by Jemar Tisby
44. Blum and Harvey, The Color of Christ, 208.
45. Blum and Harvey, The Color of Christ, 210.
46. Blum and Harvey, The Color of Christ, 215.
47. Angela D. Dillard, “Religion and Radicalism: The Reverend Albert B. Cleage, Jr., and the Rise of Black Christian Nationalism in Detroit,” Freedom North: Black Freedom Struggles Outside the South, 1940–1980, ed. Jeanne Theoharis and Komozi Woodard (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 153.
48. Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, “The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past,” Journal of American History 91, no. 4 (March 2005): 1234.
49. Taylor Branch, The King Years: Historic Moments in the Civil Rights Movement (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013), 40.
50. Curtis J. Evans, “White Evangelical Protestant Responses to the Civil Rights Movement,” Harvard Theological Review 102, no. 2 (April 2009): 258.
51. See Christin Scheller, “Billy Graham Helped Give White Evangelicals a Pass on Civil Rights,” Religion News Service, March 1, 2018, https://religionnews.com/2018/03/01/billy-graham-helped-give-white-evangelicals-a-pass-on-civil-rights-scholars/. Portions of this section originally appeared in my article in The Washington Post, “Why So Many White Churches Resisted Martin Luther King Jr.’s Call,” January 15, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2018/01/15/why-so-many-white-churches-resistedmartin-luther-king-jr-s-call/?utm_term=.502d7275b45a.
52. Curtis W. Freeman, “ ‘Never Had I been So Blind’ W. A. Criswell’s ‘Change’ on Racial Segregation,” Journal of Southern Religion 10 (2007): 1.
53. Edward Gilbreath, “Catching Up with a Dream: Evangelicals and Race 30 Years After the Death of Martin Luther King, Jr.” Christianity Today, January 1, 2000, https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2000/januaryweb-only/15.0b.html.
CHAPTER 9: ORGANIZING THE RELIGIOUS RIGHT AT THE END OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
1. Michael Oreskes, “Lee Atwater, Mast of Tactics for Bush and G.O.P., Dies at 40,” The New York Times. March 30, 1991.
2. Oreskes, “Lee Atwater.”
3. Rick Perlstein, “Lee Atwater’s Infamous 1981 Interview on the Southern Strategy,” The Nation, November 13, 2012, https://www.thenation.com/article/exclusive-lee-atwaters-infamous-1981-interview-southern-strategy/.
4. Perlstein, “Lee Atwater’s Infamous 1981 Interview.”
5. Glenda E. Gilmore and Thomas J. Sugrue, These United States: A Nation in the Making, 1890 to the Present (New York: Norton, 2015), 549.
6. David W. Bebbington, Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s (London: Routledge, 1989).
7. Hannah Butler and Kristin Du Mez, “The Reinvention of ‘Evangelical’ in American History: A Linguistic Analysis,” The Anxious Bench (blog), May 31, 2018, http://www.patheos.com/blogs/anxiousbench/2018/05/the-reinvention-of-evangelical-in-american-history-a-linguistic-analysis/.
8. J. Brooks Flippen, Jimmy Carter, the Politics of Family, and the Rise of the Religious Right, Since 1970: Histories of Contemporary America (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011).
9. Gary Wills, “ ‘Born-Again’ Politics,” New York Times, August 1, 1976, https://www.nytimes.com/1976/08/01/archives/born-again-politics-born-again.html.
10. Lisa McGirr, Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001).
11. Daniel K. Williams, God’s Own Party: The Making of the Christian Right (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 4–6.
12. William Martin, A Prophet with Honor: The Billy Graham Story, rev. ed. (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2018), 212.
13. Martin, A Prophet with Honor, 356.
14. Martin, A Prophet with Honor, 102; Lyman Kellstedt et al. “Faith Transformed: Religion and American Politics from FDR to George W. Bush,” in Religion and American Politics from the Colonial Period to the Present, ed. Mark Noll and Luke E. Harlow (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 272–73.
15. Rick Perlstein, Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America (New York: Scribner, 2008), loc. 2666, Kindle.
16. Ian Haney-Lopez, Dog-Whistle Politics: How Coded Racial Appeals Have Reinvented Racism and Wrecked the Middle Class (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 1.
17. Elizabeth Hinton, From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016), 2–5. Hinton argues that the trend toward a more punitive criminal justice system began under Lyndon B. Johnson with the passage of the Law Enforcement Assistance Act of 1965. John Pfaff makes the point that the uptick in US incarceration rates had much more to do with harsher attitudes and practices at the local and state level rather than the federal level. Pfaff, Locked In: The True Causes of Mass Incarceration and How to Achieve Real Reform (New York: Basic Books, 2017), 5–7, 26–30. Also see Anthony Bradley, Ending Overcriminalization and Mass Incarceration: Hope from a Civil Society (Cambridge University Press, 2018).
18. Matthew Lassiter, The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 2006), 3–10. Lassiter argues that a top-down “Southern strategy” thesis is incorrect. It was instead a suburban or “Sunbelt strategy” that spanned regions far beyond the South and was constructed by grassroots organizers, not federal-level politicians.
19. Lassiter, The Silent Majority, 3–10.
20. Haney-Lopez, Dog-Whistle Politics, 1.
21. Darren Dochuk, From Bible Belt to Sunbelt: Plain-Folk Religion, Grassroots and the Rise of Conservative Evangelicalism (New York: Norton, 2012), 329.
22. For more on the conservative suburban ethos, see especially Lassiter, The Silent Majority.
23. Dochuk, From Bible Belt to Sunbelt, xviii.
24. Dochuk, From Bible Belt to Sunbelt, xiii.
25. McGirr, Suburban Warriors, 3.
26. McGirr, Suburban Warriors, 6.
27. Williams, God’s Own Party, 99.
28. Haney-Lopez, Dog-Whistle Politics, 24.
29. Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, rev. ed. (New York: New Press, 2012), 44.
30. Kellstedt et al., “Faith Transformed,” 272–73.
31. Lassiter, The Silent Majority, 4.
32. See Thomas Kidd, “Were Evangelicals Really Silent about Roe v. Wade?,” Gospel Coalition, September 25, 2018, https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/evangelical-history/evangelicals-really-silent-roe-v-wade/.
33. “Resolution on Abortion,” St. Louis, MO, 1971, http://www.sbc.net/resolutions/13/resolution-on-abortion.
34. Steven P. Miller, Billy Graham and the Rise of the Republican South (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009), 54.
35. David Roach, “How Southern Baptists Became Pro-Life,” Baptist Press, January 16, 2015, http://www.bpnews.net/44055/how-southern-baptists-became-prolife.
36. Randall Balmer, “The Real Origins of the Religious Right,” Politico Magazine, May 27, 2014, https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/05/religious-right-real-origins-107133.
37. Green v. Connally, section 1, June 30, 1971. Available online at http://dc.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.19710630_0000050.DDC.htm/qx.
38. Balmer, “The Real Origins of the Religious Right.”
39. JBHE Foundation, “Bob Jones University Apologizes for Its Racist Past,” Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, no. 62 (Winter, 2008/2009): 22–23.
40. George Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 4.
41. Sean M. Lucas, For a Continuing Church: The Roots of the Presbyterian Church in America (Phillipsburg, NJ: R&R Publishing, 2015), 321.
42. Lucas, For a Continuing Church, 321.
43. Lelia C. Albrecht, “Should a Discriminatory School Be Tax-Free? Reagan Says Yes, Then No; Bob Jones Cries Foul,” People Magazine, February 15, 1982, https://people.com/archive/should-a-discriminatory-school-be-tax-free-reagan-says-y
es-then-no-bob-jones-cries-foul-vol-17-no-6/.
44. Albrecht, “Should a Discriminatory School Be Tax-Free?”
45. JBHE Foundation, “Bob Jones University Apologizes for Its Racist Past,” 23.
46. JBHE Foundation, “Bob Jones University Apologizes for Its Racist Past,” 23.
47. Frances Fitzgerald, The Evangelicals: The Struggle to Shape America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017), 304.
48. Frederick Lane, The Court and the Cross: The Religious Right’s Crusade to Reshape the Supreme Court (Boston: Beacon, 2008), 44.
49. Lane, The Court and the Cross, 44.
50. “Rise of the Religious Right 1 of 2,” and “Rise of the Religious Right 2 of 2,” videos, posted by PlanoProf, April 16, 2015, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqE6WnIc8Rw, and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3WsREKJCx2s.
51. Randall Balmer, “God in America,” interview by PBS, May 10, 2010, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/godinamerica/interviews/randall-balmer.html.
52. Angela Fritz, “Moral Majority,” in Religion and Politics in America: An Encyclopedia of Church and State in American Life, 2 vols., ed. Frank J. Smith (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2016), 496.
53. Ronald Reagan, “National Affairs Campaign Address on Religious Liberty,” speech, August 22, 1980, Dallas, Texas.
54. Williams, God’s Own Party, 187.
55. Fitzgerald, The Evangelicals, 317.
56. John Dittmer, Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1994), 247.
57. Joseph Crespino, In Search of Another Country: Mississippi and the Conservative Counterrevolution (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), 1.
58. Joseph Crespino, “Civil Rights and the Religious Right,” Rightward Bound: Making America Conservative in the 1970s, ed. Bruce J. Schulman and Julian E. Zelizer (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 104.
59. Seven R. Weisman, “Reagan Acts to Bar Tax Break to Schools in Racial Bias Cases,” New York Times, January 19, 1982, https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/19/us/reagan-acts-to-bar-tax-break-to-schools-in-racial-bias-cases.html.
60. Alexander, The New Jim Crow, 49. See also Kenneth Neubeck and Noel Cazenave, Welfare Racism: Playing the Race Card Against America’s Poor (New York: Rutledge, 2001).
61. Haney-Lopez, Dog-Whistle Politics, 52.
62. Leah Wright Rigueur, The Loneliness of the Black Republican: Politics and the Pursuit of Power (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016), 284–85.
63. Paul Harvey, Freedom’s Coming: Religious Culture and the Shaping of the South from the Civil War through the Civil Rights Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), 235. For a discussion of how anticommunist sentiment affected the civil rights movement, see Robert Korstad, Civil Rights Unionism: Tobacco Workers and the Struggle for Democracy in the Mid-Twentieth-Century South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003).
64. Harvey, Freedom’s Coming, 246.
65. James German, “Economy,” in Themes in Religion and American Culture, ed. Philip Goff and Paul Harvey (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 289.
66. Jerry Falwell, Listen, America! (New York: Doubleday, 1980), 13.
67. Fitzgerald, The Evangelicals, 306.
CHAPTER 10: RECONSIDERING RACIAL RECONCILIATION IN THE AGE OF BLACK LIVES MATTER
1. “Resolution on Racial Reconciliation on the 150th Anniversary of the Southern Baptist Convention,” SBC.net, Atlanta, GA, June 1995, http://www.sbc.net/resolutions/899/resolution-on-racial-reconciliation-on-the-150th-anniversary-of-the-southern-baptist-convention.
2. Laurie Goodstein, “A Marriage Gone Bad, Struggles for Redemption,” New York Times, October 29, 1997, https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/29/us/a-marriage-gone-bad-struggles-for-redemption.html.
3. “PK History,” PromiseKeepers.org, https://promisekeepers.org/pk-history.
4. Gayle White, “Clergy Conference Stirs Historic Show of Unity,” Christianity Today, April 8, 1996, https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/1996/april8/6t4088.html.
5. Bob Smietana, “Research: Racial Diversity at Church More Dream Than Reality,” LifeWay Research, January 17, 2014, https://lifewayresearch.com/2014/01/17/research-racial-diversity-at-church-more-dream-than-reality/.
6. Christopher Dean Hopkins, “9 Dead in Shooting at Charleston, S.C., Church,” NPR, June 18, 2015, https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/06/18/415345850/reports-eight-dead-in-shooting-at-charleston-s-c-church.
7. Michael O. Emerson and Christian Smith, Divided by Faith: Evangelical Religion and the Problem of Race in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 9.
8. Emerson and Smith, Divided by Faith, 75.
9. Emerson and Smith, Divided by Faith, 76–77.
10. Emerson and Smith, Divided by Faith, 77.
11. Emerson and Smith, Divided by Faith, 78.
12. Emerson and Smith, Divided by Faith, 79.
13. Emerson and Smith, Divided by Faith, 78.
14. Michael O. Emerson and J. Russel Hawkins, “Viewed in Black and White: Conservative Protestantism, Racial Issues, and Oppositional Politics,” in Religion and American Politics: From the Colonial Period to the Present, ed. Mark A. Noll and Luke E. Harlow, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 335.
15. Linda Steiner and Silvio Waisbord, eds., News of Baltimore: Race, Rage and the City (New York: Rutledge, 2017), 123.
16. John H. Richardson, “The Quote That Should End the Trayvon Trial,” Esquire, June 24, 2013, https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/news/a23217/trayvon-martin-trial-quote-police-interview/.
17. “Big Racial Divide over Zimmerman Verdict,” Pew Research, July 22, 2013, http://www.people-press.org/2013/07/22/big-racial-divide-over-zimmerman-verdict/.
18. “Department of Justice Report Regarding the Criminal Investigation into the Shooting Death of Michael Brown by Ferguson, Missouri Police Officer Darren Wilson,” Department of Justice, March 4, 2015, pp. 5–8.
19. Dashiell Bennett and Russell Berman, “No Indictment,” The Atlantic, November 24, 2014, https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/11/ferguson-verdict-grand-jury/383130/.
20. Soong-Chan Rah, Prophetic Lament: A Call for Justice in Troubled Times (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2015), 21.
21. Rah, Prophetic Lament, 44.
22. Carol Kuruvilla, “Rapper Has Choice Words for Christians Who Don’t Want Him to Talk About Race,” Huffington Post, July 12, 2016, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/lecrae-rapper-christian-black-lives-matter_us_5783ff28e4b0344d51508a2e.
23. Joey Butler (@rapidcop109), “#Pray4Police,” Twitter, November 24, 2014, reply to Lecrae (@lecrae), “Praying for #Ferguson, https://twitter.com/lecrae/status/537064378638422016.
24. Lecrae Moore, “The Pains of Humanity Have Been Draining Me,” Huffington Post, October 201, 2016, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/i-declare-black-lives-matter_us_5808be36e4b0dd54ce385412?ke5s3ye0cxmwmte29.
25. Thabiti Anyabwile, “I’m Happy to Talk with Dr. Phil,” The Gospel Coalition, February 11, 2016, https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/thabiti-anyabwile/im-happy-to-talk-with-dr-phil/.
26. Anyabwile, “I’m Happy to Talk with Dr. Phil.”
27. Michelle Higgins, Urbana 15, video, https://vimeo.com/150226527.
28. Mark Oppenheimer, “Some Evangelicals Struggle with Black Lives Matter Movement,” New York Times, January 22, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/23/us/some-evangelicals-struggle-with-black-lives-matter-movement.html.
29. “Black Lives Matter and Racial Tension in America,” Barna, May 5, 2016, https://www.barna.com/research/black-lives-matter-and-racial-tension-in-america/, italics original.
30. Elizabeth Dias, “The Evangelical Fight to Win Back California,” New York Times, May 27, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/27/us/politics/franklin-graham-evangelicals-california.html.
31. John Fea, “The Court Evangelicals,” The Way of Improvement Leads Home
(blog), May 6, 2017, https://thewayofimprovement.com/2017/05/06/the-court-evangelicals/.
32. David A. Fahrenthold, “Trump Recorded Having Extremely Lewd Conversation about Women in 2005,” Washington Post, October 8, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-recorded-having-extremely-lewd-conversation-about-women-in-2005/2016/10/07/3b9ce776-8cb4-11e6-bf8a-3d26847eeed4_story.html?utm_term=.a519eadf4e0f.
33. Josh Gerstein, “FBI Releases Files on Trump Apartments’ Race Probe in ’70s,” Politico, February 15, 2017, https://www.politico.com/blogs/under-the-radar/2017/02/trump-fbi-files-discrimination-case-235067.
34. Sarah Burns, “Why Trump Doubled Down on the Central Park Five,” New York Times, October 17, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/18/opinion/why-trump-doubled-down-on-the-central-park-five.html.
35. “Donald Trump on a Potential Presidential Run,” Today Show, New York, NBC Universal, April 7, 2017, https://archives.nbclearn.com/portal/site/k12/browse/?cuecard=52817.
36. Michelle Ye Hee Lee, “Donald Trump’s False Comments Connecting Mexican Immigrants and Crime,” Washington Post, July 8, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2015/07/08/donald-trumps-false-comments-connecting-mexican-immigrants-and-crime/?utm_term=.f7e0feb508fb.
37. “ ‘Sh*thole Countries’ Respond to Trump’s Rhetoric,” CBS News, January 12, 2018, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-shthole-countries-response-from-haiti-africa-el-salvador/.
38. Dan Merica, “Trump Condemns ‘Hatred, Bigotry, and Violence on Many Sides’ in Charlottesville,” CNN, August 13, 2017, https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/12/politics/trump-statement-alt-right-protests/index.html.
39. Gregory A. Smith and Jessica Martinez, “How the Faithful Voted: A Preliminary 2016 Analysis,” Pew Research Center, November 9, 2016, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/09/how-the-faithful-voted-a-preliminary-2016-analysis/.
40. Gregory A. Smith, “Among White Evangelicals, Regular Churchgoers Are the Most Supportive of Trump,” Pew Research Center, April 26, 2017, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/26/among-white-evangelicals-regular-churchgoers-are-the-most-supportive-of-trump/.