by Adam Winkler
Ten Commandments, The (film), 330
Tennessee, 124
Terry, David, 137–38
tetracycline, 291–92
Texaco, 393
Texas, 202, 209
Texas, University of, Law School of, 341
Texas and Pacific Railroad, 242
textbooks, 237, 286, 386
Thanksgiving, 17
think tanks, 302, 303
Thirteenth Amendment, 159, 267
Thomas, Clarence, 350, 356, 358, 363, 363
“Three Musketeers,” 251, 252–53, 254
Tilden, Samuel J., 148
Tillman, Benjamin “Pitchfork Ben,” 217–19
Tillman Act (1907), 218–19, 220, 223, 227, 238, 315–16, 317, 321, 324, 362, 368–69, 371, 401
Time, 280, 289
tobacco industry, xxi, 14–15, 18, 161–69, 162, 170, 171, 173–75, 185, 189, 191, 202, 213, 279–83, 287–89, 295, 298, 299, 303, 321
Tobacco Trust, 161–63, 162, 170, 173, 175, 185, 189, 191, 298, 303
Tokyo Rose, 367
toll bridges, 35–36, 95–97
“too big to fail” firms, 359–60
“total attack” program, 304
trade, 97–103, 170–71, 298, 305–23, 359–60, 385
transcontinental railroad, 142
treason, 51, 164
Treasury Department, US, 93–94
Treatise on the Law of Corporations, A, (Field), 51
Trenton riots (1968), 349
trials, xvi, 23, 24, 121, 164, 172–73, 282, 283, 359, 369, 400
Tribe, Laurence, 347
Tribune Tower, 241–42
trucking companies, 275–76
Trump, Donald, 327
trusts, 157, 161–62, 169, 171, 177, 179, 185, 189, 196–97, 197, 202–3, 218, 282, 298, 320, 382
see also monopolies
Tutankhamen, 167
Twain, Mark, 155
Twenty-Eighth Amendment, 375–76
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (Verne), 139
ultra vires (“beyond the power”), 49
“umpire” analogy, 139, 298, 356, 388–89
“unalienable rights,” 28
unemployment rate, 118, 344
union dues, 331–32, 332
United Fruit Corp., 305
United Negro College Fund, 300
United States:
agriculture of, 40, 106, 118, 198
budget of, 213
citizenship of, 44, 53–54, 55, 57, 59, 60, 61, 65, 74, 97–103, 109–10, 115, 125, 128, 135–36, 254, 257–58, 265–67, 309, 368, 392
colonial period of, 3–19, 20, 24–25, 26, 28, 76, 270, 399–400
concentration of wealth in, 4, 40, 145, 196–97, 212–16, 285
corruption in, 36, 90–91, 103–4, 123, 129, 142, 149–50, 165, 173, 176, 196–97, 197, 202–8, 212 215–17, 226–27, 236, 286, 309, 314, 315–16, 320–23, 329, 361
currency of, 38
democratic system of, 5, 14, 15, 17, 18–19, 21–22, 31, 90–92, 101, 192, 212, 222, 232, 248, 249, 251, 252–55, 263, 293–94, 319, 320, 337, 356, 365–68, 374–75, 389–95
economy of, 25, 26, 38–39, 44, 69, 90, 93, 97–103, 117–18, 122, 140–41, 154, 163, 198, 233, 235, 256, 285, 308, 344, 359–60
federal government of, 177, 218, 240
immigration to, 153–54, 199, 232, 238, 239–40
industrialization of, 106, 117–18, 140–41, 213–14, 247
living standards in, 140
mass media in, 326–27, 360
national debt of, 25, 38–39, 70
national enterprises of, 35–36
northern states of, 40, 69, 90
partisan politics in, 94, 148, 208, 217–18, 302–4, 308–9, 326–28, 329
polarization in, 326–27
southern states of, 123–28, 131, 158, 159, 217–18, 256–75, 284, 327
territories of, 261
two-party system of, 36, 39, 40
unemployment rate in, 118, 344
United States Brewers Association, 223–26, 402
United States Court of Claims, 149–50
United States Reports, 149–53, 157, 231
United States v. Carolene Products Co., 231, 256, 264, 269, 276–77, 278
United States v. Cruikshank, 129
United States v. Reese, 129
United States v. United States Brewers Association, 223–26, 402
University of California v. Bakke, 277, 278
Unsafe at Any Speed (Nader), 285–86
unwritten rights, 182
US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, 137, 153–54
US District Court of New York, 263
U.S. Steel, xxi, 302, 304, 374
Utah, 261
Valentine, Lewis J., 293
Valentine v. Chrestensen, 292–93, 294, 295, 297, 402
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 121, 161, 181
Van Devanter, Willis, 251, 252
Verizon, 305
Vermont, 124, 375
Verne, Jules, 139
vetoes, 93
video-on-demand documentaries, 351–52
Vietnam War, 349
Virginia, 103–4, 260–62, 275, 284, 289, 290–300, 318
Virginia, University of, Law School of, 393
Virginia Company of London, 5–19, 12, 15, 26, 31, 63, 86, 90, 281, 391, 399
Virginia Massacre (1622), 18
Virginia Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, 290–300, 305, 310, 316, 317, 318, 319, 360, 365, 402
Virginia Supreme Court, 260, 261–62, 275
“visitatorial power,” 188
voluntary membership organizations, 333
vote counts, 338–40
voting, 22, 159, 197–98, 225–26, 260, 338–40, 368
wage levels, 245–46
Waite, Morrison, 113, 146–48, 147, 152–53, 154
Wall Street, 198, 200–201, 209–10
see also Great Wall Street Scandal (1905)
Wall Street Journal, 285, 383
Walmart, 386
war bonds, 300
war debt, 25, 70
War Department, US, 233
War of 1812, 70, 79, 90
“war of ideas,” 287–88, 302
warrants, arrest, 176, 189–90
Warren, Earl, xx, 256, 273, 276–77, 281, 289, 314, 322–23, 393
Warren, Samuel, 211
Warren Bridge Co., 95–97
Warren court, xx, 256, 273, 276–77, 281, 289, 314, 393
Washington, Booker T., 218, 222
Washington, D.C., 57–58
Washington, George, 5, 38, 39, 52
Washington Post, 300, 374
Watchtower, 268–72
Watergate scandal, 328, 333–37
water rights, 389–94
Waxman, Seth, 346
Webb-Kenyon Act (1913), 223
Webster, Charles, 349
Webster, Daniel, xxii, 70–84, 72, 80, 88–108, 89, 98, 114, 121, 127, 132, 145, 154, 181, 184, 187, 245, 262, 270, 278, 305, 344, 386, 387, 392, 400
Weisman, Robert, 300
welfare programs, 304
Wells Fargo, 39
West, Francis, 16
West, Thomas (Lord de la Warr), 8–15, 8, 12, 16, 399
Western Tradition Partnership, 372–73
Western Turf Association, 220–21, 259
Western Turf Association v. Greenberg, 220–21, 259, 264, 401
Western Union, 242
West Virginia, 375
West Wing, 203
whale oil, 141
Wheeler, Henry A., 302–3, 304
Wheelock, Eleazar, 76–77, 82, 89
Wheelock, John, 77
Whig Party, 36, 71, 90
White, Byron “Whizzer,” 296, 297–98, 312, 313, 315, 316–17, 318
White, Edward, 182
White House, 203, 327
White House Travel Office investigation, 327
white supremacy, 126, 159, 257–62
Whitewater affair, 346
>
Who Rules Boston? (Hill), 305
Williams, Roger, 19
Wilmer Hale, 346
Wilson, James, 4, 5
Wilson, Woodrow, 211, 227, 228, 238, 240
Winthrop, John, 21–22, 23, 25, 207
Wirt, William, 80, 344
Wisconsin Right to Life, 338, 341, 347
Wither the Solid South? A Study in Politics and Race Relations (Collins), 158
witnesses, 24, 164
women’s rights, xv, xvi, xvii, xviii, xxiv, 17, 23–24, 35, 64, 73, 314, 318, 320, 322, 350, 358, 360, 376, 379–82, 395
women’s suffrage, 320
Woods, William Burnham, 132, 152, 154
Woodward, William H., 77
working class, 198, 213–14, 385
working hours, 164, 180–81, 185, 320
workplace safety laws, 49, 99, 164
World War I, 232, 238, 239, 246
World War II, 281, 300, 331, 367
writs of attachment, 250
Yale, Elihu, 26, 382
Yale College, 4, 26
Yale Law Journal, 135
Yale Law School, 382–89, 384
Yale University, 318
yellow fever, 126–27
yellow journalism, 194–95, 241–42
yeoman farmers, 40
You Are There (TV show), 279
Zuccotti Park, 374–75
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
ADAM WINKLER is a professor at the University of California, Los Angeles School of Law. His scholarship has been cited by the Supreme Court of the United States on the constitutional rights of corporations and on the Second Amendment. His writing has appeared in the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, New Republic, Atlantic, Slate, and SCOTUSblog. Prior to joining the UCLA faculty, he clerked on the US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, practiced law in Los Angeles, and was a John M. Olin Fellow at the University of Southern California Law School’s Center in Law, Economics, and Organization. A graduate of the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service, he earned a law degree at New York University and a master’s in political science from UCLA. He lives in Los Angeles with his wife, daughter, and kitten.
OTHER WORKS BY
ADAM WINKLER
Gunfight: The Battle over the Right
to Bear Arms in America
Copyright © 2018 by Adam Winkler
All rights reserved
First Edition
For information about permission to reproduce selections from this book, write to
Permissions, Liveright Publishing Corporation, a division of W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.,
500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110
For information about special discounts for bulk purchases, please contact
W. W. Norton Special Sales at [email protected] or 800-233-4830
Book design by Barbara Bachman
Production manager: Lauren Abbate
JACKET DESIGN BY MILAN BOZIC
JACKET PHOTOGRAPH © T_KIMURA / GETTY IMAGES
The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows:
Names: Winkler, Adam, author.
Title: We the corporations : how American businesses won their civil rights / Adam Winkler.
Description: First edition. | New York : Liveright Publishing Corporation, a Division of
W. W. Norton & Co., 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017051893 | ISBN 9780871407122 (hardcover)
Subjects: LCSH: Civil rights of corporations—United States.
Classification: LCC KF1386.C58 W56 2018 | DDC 346.73/066—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017051893
ISBN 978-0-87140-384-1 (e-book)
Liveright Publishing Corporation, 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10110
www.wwnorton.com
W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., 15 Carlisle Street, London W1D 3BS