by Adam Winkler
Bostwick, Charles F., 170
Bowling Green Park, 374
Boyd v. United States, 177–80
Bradwell v. Illinois, 35
Brandeis, Louis D., 192, 210–16, 212, 217, 228, 240–41, 251, 252, 316, 383
breach of contract, 275–76
Bregstein, Nancy, 318–19
Brennan, William, 297, 311–17, 313, 322–23
Brewer, David, 151, 182, 221–22
breweries, see beer companies
Breyer, Stephen, 363, 363, 366n
bribery, 90, 103–4, 123, 196–97, 309
Brooks, Richard, 260
Brown, Henry Billings, 182, 185–88, 186
Browning, James, 393–94
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, xxiv, 63–64, 135, 151, 231, 263, 264, 272, 284, 340–41
Bryan, William Jennings, 198–202, 208–9, 234, 320
Bubble Act (1720), 43
Buckley v. Valeo, 309–11, 334, 336–37, 361
Bull Moose Party, 227
Bullock, Charles J., 207
Bureau of Insurance, US, 210
Burger, Warren, 297, 313, 315–17, 350
Burke, Edmund, 121
Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc., xvi–xvii, 76, 379–82, 383, 384, 387, 395, 403
Bush, George W., 198, 324, 326, 328, 337, 338–40, 343, 344, 349–50
Bush v. Gore, 324, 326, 338–40, 347
business:
advocacy groups for, 229, 281, 283–84, 289, 300–305, 310–11, 322, 323, 335, 349–50, 372, 402
big, 181, 210, 212–16, 234, 280–81, 300–301, 325, 360, 365
colonial, 3–19, 20, 24–25, 26, 28, 76, 270, 399–400
federal regulation of, xix–xx, xxii, xxiii, 4, 49, 74
for-profit, 35, 122–23, 133, 135–36, 263–64, 273–75, 310–23, 341–42, 374, 380, 387–88
investment in, 88, 90, 92, 106, 384–85
minority, 275–76
small, 271
see also corporations
Business Roundtable, 304, 305–6
busing, 277, 282
butchers, 126–28, 129
Butler, Nicholas Murray, 232–33
Butler, Pierce, 251, 252
Cadwalader law firm, 163
California, 118–20, 124, 137–38, 142, 143, 144, 148, 153–54, 158–59, 220–21, 265–67, 330, 362, 375
California Supreme Court, 138
campaign advertisements, 309–11, 341, 342, 350–51
campaign disclosure laws, 201, 372
campaign finance reform, 104, 197–208, 199, 217, 218, 219–20, 222, 223–28, 225, 238, 304, 309–11, 324–29, 334, 336, 337–38, 337, 340, 341, 342, 342, 344, 349–58, 361, 364, 365, 366, 371, 372, 392, 401
Campbell, John Archibald, 109–10, 125–28, 126
Campbell Soup, 304
Canada, 19
canals, 99, 104, 106
cannibalism, 10
capital:
accumulation of, 39, 45, 78, 160, 212–13, 245–47, 341–42
bank, 40–41
investment of, 88, 90, 92, 106, 384–85
working, 26, 106, 335
Capital City Press, 235–36, 242, 249, 254, 256
capitalism, 88, 122–23, 134, 154, 160, 211, 213–14, 286, 303–4
capital punishment, 13
Capitol Building, 57
Capitol Hill Club, 343–44, 347, 348
Cardozo, Benjamin, 251, 252, 254
Carter, Robert, 259, 262–64, 263
cartoon TV shows, 303–4
cash bonds, 99
casinos, 299
catheters, 322–23
Catholic Church, 45
Cato Institute, 302
Catron, John, 109–10
CeaseFirePA, 318
censorship, 234, 238–42, 250, 293–95, 354–55
Center for Public Integrity, 373
Central Pacific Railroad, 119, 123, 140, 197
Chamber of Commerce, US, 229, 281, 283–84, 289, 300–305, 310, 311, 322, 323, 335, 349–50, 372, 402
chancery courts, 382–83
Chandler, Alfred, 122
charities, 367–68
Charles II, King of England, 19, 25
Charles River, 35–36, 95–97
Charles River Bridge Company v. Warren Bridge Company, 95–97, 400
Charter of Liberties (1683), 24
Charter of Privileges (1701), 24
Chase, Samuel, 59, 62
Chesapeake Bay, 6
Chevrolet, 285
Chevron Corp., 372
chewing tobacco, 170
Chicago, University of, 352
Chicago Tribune, 241–42, 249
Chickasaw, Ala., 268–72, 268
child labor, 158
children, 23–24, 158, 303–4
children’s rights, 23–24, 158
chimpanzees, 47–48
China, 27
Chinese Exclusion Case, 153–54
cholera, 126–27, 142
Chrestensen, Francis, 292–93, 294
Christianity, 79, 86, 168, 268–72, 367, 379
churches, 367
Ciepley, David, 86
cigarette advertising, 279–80, 287–89, 295, 299, 321
circuit courts, 137, 144, 153–54
Citizens United, 337–43, 342, 347–48, 351, 355, 370
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, xvi, xvii, xviii, xx, xxi, xxii, 5, 36, 37, 62, 68, 172, 190, 192, 200, 219, 222, 225, 226, 228, 234, 255, 300, 309, 323–29, 328, 336–38, 337, 340–43, 342, 346–51, 353–56, 358–62, 363, 364–77, 371, 379–85, 390, 395, 403
City of London, 45
civil disobedience, 36, 41, 119
civil liberties, 231, 238, 252–53, 256
Civil Rights Act (1875), 129
Civil Rights Act (1965), 129, 327
civil rights movement, xv, xvi, xvii, xviii, xxi, xxii, xxiii, xxiv, 41, 63–64, 68, 73, 108–10, 117, 119, 129, 132, 135, 151, 158–59, 231, 246, 256–78, 266, 281, 284, 289, 327, 340–41, 358, 359, 395
“Civil Rights of Corporations,” 118–19, 118, 120
civil service reform, 197–98, 219
Civil War, US, xiii, xxiii, 14, 106, 109, 110, 113, 117, 121, 123, 125–26, 132, 134, 141, 197, 223
Clark, Robert Charles, 51
class action lawsuits, 322
Clay, Henry, 36
Clean Air Act (1963), 280
Clean Water Act (1972), 280
Cleopatra (film), 330
Cleveland, Grover, 217
climate change, 45
Clinton, Bill, 327, 343, 346
Clinton, Hillary, 327–29, 334, 337–38, 341–43, 342, 351–54, 355, 362, 370, 373–74
coffee, 29
collective bargaining, xv, 330
Collier’s, 205, 206
Collins, Charles Wallace, 157–59, 160
Colorado, 320–21, 375
Columbia University, 232–33, 238
Commentaries on the Law of England (Blackstone), 46–52, 56, 63, 78, 164, 188, 245
Commercial Club, 211–12, 214, 217
commercial interests, 40, 69, 90
“commercial speech,” 292–93, 298–300, 359, 393–94, 402
Common Cause, 375
common seals, 50
Communists, 286, 330
company towns, 268–72, 402
Compromise of 1850, 109
Concept of the Corporation (Drucker), 270
“conclusive presumption,” 314–15
Conestoga Wood Specialties, 379–81
Confederacy, 124, 131
conflicts of interest, 142, 193–94, 197, 346–47
Congress, US:
amendments passed by, xiii, 123–25, 158
banking regulation by, 38, 40
campaign finance reform in, 219, 333–34, 354–55, 361, 369, 370–71, 375–76
constitutional limitations on, 244
corporate regulation by, 39, 43, 64, 68, 69, 70, 92–93, 210, 217–19, 261, 276, 290, 306, 332
, 350, 362, 368–69, 383–84
members of, 59, 331
representation in, 131
taxation measures of, 223
see also House of Representatives, US; Senate, US
congressional districts, 308–10
Congressional Globe, 135
Congressional Leadership Fund, 372
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 330–31, 332
Political Action Committee of (CIO-PAC), 332
Conkling, Roscoe, xii, xiii–xv, xvi, xvii, xxiii, 113–15, 116, 117, 118, 119–24, 128, 129–36, 131, 142–44, 147, 156, 160, 267, 339, 392, 400–401
Connecticut, 19, 24, 28, 124, 266
Connecticut General Life Insurance Company v. Johnson, 265–67
Connor, Eugene “Bull,” 257–58
Conrad, Robin, 323
conscientious objectors, 233
conservatism, xviii–xix, 250–55, 273, 281, 282, 296–97, 298, 308–9, 314, 33, 337, 348–50, 355–58, 379, 380
conspiracy theory of the Fourteenth Amendment, 134–36, 143
Constitution, British, 85
Constitution, US:
amendments to, xvi, 23, 123–24, 164, 177, 240–41, 326, 375–76, 388; see also specific amendments
Article I of, 77–78
Article II of, 339–40
Article III of, 43, 44, 53, 54, 55, 58, 60, 61, 65–66, 74, 100, 110, 400
Article IV of, 97–103, 400
Article V of, 123
Article VI of, 40
comity clause of, 97–103, 132, 145–46, 181
commerce clause of, 146
contract clause of, 79, 80, 82, 85, 400
convention for (1787), 3, 4, 5, 19, 31, 59, 123, 400
corporate influence on, xxiii–xxiv, 1, 19–20, 20, 23, 31, 43
democratic principles of, xx
drafting of, 149, 352, 360
due process clause of, xxi, xxiv, 23, 113, 115, 119, 144, 145, 154, 157, 159, 180, 182, 183–84, 254, 267, 359, 369, 392, 400–401
economic interpretation of, 134–36
equal protection clause of, xiii, xiv, xvi, xxi, xxiv, 23, 113, 115, 119, 145, 149, 159, 254, 267, 277, 339–40, 359, 369, 392, 400–401
Framers of, xv, xx, 31, 39, 43, 44, 57, 69, 110, 172–73, 182–83, 186–87, 352, 360, 366, 376, 400
free exercise clause of, 379–80
immunities clause of, 244, 254
interpretation of, 71, 109–10
originalist interpretation of, 352, 366
ratification of, xxi, 35, 123–25, 157
rights in, xv–xvi, 24
separation of powers in, 370
signers of, 149
supremacy clause of, 40
text of, 244, 376, 392
“We the People” phrase of, xv, xvi, xvii, 19, 395
Constitutional Convention (1787), 3, 4, 5, 19, 31, 59, 123, 400
“constitutional first movers,” xxiii, 10, 120, 222, 255, 277, 392
“constitutional leveragers,” xxiii, 317–18, 380
consumer prices, 246, 402
Consumer Product Safety Act (1972), 280
consumer protection, xxii, xxiii, 49, 99, 214, 280, 287–300, 291, 304, 318, 322, 402
contempt of court, 259
Continental Insurance, 131–32, 152, 154
Continental Insurance Company of New York, 131–32
Cooley, Thomas, 87–88
Cooper v. Aaron, 272
Coors, Joseph, 302
Copper Trust, 197
corporate rights movement, xv–xxii, 36–37, 55, 62, 74, 85, 108, 115–16, 136–37, 158, 179–80, 254, 281, 282, 283–89, 299–305, 303, 312–14, 321–27, 333, 335, 336–37, 347, 350, 359–60, 363, 384–85, 393, 402
corporationalists, 36–37, 55, 62, 74, 85, 108, 115–16, 136–37, 179–80, 254, 282, 312–13, 363, 384–85, 393
corporations:
activist agenda of, xv–xxii, 36–37, 55, 62, 74, 85, 108, 115–16, 136–37, 158, 179–80, 254, 281, 282, 283–89, 299–305, 303, 312–14, 321–27, 333, 335, 336–37, 347, 350, 359–60, 363, 384–85, 393, 402
agents of, 187–88
annual statements of, 92
as “artificial entities,” 45, 47, 86–87, 130, 146, 163–64, 183, 220–21, 224, 225–26, 264, 312–13, 394, 399–400
assets of, 12, 84, 86, 92, 102, 106, 168, 212–13, 306–7, 387
as associations, xx, 55–56, 61–62, 70, 86–87, 187–88, 190, 220, 258, 263–64, 272–75, 353, 364–65, 377–78, 380–81, 386, 388, 394–95, 402
board of directors of, 9, 11, 17–18, 77–79, 84, 89, 92, 106–7, 108, 206–7, 213, 281, 366, 384–85
business (for-profit), 35, 122–23, 133, 135–36, 263–64, 273–75, 310–23, 341–42, 374, 380, 387–88
bylaws of, 63, 82
campaign contributions of, xvi, 172, 190, 191–98, 305–23, 324–29, 333–38, 351, 364–65, 366n, 370–76, 384–86, 401, 402–3
cash reserves of, 39, 245–47
charters and incorporation of, xx, 3, 4, 19–21, 24–25, 27, 28–29, 31, 43, 48, 49, 63, 64, 65, 68, 69, 70, 77–78, 79, 82, 84, 85–86, 87, 88, 90–92, 95, 99–102, 103, 104, 107, 108, 127, 145–46, 168–69, 170, 207, 221–22, 240, 257, 260, 382–83, 399, 400
chief executives of, 19–20, 21, 206–7
chronology for, 399–403
as citizens, xiv
colonial, 3–19, 20, 24–25, 26, 28, 76, 270, 399–400
competition and, 90, 92, 95–97, 106, 162, 163, 213, 240
congressional oversight of, 3, 90, 92, 114, 302, 304
constitutional protections and rights of, xiii, xvii–xviii, 3–4, 16, 37, 43–44, 45, 53–57, 60, 62, 64–70, 65, 71–75, 87, 89, 90, 92, 95–97, 95, 98, 101–3, 111, 116–20, 126, 128, 130, 135–36, 144–45, 148–49, 152–60, 165–68, 169, 171, 175, 185–90, 192, 219–20, 222–26, 228, 229, 231, 240–44, 250–55, 256, 259–60, 264, 265–68, 270, 272–78, 284, 296, 298–300, 305–23, 371, 382–95
contracts of, 28, 45, 48, 49–50, 76, 78, 96–97
corporate-ness of, 54–55, 61
creditors of, 102, 130, 386
criminal liability of, 51, 164–66, 166, 177–78, 185, 191–92, 369
culture of, 248
debts of, 51, 248, 386
decision-making in, 207, 246–47
as de facto governments, 270–72
definition of, xxin, 3, 380–81
divisions of, 122–23
documents of, 161–62, 174–75, 187–88, 194, 207, 208–9
economic influence of, xxi, 36, 44, 88–89, 106, 122–23, 141–43, 157, 179, 192, 213, 271
educational, xxin, 45, 66, 75–80, 80, 81, 90, 91, 95, 96, 184, 221–22, 245, 270, 305, 374, 393, 399, 400 401
employees of, 122, 180–81, 188, 213–14, 245–48, 322, 329, 350, 353, 388
executives of, 17–18, 35, 53–54, 194–95, 205–7, 208, 212, 217, 226–27, 247, 285–86, 302, 304, 308, 383–84
federal, 68–70, 89–90
federal regulation of, xix–xx, xxii, xxiii, xv, 4, 49, 74, 76, 88–92, 97–103, 117, 120, 128, 135, 146, 154, 157–58, 163–65, 177–78, 181–84, 209–10, 250, 251, 280, 282, 290, 300, 304, 308, 337, 352, 366, 380–81, 383–86
fiduciary duties of, 206–7, 209, 245–48, 347, 388
financial disclosures of, 92, 161–62, 174–75, 187–88, 194, 207, 208–9, 263
foreign, 370, 386, 391–94
governance of, 17–18, 53–54, 63, 77–79, 92, 106–7, 108, 206–7, 245, 384–88
historical analysis of, xvi–xxii, 3–19, 245, 399–403
individual members of, 54–55, 87–88, 100–101, 108, 145–46, 258, 261–62, 402
as legal entities, 26, 44, 50–51, 55–56, 61, 66–67, 78, 86, 87–88, 101–2, 103, 109–10, 115, 146, 187, 259, 261–62, 264, 312–13, 364–65, 371–72, 381, 386–88, 399–400
legal representation of, xxii–xxiii, 70–84, 72, 80, 88–108, 89, 98, 114, 121, 127, 132, 145, 154, 181, 184, 187, 245, 262, 270, 278, 305, 344, 386, 387, 392, 400
license fees for, 99, 131–32, 146, 155, 169, 170
limited liability of, 51, 55, 102, 155–56, 271, 277, 312, 386, 387
litigation by, xvii, xxi, xxii, xxiii, 31, 41–42, 43, 48, 50–51, 54, 55–56, 58–59, 59, 61, 64, 73, 76–77, 79, 90, 104, 108, 109, 117, 119–20, 142–43, 144, 155–59, 189, 209, 242–47, 258–59, 266, 400–401
lobbying by, 103–4, 123, 196–97, 223–26, 232, 281, 286, 302–4, 322, 372
local vs. out-of-state, 97–103, 131–32, 146, 155
management of, 122–23, 194–95, 205–7, 209, 213, 245–48, 353, 386
media coverage of, 77, 118–19, 118, 171–72, 177, 185, 188–89, 194–97, 196, 202–3, 204, 205, 208, 210, 212, 271, 286–87, 300, 303–4, 308, 389
mergers of, 157, 163, 197
multinational, 386
names of, 48, 49, 50
nonprofit, xxin, 4, 29, 76, 257, 263–64, 263, 273–74, 315, 341, 373, 374
officers of, 15–16, 53–54, 164, 166, 245
organization of, 14–15, 21–22, 53–54, 122
personal, 155
personhood of, xiii, xx–xxi, 37, 44, 45, 47–48, 50–54, 56, 57, 59–62, 59, 65–67, 69–70, 74–77, 87, 96, 101–2, 107–10, 115, 128, 130–31, 135–36, 145, 151–52, 155, 156, 159–60, 254, 259, 262, 266–67, 276, 310, 319, 364–65, 375, 377–78, 378, 380, 386–89, 391, 394–95, 400, 401
“piercing the corporate veil” for, 54–56, 57, 59–60, 62, 66, 67–68, 74, 75, 87–88, 100, 101, 107, 145, 167–68, 273–75, 276, 364, 378, 381, 385–86
political influence of, xxii, 36, 73, 88–91, 119, 157, 191–93, 205–6, 208, 210, 211, 213, 215–17, 219, 222, 226–28, 251, 263–64, 270–72, 286–87, 305–23, 306, 368–69, 370–76, 385, 401
populist criticism of, 36–37, 40, 60, 62, 69, 74, 78–79, 90, 91, 91, 99, 101, 119–20, 134, 142, 158, 163, 165, 170, 198, 202–3, 210, 213–14, 217, 224, 228, 234, 280, 281, 286, 289, 298, 320, 374–75, 389–94
as private entities, 48, 76, 78–79, 80, 85, 87, 128, 269–72, 393, 400
profits of, xxii, xxiii, 4, 6, 7, 14, 15, 17–19, 21, 26–27, 35, 39, 48, 95, 155, 158, 163, 244–48, 280, 294, 308, 388, 401
property rights of, xx, 4, 12, 14–15, 18, 21, 23, 44–45, 49, 50, 78, 82, 84, 86, 87, 88, 95–97, 106, 118–19, 123, 138, 144–48, 165, 168, 180, 182–88, 192, 220–22, 224, 228, 231, 234, 243, 244, 251, 254, 255, 261, 266–72, 306–7, 310, 319–20, 359, 369, 392–94, 399, 400, 401
as public entities, 76, 82, 85–86, 87, 95–97, 245–48
public opinion on, xvi, xvii, xviii, xxi, 85–86, 88, 93, 95–97, 127, 194–97, 197, 202–6, 217, 219, 263–64, 359–60, 364, 394–95