am grateful to the indomitable Alice Mayhew and her colleague Roger Labrie for their patience and guidance. Chris Klein and Ann Mah were among the first in Beijing to encourage me to write this book. They also introduced me to my agent, Kathy Robbins, who helped transform my early musings into a book proposal. Her wise counsel shaped the project, and her steady support helped get me through it. In the Robbins Office, Kate Rizzo expertly managed the foreign rights, and Rachelle Bergstein offered helpful notes on a difficult chapter.
Julian E. Barnes has been editing my copy since college and he read this book as I wrote it. His suggestions and encouragement kept me going during the long months of writing and revisions. Another college friend, Tom Scocca, showed up in Beijing to write his own book, and when my son, Mookie, was born, Tom and his wife Christina Ho happened to be in the same hospital with their new baby. In between our conversations about fatherhood, Tom helped solve a structural problem in Chapter 4. Andrew Yeh also read the chapter and shared his thoughts from the perspective of a Chongqing resident.
I also want to thank my friends in the press corps in Beijing, one of the most talented and collegial groups of reporters in the world. Special thanks to Audra Ang, Jonathan Ansfield, Henry Chu, Grady Epstein, Maureen Fan, Ed Gargan, Peter Goodman, Joseph Kahn, Ben Lim, Melinda Liu, Mark Maghier, Paul Mooney, Ching-Ching Ni, Evan Osnos, John Ruwitch, and Jim Yardley.
I learned a great deal from the larger community of China specialists and scholars, especially the accomplished members of the Chinapol listserv who allowed me to listen in on their debates. At Harvard, Ed Steinfeld and Rob MacFarquhar introduced me to Chinese politics and got me hooked.
I received wonderful moral support from my parents and my brother Michael. My brother Vincent also took time from his busy life to read the manuscript and provide helpful comments.
My greatest thanks are to Sarah. Every day, I marvel that I was able to persuade someone as beautiful and intelligent as she is to move to Beijing and marry me. She learned Chinese and wrote for Newsweek magazine, and even when pregnant or getting by without sleep as a new mother, she was the manuscript’s most devoted and skillful editor. She believed in the book even when I had m
y doubts, and I couldn’t have written it without her.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Philip P. Pan is a foreign correspondent for the Washington Post and the newspaper’s former Beijing bureau chief. During his tour in China from 2000 to 2007, he won the Livingston Award for Young Journalists in international reporting, the Overseas Press Club’s Bob Considine Award for best newspaper interpretation of international affairs, and the Asia Society’s Osborn Elliott Prize for excellence in journalism about Asia. He is a graduate of Harvard College and studied Chinese at Peking University. He lives with his wife and son in New York and will begin a new assignment for the Post in Moscow in 2008.
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