The Angel
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Granite II Improved plan, 163, 166, 174
H-hour for impending attack, 214–15, 225
October 8 counterattack, 235–36, 238
Operation Badr, 178–79
Operation 41, 155
Operation High Minarets, 155–56, 157, 174
Order of Battle of the, 41
Suez Canal crossing, 225, 226
Suez Canal crossing plans, 46, 55, 71, 73, 75, 100–101, 104–6, 155, 166, 177, 204, 205, 206
Tahrir exercises, 119–20, 191–92
at war, 217–36
War of Attrition strategy, 55–56
war preparations, 152–75
war preparations, final, 176–200
warnings and war, 194–218
Yom Kippur War, 217–36
Egyptian military secrets, Marwan’s access to, 40–41, 102–7
Egypt’s attack conditions, 111–14
Egypt’s battle plans, 71–73, 75, 101, 104–7, 119–20, 235–36
plans for Suez Canal crossing, 71, 73, 75, 100–101, 104–6, 155, 204
Egyptian National Assembly, 135
Egyptian-Soviet relations
“deterrent” weaponry for Egypt, 57, 58, 103, 104, 105, 114–15, 152, 153, 155, 165, 177
Sadat and, 103–5, 106, 108
Egypt’s involvement in war in Yemen (1962–67), 82, 135, 136
Eini, Freddy, 196–99, 215, 216, 219–20, 238, 239
Eitan, Rafael, 229
Elazar, David
Marwan’s war warnings, 160, 161, 162–63, 171, 172, 199, 206, 207–9
and Yom Kippur War, 220–22, 223–24, 225–26, 227, 239
Elizabeth, queen of England, 298
El-Tahri, Jihan, 294
El-Leithy, Nassif, 87, 89, 321–322
Eshkol, Levi, 44, 47–48
Eyal, Shmuel, 34–35, 36–37
Fahmi, Ismail, 245, 246, 248, 255, 260
Faisal, King, 98, 135, 136, 137, 149, 180, 203, 243–44
Fakhri, Mohammed, 9
Farid, Abdel Majid, 20
Farouk, King, 7, 11, 81
Fawzi, Mohamed, 58, 85
Fayed, Ali al-, 275–77
Fayed, Dodi al-, 274
Fayed, Mohamed al-, 254, 274–79, 308
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 28
Fiumicino International Airport, Rome, 184–85, 187
France
central French intelligence agency, 250–51
Egypt’s purchase of aircraft from, 116–18, 144, 149
French embargo on conflict states, 117
Mirage fighters via Libya, 149, 165, 174, 177, 257, 261
Fraser, Hugh, 272
Free Officers Movement, 8, 16, 81
Freedom of Information Act, 312
Gaddafi, Muammar, 69, 117, 140–41, 143, 248, 280
date of planned attack kept secret from, 203–4
and downing of Libyan aircraft Flight 114, 182–84
Marwan and, 97–98, 194, 243
and Marwan’s death, 308, 319
and Sadat’s decision to go to war, 243
Galili, Yisrael, 105, 108, 130, 131, 160, 172
Gamasy, Mohamed Abdel Ghani el-, 154, 165, 263
Gandhi, Indira, 12
Geneva Peace Conference (1973), 243
George Washington University, National Security Archive, 312
Gil, Yehuda, 284
Gilboa, Amos, 120, 323
Golan Heights
battle for, 228–31, 232
Egyptian-Syrian war preparations for, 155–56, 157, 166, 168–69, 172, 177–79, 181, 190–91, 192, 208–9
and end of Yom Kippur War, 244
Gomaa, Shaarawy, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 97
Gonen, Shmuel, 223, 224–27, 234–35
Gordievsky, Oleg, 249–50
Goren, Shmuel
and Marwan’s expenses, 124–25
and Marwan’s handler, 58–59
and recruitment of Marwan, 35–36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42–43, 48–49
Greene, Graham, 284
Griffiths, John, 280–81
Guillaume, Günter, 101–2
Haaretz newspaper, 292, 293, 306
Habib, Al-Sawy, 77–78
Hafez, Abdel Halim, 16
Hafez, Fawzi Abdel, 147, 299
Halevy, Efraim, 107, 108, 285, 286–87
Hamamsi, Jalal al-Din al-, 138, 146
Hanssen, Robert, 28
Harari, Mike, 187
Harel, Isser, 47
Harkabi, Yehoshafat, 213
Harrods affair, 272, 273–74, 276, 277, 281, 298
Hassan, Mansour, 139
Heath, Edward, 273
Heikal, Mohamed Hassannein, 19, 86, 137, 200, 318, 319, 320
Heliopolis Sporting Club, 9, 13
Helms, Richard, 107, 108
Hezbollah, 27
Hindi, Amin al-, 185–88
History of Israel (Bregman), 295
Hoarau, Gérard, 279
Hod, Moti, 181
Hofi, Yitzhak, 190, 223, 265, 266, 267, 284
Hosny, Soad, 322–23
House of Fraser affair, 272–74, 275, 276–78, 281
Hussein, King, 76, 78, 139, 140, 150, 161
and Syrian war deployment, 190, 191
Hussein, Saddam, 247
ideology, for acts of treason, 27–28
Idris, King, 97
In Search of Identity (A. Sadat), 88
Institute of Directors building, London, 300, 301
Intelligence and National Security journal, 293
Iran, and Kurdish rebellion, 247
Iran, shah of, 247
Iraq
fall of monarchy in, 76
1974 Kurdish revolt in, 246–47
Islamism, 31
Ismail, Ahmad, 26
Ismail Ali, Ahmad, 142, 143, 146, 163
Israel
in aftermath of Yom Kippur War, 241
Black September plot against, 184–88
Blue-White Alert, 172–73, 176
Coca-Cola and Arab boycott, 253
and conclusion of Yom Kippur War, 243–44
and downing of Libyan aircraft Flight 414, 181–84
Israeli intelligence reports to US, 107, 108–9, 110–11
and 1972 Munich Olympics massacre, 184–85
shifting relations between Egyp t and, 264
territorial gains after war, 241
US sale of F-4 Phantoms to, 108
in War of Attrition, 55–56, 57
Israel Defense Forces (IDF), 68, 74
armored tank divisions, 224–26, 227, 228–31, 232
in battle for Golan Heights, 228–31, 232
“The Campus,” 220
and cease-fire negotiations, 241
counterattack, 235–36, 238
in counteroffensive in Sinai, 239–40
Dovecote defense plan, 225–27
Marwan’s initial contact with military attaché, 34–35
military defeat at Suez Canal at the beginning of the Yom Kippur War, 224–27
and Suez Canal issue, 57, 86
in War of Attrition, 55
Zamir and, 44, 46, 47
See also Military Intelligence (MI), IDF
Israeli Air Force (IAF), 112, 113
air superiority, 56, 57
and Egypt’s war plans, 116, 119, 178
French aircraft for, 116–17
SA-7 Strela antiaircraft missiles for, 187
Israeli Air Force Intelligence, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65
Israeli embassy, London, 32, 33–35, 56, 125, 216–17
Israeli embassy, Washington, DC, 36
Israel’s Wars, 1947–93 (Bregman), 294–95
Italy
Black September plot against Israel, 184–88
Italian intelligence, 150
Jackson, Henry “Scoop,” 136
Jahani, Tawfik al-, 228
Jalloud, Abdessalam, 98, 134, 140–44
Jordan, relations between Egypt and, 245
Kabir, Mubarak al-, 22
Kahana, Ephraim, 293
Kaniazer, Zusia, 61, 123
Karmi, Eitan, 233
Katz, Shmuel, 290
Kazakov, Vladimir, 249
Kennedy, John F., 37
Khashoggi, Adnan, 139, 274, 278
Khashoggi, Essam, 139, 274
Khashoggi, Samira, 274
“Khotel” (general code name for Marwan) reports, 74, 131–32, 171
Khrushchev, Nikita, 28, 30
Kissinger, Henry
in aftermath of Yom Kippur War, 241, 242, 243–45
in Egyptian-American relations, 136, 152, 153, 161, 246–47, 248, 250, 252
in Israeli-American relations, 110
and Marwan,244–45, 248, 255
Meir’s meeting with Nixon and, 107–8
kontzeptzia (Concept), Israeli, 111, 116, 118, 153, 157–58, 159, 162, 164, 170, 171, 175, 289, 325
Kosygin, Alexei, 241
Kroft, Steve, 5
Kulthum, Umm, 16–17
Kurdish rebellion, 247
Kuwait
the Al-Sabahs, 22–25
oil production between Saudi Arabia and, 135
Langotsky, Yossi, 337
le Carré, John, 52, 284
Levran, Aharon, 120–21, 123, 190
Libya
downing of Libyan aircraft Flight 414, 182–84
French Mirage fighters from, 149, 165, 174, 177, 257, 261
Marwan as Sadat’s liaison to, 133, 184, 243
Marwan’s relations with, 134, 140–44, 149, 184–88, 194
Sadat in Libyan-Egyptian relations, 140–44, 183–84, 243
Libyan air force, 117
Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 414 crash, 181–84
Lior, Israel, 108, 199, 219, 220
London and Rhodesian Mining and Land Company (Lonrho), 270–71, 272, 273, 275, 276
London, England
House of Fraser affair, 272–74, 275, 276–78, 281
Marwan’s London exchange stock purchases, 148, 149
Marwan’s relocation to, 21–25, 269–74
Machel, Samora, 252
Malhin, Zvi, 215
Mandler, Albert, 224–25, 227
Manhattan Project, 27–28
Mansour, Anis, 83
Mansour, Hassan, 139
Marei, Sayed, 95
Marenches, Alexandre de, 250–51
Margalit, Dan, 296
Marwan, Abu al-Wafa (father), 7–8, 14, 146
Marwan, Ashraf “the Angel”
and the Al-Sabahs, 22–25
alleged academic achievements, 253–54
Blackhurst and, 279–80
business acquisitions, 270–74, 282, 283–84
chemistry degree, 9, 41
childhood and early years, 7–9
death, 123, 297, 301–4, 307–17
declining health, 287, 288, 299
early income, 20
Egypt and Marwan’s death, 317–25
final moments in life of, 300–301, 305
funeral of, 1–3, 4, 323
gambling, 22, 23, 25, 32
and House of Fraser affair, 272–74, 275, 276, 277, 278, 281, 283
marital problems, 129
marriage, 15–18
memoir, 311–16
murder theories, 307–16
planned trip to US, 300, 305, 312
relocation to London, 21–25, 268, 269–74
retirement, 288–89
return to Egypt, 25
secrecy after death of, 324–25
in Shazly crisis, 26
60 Minutes episode on, 5
suicide suspicions, 303, 304–7
Ubichem ownership, 298–301
unreliability of, 280–81
wealth from business transactions, 269–70, 282–83
Marwan, Ashraf “the Angel,” acts of treason, 27, 100–132, 144–51
access to Egypt’s military secrets, 40–41, 71–73, 75, 101, 102–32, 157–75
“the Angel” code name, 54
and Black September plot against Israel, 184–88
code names in the Mossad, 53–54
complaints about, 148
corruption and scandals, 98, 138–39, 146–47, 148, 149
declining status with the Mossad, 263–67
double-agency suspicions, 3–4, 49, 68, 73, 121, 123, 202–3, 237, 263, 289–90, 293–94, 295, 296, 310, 314–15, 318
ends relationship with the Mossad, 286–87
financial opportunities and social circles, 137–40
identity as Mossad spy, 4, 289–97, 309, 310–11, 316–17, 319, 320
income and compensation, 51–52, 58, 124–25, 144, 146, 236, 252, 265–66
and Israel’s military intelligence, 59–75
known as Babel in the press, 310–11, 317–18
“Khotel” reports 74, 131–32, 171
London exchange stock purchase, 148, 149
and May 1971 conspiracy against Sadat, 88–91
and the Mossad, 29, 30, 32, 33–44, 48–54, 150–51
Mossad code name for, 53–54
Mossad handling of, 52–53, 57, 58, 64, 66–70, 124–30
Mossad’s first meeting with, 55–60, 100
motives for becoming a spy, 29–32, 150–51, 266–67
Nasser’s death and, 79–80
order to eliminate, 4–5
and other foreign intelligence agencies, 150–51
as presidential secretary, 96–99
real estate ventures, 138–39, 149, 252–53
recruitment by the Mossad, 36–44, 48–54
relationship with Sadat, 80–81
relations with Libya, 134, 140–44, 149, 184, 194, 243
relations with Saudi Arabia, 98, 134, 137–40
report on Sadat’s war intentions, 1, 240–41, 242
reports on Egypt’s war preparations, 157–75, 176–77, 179–81, 188–89, 194–97
reports on Soviet weaponry for Egypt, 103–4, 114–15
revelations about espionage career, 289–97
rise and fall of, 237–68
risk-taking and recklessness of, 125–27
on Sadat’s military strategy, 57, 58
warnings and war, 194–205, 209–15, 220–21, 222, 227–28, 232–36
warnings on Sadat’s readiness for war, 158–75, 176, 179–81
wealth, accumulated, 149, 252–53, 282–83
weapons acquisitions from Arab states, 149
Marwan, Ashraf “the Angel,” under Nasser
contentious relationship with Nasser, 19–20, 25, 30
employment in President’s Office, 18, 19–20
marriage to Nasser’s daughter, 15–18
in Shazly crisis, 26
Marwan, Ashraf “the Angel,” under Sadat
alliance with Sadat, 92–96
appointed as Sadat’s personal liaison, 133
appointed to manage Arab affairs, 246–47
chairman of AOI, 254, 256–60
and Corrective Revolution, 88–91
depiction as spy for CIA, 248–49, 252
end of political career, 254–56
KGB’s plots against, 248–50
out of Sadat’s inner circle, 249, 252
as presidential secretary, 96–99
President’s Office director general, 92, 93
Republic of Egypt medal, 263
Sadat’s death, 268
Sadat’s dismissal of Marwan from President’s Office, 249
as Sadat’s liaison for Libyan and Saudi affairs, 133, 184, 237–38, 243
as Sadat’s liaison for Syrian affairs, 243–44
Safari Club involvement, 251–52
on secret missions for Sadat, 243–44
as secretary to the president of the republic for foreign relations, 245–46
Marwan, Azza (sister), 8, 13, 305
Marwan, Gamal (son), 3, 19–20, 22
Marwan, Hani (brother), 3
Marwan, Mona Abdel Nasser
(wife), 185, 201, 284
at Al-Ahram, 18, 20
attraction to Marwan, 13–15
childhood and early years, 10–11, 12, 13
loyalty to Marwan, 96, 145
marriage to Marwan, 15–18
and Marwan’s death, 305, 308–10
and Marwan’s funeral, 1, 2, 3
relationship with her father over Marwan, 25, 30, 79, 94
relocation to London, 21–25
Sadat and, 258, 262, 268
and Ubichem, 299–300
Marwan, Mona (sister), 8
Marwan, Muhammad Ahmed (grandfather), 7
Marwan clan, 7
Masiri, Ahmad al-, 147–48, 256
Meir, Golda, 58
and Egypt’s war preparations, 159–60, 161, 162, 170–71, 192, 199, 200
and Israeli intelligence reports to US, 107, 108–9, 110–11
and Marwan’s expenses, 124
and Marwan’s reports, 74, 130, 131, 132
meeting with Nixon and Kissinger, 107
quest for peace, 244–45
and Sadat’s talks in Moscow, 105, 107
and Suez Canal issue, 57
and Syrian war deployment, 190
warnings and war, 199, 200, 207–8, 219, 223–24, 235, 239, 240, 241, 242, 315
Zamir and, 48
Meir, Gita, 63, 65, 69
Meir, Meir, 60–75, 164
and Egypt’s war plans, 106, 119
meetings/discussions with Marwan, 100–101, 103, 104, 113, 126
Melman, Yossi, 290
Middle East, Soviet influence in, 250–52
Military Intelligence (MI), IDF, 85, 101
Alert Level 3, 206, 208, 210
ascertaining Marwan’s worth as spy, 61–63, 65
assessment of Egyptian-Soviet relations, 105–6
Blue-White Alert, 172–73, 176
cooperation between Mossad and, 59–60
dismissal of Egypt’s war preparations, 157–75, 178, 188–89, 191–92, 197
Dovecote defense plan, 225–27
and Egypt’s attack plans, 109, 111, 116, 119–20
and Egypt’s impending attack, 179, 192–93
and Egypt’s shift in war plans, 116
and handling of Marwan’s intelligence reports, 130–32
intelligence failures, 118, 203
Intelligence Unit 11, 59
Intelligence Unit 848 (Sigint), 119, 191, 192, 193, 209–210
“Khotel” reports, 74, 131–32, 171, 189
kontzeptzia (Concept), 111, 116, 118, 153, 157–58, 159, 162, 164, 170, 171, 175, 289, 325
Marwan’s access to Egypt’s military secrets, 71–73, 75, 101, 102–32
Marwan’s contribution to, 118–19
and Marwan’s cooperation with, 59–60, 70–75
MI-Research and Marwan’s reports, 130–32
MI-Research Branch 3 (Great Powers), 193
MI-Research Branch 5 (Syria), 193
MI-Research Branch 6 (Egypt), 60, 61, 63, 65, 66, 73, 82, 106, 121, 123, 129, 164, 170, 193, 222
Night of the Ducks incident, 213, 215