40. Geoffrey Roberts, The Soviet Union and the Origins of the Second World War: Russo-German Relations and the Road to War, 1933-1941 (London, 1995), 62-91; Joachim von Ribbentrop, Zwischen London und Moskau: Erinnerungen und letzte Aufzeichnungen (Leoni am Starnberger See, 1953), 178-85.
41. See nos. 228 and 229, in DGFP, vol. 7, 245-47.
42. Cited in Hildebrand, Das vergangene Reich, 805.
43. Dimitrov, Tagebücher, vol. 1, 273-74, also for what follows.
44. Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, Mao: The Unknown Story (New York, 2005), 228-30.
45. No date is given for this march or marches in Stanley G. Payne, The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and Communism (New Haven, Conn., 2004), 312.
CHAPTER 23: GERMAN RACIAL PERSECUTION BEGINS IN POLAND
1. Hitler remark to Alfred Rosenberg on September 28, 1939, cited in Martin Broszat, Zweihundert Jahre deutsche Polenpolitik (Frankfurt am Main, 1972), 277.
2. Aug. 28, 1939, entry, in Hans-Adolf Jacobson, ed., Generaloberst Halder, Kriegstagebuch; tägliche Aufzeichnungen des Chefs des Generalstabes des Heeres, 1939-1942 (Stuttgart, 1962-64), vol. 1, 38; see also Klaus Hildebrand, Das vergangene Reich: Deutsche Außenpolitik von Bismarck bis Hitler (Berlin, 1999), 804.
3. Nevile Henderson, Failure of a Mission: Berlin, 1937-1939 (New York, 1940), 280–91.
4. No. 493, in DGFP, vol. 7, 477-79. His vacillation is reconstructed in detail by Ian Kershaw, Hitler, 1936-45: Nemesis (New York, 2000), 211–23; and Gerhard L. Weinberg, The Foreign Policy of Hitler’s Germany: Starting World War II, 1937-1939 (Chicago, 1980), 628-55.
5. No. 576, in DGFP, vol. 7, 548-49.
6. Jacobson, ed., Halder, Kriegstagebuch, vol. 1, 61.
7. Martin Moll, ed., Führer-Erlasse, 1939-1945 (Stuttgart, 1997), 100.
8. DRZW, vol. 2, 133.
9. Alexander B. Rossino, Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology, and Atrocity (Lawrence, Kans., 2005), 183-85.
10. Czeslaw Madajczyk, Die Okkupationspolitik Nazideutschlands in Polen, 1939-1945 (Berlin, 1988), 12.
11. Helmut Krausnick and Hans-Heinrich Wilhelm, Die Truppe des Weltanschauungskrieges: Die Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD, 1938-1942 (Stuttgart, 1981), 63-64.
12. Rossino, Hitler Strikes Poland, 171, 173.
13. Jacobson, ed., Halder, Kriegstagebuch, vol. 1, 67.
14. Rossino, Hitler Strikes Poland, 66.
15. BAB R58/285, iff.; Michael Wildt, Generation des Unbedingten: Das Führungskorps des Reichssicherheitshauptamtes (Hamburg, 2002), 449.
16. Wildt, Generation des Unbedingten, 449.
17. Rossino, Hitler Strikes Poland, 68, 73.
18. Jan T. Gross, Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland’s Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia (Princeton, N.J., 2002), 228-29.
19. See Michael Burleigh, Death and Deliverance: “Euthanasia” in Germany, 1900–1945 (Cambridge, U.K., 1994), 97.
20. Morell told Hitler of a 1920 survey by Ewald Meltzer (an opponent of euthanasia) of two hundred parents of whom only twenty answered no to all four questions put to them. See Götz Aly, “Medicine Against the Useless,” in Götz Aly et al., Cleansing the Fatherland: Nazi Medicine and Racial Hygiene (Baltimore, 1994), 29-31.
21. The circular is reprinted in Noakes and Pridham, vol. 3, 1006-7.
22. Kershaw, Hitler, 1936-45, 259.
23. Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen, vol. 3, 1354-66.
24. Volker Rieß, Die Anfänge der Vernichtung “lebensunwerten Lebens” in den Reichsgauen Danzig-Westpreußen und Wartheland, 1939-40 (Frankfurt am Main, 1995), 24-25.
25. Figures in ibid., 171.
26. Israel Gutman et al. (eds.), Enzyklopädie des Holocaust: Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden (Munich, 1995), vol. 3, 1559.
27. Rieß, Anfänge, 273-80, 306.
28. Christopher R. Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942 (Lincoln, Neb., 2004), 188-89.
29. For the refutation, see Peter Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung: Eine Gesamtdarstellung der nationalsozialistischen Judenverfolgung (Munich, 1998), 648 n. 36.
30. For minutes of the meeting (with a misprint in the target figure, which is seventy thousand, not seventy-five thousand), see Noakes and Pridham, vol. 3, 1010–11.
31. Correspondence is reprinted in IMT, vol. 35, 689.
32. See the internal T-4 statistics, dated Sept. 1, 1941, in Ernst Klee, ed., Dokumente zur “Euthanasie” (Frankfurt am Main, 1985), 232.
33. For letters of concern from local officials, see ibid., 221–32.
34. See Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, 180.
35. See the extensive postwar trial in Adelheid L. Rüter-Ehlermann and C. F. Rüter (eds.), Justiz und NS-Verbrechen: Sammlung deutscher Strafurteile wegen nationalsozialistischer Tötungsverbrechen 1945-1966 (Amsterdam, 1966 ff.), vol. 1, 304-79.
36. Ernst Klee, “Euthanasie” im NS-Staat: Die “Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens” (Frankfurt am Main, 1983), 345.
37. See Hans-Walter Schmuhl, Rassenhygiene, Nationalsozialismus, Euthanasie: Von der Verhütung zur Vernichtung “lebensunwertes Lebens,” 1890–1945 (Göttingen, 1987), 218.
38. See Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, 221.
39. See ibid., 220–29; Schmuhl, Rassenhygiene, Nationalsozialismus, Euthanasie, 218; and Henry Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1995), 142-50.
40. Notes of the April 23, 1941, meeting are reprinted in Klee, Dokumente zur “Euthanasie,” 219-20.
41. Doc. 2852-PS, in IMT, vol. 31, 231–33.
42. See Wildt, Generation des Unbedingten, 452; Browning, Origins of the Final Solution, 18.
43. Sept. 20, 1939, entry, in Jacobson, ed., Halder, Kriegstagebuch, vol. 1, 82.
44. BAB R58/825, 26-30, in Wildt, Generation des Unbedingten, 458.
45. BAB R58/276, 232-35.
46. Sept. 30, 1939, entry, in Elke Fröhlich et al., eds., Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels (Munich, 2005ff.), part 1, vol. 7, 130; see also Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung, 254-55.
47. Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen, vol. 3, 1377-93.
48. Tagebücher von Goebbels, part 1, vol. 7, 141, 147, 157, 176.
49. Ibid., 177, 180.
50. Dec. 5, 1939, entry, in ibid., 220–21.
51. Doc. 864-PS, in IMT, vol. 26, 378-83.
52. Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung, 262; Browning, Origins of Nazi Genocide, 39-41.
53. Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung, 264-65.
54. Browning, Origins of Nazi Genocide, 52; Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung, 264-65.
55. Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung, 267-69.
CHAPTER 24: HITLER AND WESTERN EUROPE
1. Sept. 27, 1939, entry, in Hans-Adolf Jacobson, ed., Generaloberst Halder, Kriegstagebuch; tägliche Aufzeichnungen des Chefs des Generalstabes des Heeres, 1939-1942 (Stuttgart, 1962-64), vol. 1, 86, 90.61–66.
2. Oct. 17, 1939, entry, in ibid., vol. 1, 107.
3. Klaus-Jürgen Müller, Das Heer und Hitler: Armee und nationalsozialistisches Regime, 1933-1940 (Stuttgart, 1969), 520–23.
4. Alan Bullock, Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives (Toronto, 1991), 642.
5. See VB, Nov. 11, 1939.
6. Ian Kershaw, Hitler, 1936-45: Nemesis (New York, 2000), 271–72.
7. Nov. 13, 1939, Meldungen aus dem Reich, vol. 3, 449.
8. Sopade 6 (Dec. 2, 1939), 1024-25.
9. See Peter Hoffmann, The History of the German Resistance (Cambridge, Mass., 1977), 152.
10. Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen, vol. 3, 1421–27.
11. Kershaw, Hitler, 1936-45, 278.
12. Walter Warlimont, Im Hauptquartier der deutschen Wehrmacht, 1939-1945 (Frankfurt am Main, 1962), 74.
13. See Ernest R. May, Strange Victory: Hitler’s Conquest of France (New York, 2000), 229-39.
14. Gerhard L. Weinberg, A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II (C
ambridge, U.K., 1994), 129.
15. May 24 1940, entry, in Jacobson, ed., Halder, Kriegstagebuch, vol. 1, 318.
16. See Kershaw, Hitler, 1936-45, 294-96; Weinberg, World at Arms, 130; Geoffrey P. Megargee, Inside Hitler’s High Command (Lawrence, Kans., 2000), 85.
17. Nicolaus von Below, Als Hitlers Adjutant, 1937-45 (Mainz, 1980), 217.
18. Cited in Derek Watson, Molotov: A Biography (London, 2005), 181.
19. Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich (New York, 1970), 172-73.
20. July 24 and 26, 1940, entries, in Victor Klemperer, Ich will Zeugnis ablegen bis zum letzten: Tagebücher, 1933-1941 (Berlin, 1995), vol. 1, 542, 544.
21. July 11, 1940, Meldungen aus dem Reich, vol. 5, 1363.
22. Jacobson, ed, Halder, Kriegstagebuch, vol. 2, 49.
CHAPTER 25: THE SOVIET RESPONSE
1. Khrushchev Remembers: The Glasnost Tapes (Boston, 1990), 48.
2. SDFP, vol. 3, 374.
3. Ibid., 393-94.
4. Molotov speech to the Supreme Soviet, Oct. 31, 1939, in ibid, 393.
5. Jan T. Gross, Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland’s Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia (Princeton, N.J., 2002), 3, 44.
6. Richard Overy, Russia’s War (Harmondsworth, U.K., 1998), 52, mentions the figure of 230,000 Polish soldiers in captivity, but excludes the officers.
7. Michael Parrish, The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939-1953 (West-port, Conn., 1996), 54-55.
8. Ibid., 56-57; for the behind the scenes, see Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar (New York, 2004), 333-34.
9. Norman Davies, God’s Playground: A History of Poland, 1795 to the Present (Oxford, 1981), vol. 2, 448.
10. The lower number (and three deportations) is given by Józef Garlmski, Poland in the Second World War (London, 1985), 36-37. Gross, Revolution from Abroad, 194, adds the deportation of June 1941 and gives the higher figures.
11. See the literature and argumentation in Gross, Revolution from Abroad, 229.
12. Davies, God’s Playground, vol. 2, 451.
13. For these figures, and what follows, see Dieter Pohl, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien, 1941–1944 (Munich, 1996), 30.
14. Cited in Gross, Revolution from Abroad, 222.
15. Cited in ibid., 50.
16. William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era (New York, 2003), 135-36.
17. Ibid., 139.
18. Strobe Talbott, ed., Khrushchev Remembers (Boston, 1970), 146.
19. Ibid., 141.
20. Martin Dean, Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 1941–44 (New York, 2000), 6.
21. Witness cited in Nicholas P. Vakar, Belorussia: The Making of a Nation (Cambridge, Mass., 1956), 166.
22. Cited in ibid., 169.
23. Cited in Gross, Revolution from Abroad, 223.
24. Karel C. Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule (Cambridge, Mass., 2004), 15. The estimate is by Gross, Revolution from Abroad, 229.
25. Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair, 17.
26. SDFP, vol. 3, 393-94; Izidors Vizulis, The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 1939: The Baltic Case (New York, 1990), 26-30.
27. SDFP, vol. 3, 382-86.
28. Figures cited from March 27, 1940 meeting in Georgi Dimitrov, Tagebücher, 1933-1943 (Berlin, 2000), vol. 1, 127.
29. Khrushchev Remembers, 155. The figure of 127,000 is mentioned in Robert Service, Stalin: A Biography (Cambridge, Mass., 2004), 403.
30. Khrushchev Remembers, 153, 157.
31. R. W. Davies, Soviet Economic Development from Lenin to Khrushchev (Cambridge, U.K., 1998), 42.
32. Mark Harrison, Soviet Planning in Peace and War, 1938-1945 (Cambridge, U.K., 1985), 8.
33. This rapid growth built up an unwieldy force. Roger R. Reese, The Soviet Military Experience (New York, 2000), 93.
34. Khrushchev Remembers, 154-56.
35. SDFP, vol. 3, 453-58.
36. Ibid., 461–69.
37. Nicolas Werth, “A State Against Its People: Violence, Repression, and Terror in the Soviet Union,” in Stéphane Courtois et al., The Black Book of Communism (Cambridge, Mass., 1999), 212.
38. Cited in Sigrid Rausing, History, Memory, and Identity in Post-Soviet Estonia: The End of the Collective Farm (Oxford, 2004), 120.
39. Timothy Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999 (New Haven, Conn., 2003), 157.
40. Ibid., 82-84.
41. Quoted in Sebag Montefiore, Stalin, 334.
42. See Geoffrey Swain, Between Stalin and Hitler: Class War and Race War on the Dvina, 1940–46 (London, 2004), 39.
43. Werth,“State Against Its People,” 212-13.
44. See John Hiden and Patrick Salmon, The Baltic Nations and Europe: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania in the Twentieth Century (London, 1994), 115; Swain, Between Stalin and Hitler, 39-41.
45. Rausing, History, Memory, and Identity in Post-Soviet Estonia, 123.
CHAPTER 26: THE WAR SPREADS
1. Hans-Adolf Jacobson, ed., Generaloberst Halder, Kriegstagebuch; tägliche Aufzeichnungen des Chefs des Generalstabes des Heeres, 1939-1942 (Stuttgart, 1962-64), vol. 2, 210, 330.
2. DRZW, vol. 4, 423.
3. Misha Glenny, The Balkans: Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804-1999 (New York, 1999), 486.
4. For a participant’s story, see Milovan Djilas, Wartime (New York, 1977).
5. On Serbia, see Christopher R. Browning, Fateful Months: Essays on the Emergence of the Final Solution (New York, 1985), 39-85; also Walter Manoschek, “Partisanenkrieg und Genozid: Die Wehrmacht in Serbien, 1941,” in Walter Manoschek, ed., Die Wehrmacht in Rassenkrieg: Der Vernichtungskrieg hinter der Front (Vienna, 1996), 142-67; Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, rev. ed. (New York, 1985), vol. 3, 1048.
6. See Mark Mazower, Salonica, City of Ghosts (New York, 2005), 392-417.
7. See Mark Mazower, Inside Hitler’s Greece: The Experience of Occupation (New Haven, Conn., 1993), 235-61.
8. DRZW, vol. 4, 197.
9. Strobe Talbott, ed., Khrushchev Remembers (Boston, 1970), 134-35.
10. Georgi Dimitrov, Tagebücher, 1933-1943 (Berlin, 2000), vol. 1, 315-17.
11. Dmitri Volkogonov, Triumf i tragediya. Politichesky portret J. V. Stalina (Moscow, 1989), vol. 2, 47.
12. David E. Murphy, What Stalin Knew: The Enigma of Barbarossa (New Haven, Conn., 2005), 162-72.
13. See the memoirs of the chief of staff of the Odessa military district, Matvei V. Zakharov, Generalny shatb v predvoennye gody (Moscow, 1989).
14. Figures in Roger R. Reese, The Soviet Military Experience (New York, 2000), 95-96.
15. Roger R. Reese, Stalin’s Reluctant Soldiers: A Social History of the Red Army, 1925-1941 (Lawrence, Kans., 1996), 172-75.
16. Cited in Dimitrov, Tagebücher, vol. 1, 380–82.
17. There is an enormous literature on the controversy, begun by Viktor Suvorov (a former Soviet military intelligence officer), who, in exile in Great Britain since 1983, published numerous works, beginning with Ledokol (Moscow, 1993)—in English, Icebreaker: Who Started the Second World War? (London, 1990). His books have sold in the millions in Russia. The best summary of the debate, critique of the documents—some of them fabrications—as well as citation of all the relevant publications in Russian, German, and English, and refutation of the “preventive war” argument is Bernt Bonwetsch, “Die Forschungskontroverse über die Kriegsvorbereitung der Roten Armee 1941,” in Bianka Pietrow-Ennker, ed., Präventivkrieg? Der deutsche Angriff auf die Sowjetunion (Frankfurt am Main, 2000), 170–89.
18. See Juri Gorkov, “22. Juli 1941: Verteidigung oder Angriff? Recherchen in russischen Zentralarchiven,” in Pietrow-Ennker, Präventivkrieg? 190–207.
19. Robert Service, Stalin: A Biography (Cambridge, Mass., 2004), 408.
20. Valentin Berezhkov, History in the Making: Memoirs of World War II Diploma
cy (Moscow, 1983), 71.
21. Mikoyan as cited in Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar (New York, 2004), 341.
22. Bradley F. Smith, Sharing Secrets with Stalin: How the Allies Traded Intelligence, 1941–1945 (Lawrence, Kans., 1996), 12.
23. Cited in Gabriel Gorodetsky, Grand Delusion: Stalin and the German Invasion of Russia (New Haven, Conn., 1999), 155-78, esp. 176, 178.
24. See Volkogonov, Triumf i tragediya. Politichesky portret J. V. Stalina, vol. 2, part 1, 145-48.
25. Cited in Sebag Montefiore, Stalin, 355.
26. Murphy, What Stalin Knew, 208.
27. Feliks Ivanovich Chuev and Vyacheslav Molotov, Sto sorok besed s Molo-tovym: iz dnevnika F. Chueva (Moscow, 1991), 32-33, 39-40.
28. DRZW, vol. 4, 714.
29. Sebag Montefiore, Stalin, 358.
30. 1941 god, vol. 2, 422.
CHAPTER 27: WAR OF EXTERMINATION AS NAZI CRUSADE
1. Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen, vol. 3, 1565; Hans-Adolf Jacobson, ed., Generaloberst Halder, Kriegstagebuch; tägliche Aufzeichnungen des Chefs des Generalstabes des Heeres, 1939-1942 (Stuttgart, 1962-64), vol. 2, 50, 241–46.
2. Nov. 15, 1940, entry, in Hildegard von Kotze, ed., Heeresadjutant bei Hitler, 1938-1943: Aufzeichnungen des Majors Engel (Stuttgart, 1974), 91.
3. Dec. 5 and 18, 1940, and Jan. 9, 1941, entries, in KTB, vol. 1, 203-9, 237, 257-58; Dec. 5, 1940, entry, in Jacobson, ed., Halder, Kriegstagebuch, vol. 2, 211–14.
4. Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen, vol. 4, 1726-29.
5. DRZW, vol. 4, 911.
6. John Erickson, The Road to Stalingrad: Stalin’s War with Germany (New Haven, Conn., 1975), 237-38.
7. No. 614, in DGFP, vol. 12, 996-1006; also Andreas Hillgruber, ed., Staatsmänner und Diplomaten bei Hitler: Vertrauliche Aufzeichnungen über Unterredungen mit Vertretern des Auslandes, 1939-1941 (Frankfurt am Main, 1967), vol. 1, 581–94.
8. Jean Ancel, “Antonescu and the Jews,” in Michael Berenbaum and Abraham J. Peck, eds., The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined (Bloomington, Ind., 1998), 466.
9. DRZW, vol. 4, 346-47.
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