TYRANNY
Nineteen cities are known to have experienced tyranny: Astakos, Gambrion, Gryneion/Gryneia, Halikarnassos, Halisarna, Henna, Herbita, Kindye, Kroton, Kyllandos, Myrina, Palaigambrion, Pantikapaion/Bosporos, Pergamon, Pherai, Sinope, Syangela, Syrakousai, Teuthrania. Thus 15 percent of the cities for which there is regime-type information experienced a tyranny.
Seven different regions contained at least one city governed by a tyranny: Akarnania, Aiolis and Southwestern Mysia, Karia, Sikelia, Italia and Kampania, Black Sea Area, Thessalia. Thus 18 percent of the regions contained at least one city governed by a tyranny.
KINGSHIP
Fourteen cities are known to have been governed by a king: Aiane, Amathous, Herbita, Idalion, Kourion, Kyrene, Lapethos, Marion, Nymphaion, Pantikapaion/Bosporos, Paphos, Salamis, Soloi, Tyritake. Thus 11 percent of the cities for which there is regime-type information were governed by a king.
Five regions contained at least one city governed by a king: Makedonia, Cyprus, Sikelia, Syria to the Pillars of Herakles, Black Sea Area. Thus 13 percent of the regions contained at least one city governed by a king.
DEMOCRACY
Fifty-one cities are known to have experienced democracy: Abdera, Akanthos, Amisos/Peiraieus, Andros, Amphipolis, Apollonia, Argos, Athenai, Chalkis, Chersonesos, Elis, Ephesos, Epidamnos/Dyrrhachion, Eretria, Erythrai, Herakleia (Pontica), Histiaia/Oreos, Ialysos, Istros, Kamiros, Karystos, Klazomenai, Kolophon, Korkyra, Kyme (in Aiolis), Kyrene, Kyzikos, Leontinoi, Leukas, Lindos, Mantinea, Megara, Mende, Mentapontion, Methymna, Miletos, Mytilene, Neapolis (Thrace: Strymon to Nexos), Paros, Plataiai, Samos, Sinope, Siphnos, Syrakousai, Taras, Tenos, Teos, Thasos, Thourioi, Torone, Zakynthos. Thus 40 percent of the cities for which we have regime-type information experienced a democracy.
Twenty-two different regions contained at least one democratically governed city: Thrace (Nestos-to-Hebros), Thrace (Axios to Strymon), Black Sea Area, the Aegean, the Adriatic, Argolis, Attika, Euboia, Elis, Ionia, Rhodos, Akarnania, Aiolis and Southwestern Mysia, Syria to the Pillars of Herakles, Propontic Coast of Asia Minor, Sikelia, Arkadia, Megaris-Korinthia-Sikyonia, Italia and Kampania, Lesbos, Boiotia. Thus 56 percent of the regions had at least one city that experienced a democracy.
FIRST HALF OF THE FOURTH CENTURY
There is regime-type information for 117 cities: Abydos, Agyrion, Aiane, Aigai, Aigeira, Aigina, Aigion, Akraiphia, Amathous, Ambrakia, Andros,
Amphipolis, Apollonia, Argos, Ascheion, Assos, Atarneus, Athenai, Barke, Beroia, Byzantion, Chaironeia, Chalkis, Chersonesos, Chios, Dyme, Elis, Engyon, Ephesos, Epidamnos/Dyrrhachion, Eretria, Erythrai, Euhesperides, Gambrion, Gergis, Gryneion/Gryneia, Haliartos, Halikarnassos, Halisarna, Helisson, Heraia, Herakleia (Pontica), Histiaia/Oreos, Hyettos, Idalion, Kalchedon, Katane, Kentoripa, Keryneia, Kindye, Klazomenai, Kolophon, Kopai, Korinthos, Korkyra, Koroneia, Kos, Kourion, Kyme (in Aiolis), Kyrene, Lampsakos, Lapethos, Larisa, Leontion, Lokroi, Mantinea, Marion, Massalia, Megale Polis, Megara, Messene/Ithome, Methymna, Miletos, Mylasa, Myrina, Mytilene, Oianthea, Olbia/Borysthenes, Olenos, Orchomenos, Pagasai, Palaigambrion, Pantikapaion/Bosporos, Paphos, Paros, Patrai, Pellene, Pergamon, Pharai, Pharsalos, Phelloe, Pherai, Phigaleia, Philippoi, Phleious, Rhodos, Rhypes, Salamis, Samos, Sigeion, Sikyon, Siphnos, Soloi, Sparta, Syrakousai, Tanagra, Taras, Tauromenion, Tegea, Teuthrania, Thasos, Thebai, Thespiai, Tritaia, Tyritake, Zakynthos, Zankle/Messana.
There is regime-type information for thirty-three (out of thirty-nine) different regions: Troas, Sikelia, Makedonia, Achaia, Saronic Gulf, Boiotia, Cyprus, Akarnania, the Aegean, Thrace (Axios to Strymon), the Adriatic, Argolis, Aiolis and Southwestern Mysia, Attika, Syria to the Pillars of Herakles, Propontic Thrace, Euboia, Black Sea Area, Ionia, Elis, Karia, Arkadia, Propontic Coast of Asia Minor, Megaris-Korinthis-Sikyonia, Thessalia, Italia and Kampania, Spain and France, Messenia, Lesbos, West Lokris, Thrace (Strymon to Nestos), Rhodos, Lakedaimon.
OLIGARCHY
Fifty-eight different cities are known to have experienced oligarchy: Abydos, Aigai, Aigeira, Aigina, Aigion, Akraiphia, Andros, Ascheion, Barke, Beroia, Byzantion, Chaironeia, Chios, Dyme, Elis, Epidamnos/Dyrrhachion, Erythrai, Euhesperides, Haliartos, Histiaia/Oreos, Hyettos, Keryneia, Kolophon, Kopai, Korinthos, Korkyra, Koroneia, Kos, Kyme (in Aiolis), Larisa, Leontion, Lokroi, Mantinea, Massalia, Megara, Miletos, Mytilene, Olenos, Orchomenos, Paros, Patrai, Pellene, Pharai, Pharsalos, Phelloe, Phleious, Rhodos, Rhypes, Samos, Sikyon, Siphnos, Tanagra, Tegea, Thasos, Thebai, Thespiai, Tritaia, Zakynthos. Thus 50 percent of the cities for which there is regime-type information experienced an oligarchy.
Twenty-two different regions contained at least one city governed by an oligarchy: Troas, Achaia, Saronic Gulf, Boiotia, the Aegean, Syria to the Pillars of Herakles, Makedonia, Propontic Thrace, Ionia, Elis, the Adriatic, Euboia, Megaris-Korinthia-Sikyonia, Akarnania, Aiolis and Southwestern Mysia, Thessalia, Italia and Kampania, Arkadia, Spain and France, Lesbos, Argolis, Rhodos. Thus 56 percent of the regions contained at least one city that was governed by an oligarchy.
TYRANNY
Thirty-seven cities are known to have experienced tyranny: Abydos, Agyrion, Apollonia, Assos, Atarneus, Engyon, Eretria, Gambrion, Gryneion/Gryneia, Halikarnassos, Halisarna, Herakleia (Pontica), Histiaia/Oreos, Katane, Kentoripa, Kindye, Klazomenai, Korinthos, Lampsakos, Lokroi, Methymna, Miletos, Mylasa, Myrina, Mytilene, Oianthea, Pagasai, Palaigambrion, Paros, Pergamon, Pherai, Sigeion, Sikyon, Syrakousai, Tauromenion, Teuthrania, Zankle/Messana. Thus 32 percent of the cites for which there is regime-type information experienced a tyranny.
Fourteen different regions contained at least one city governed by a tyranny: Troas, Sikelia, Aiolis and Southwestern Mysia, Euboia, Karia, Black Sea Area, Ionia, Megaris-Korinthia-Sikyonia, Propontic Coast of Asia Minor, Italia and Kampania, Lesbos, West Lokris, Thessalia, the Aegean. Thus 36 percent of the regions contained at least one city governed by a tyranny.
KINGSHIP
Eleven cities are known to have been governed by a king: Aiane, Amathous, Idalion, Kourion, Lapethos, Marion, Pantikapaion/Bosporos, Paphos, Salamis, Soloi, Tyritake. Thus 9 percent of the cities for which there is regime-type information were governed by a king.
Three regions contained at least one city governed by a king: Makedonia, Cyprus, Black Sea Area. Thus 8 percent of the regions contained at least one city governed by a king.
DEMOCRACY
Fifty-four cities are known to have experienced democracy: Aigai, Aigeira, Aigion, Ambrakia, Andros, Amphipolis, Apollonia, Argos, Ascheion, Athenai, Byzantion, Chalkis, Chersonesos, Dyme, Elis, Ephesos, Eretria, Erythrai, Helisson, Heraia, Herakleia (Pontica), Histiaia/Oreos, Kalchedon, Keryneia, Klazomenai, Korinthos, Korkyra, Kos, Kyrene, Leontion, Mantinea, Megale Polis, Megara, Messene/Ithome, Miletos, Mytilene, Olbia/Borysthenes, Olenos, Paros, Patrai, Pellene, Pharai, Phelloe, Phigaleia, Phleious, Rhodos, Rhypes, Siphnos, Taras, Tegea, Thasos, Thebai, Tritaia, Zakynthos. Thus 46 percent of the cities for which we have regime-type information experienced a democracy
Twenty-one different regions contained at least one democratically governed city: Achaia, Akarnania, the Aegean, Thrace (Axios-to-Strymon), the Adriatic, Argolis, Attika, Thrace (Propontic), Euboia, Black Sea area, Elis, Ionia, Arkadia, Propontic Coast of Asia Minor, Megaris-Korinthia-Sikyonia, Syria to the Pillars of Herakles, Messenia, Lesbos, Rhodos, Italia and Kampania, Boiotia. Thus 54 percent of the regions had at least one city that experienced a democracy.
SECOND HALF OF THE FOURTH CENTURY
There is regime-type information for 112 cities: Abydos, Agyrion, Aiane, Aigai, Aigeira, Aigion, Amathous, Ambrakia, Amphipolis, Antissa, Aphytis, Apollonia, Argos, Ascheion, Assos, Atarneus, Athenai, Barke, Beroia, Byzantion, Chalkis, Chersonesos, Chios, Delphoi, Dyme, Elis, Engyon, Ephesos, Epidamnos/Dyrrhachion, Epidauros, Eresos, Eretria, Erythrai, Euhesperides, Gergis, Halikarnassos, Herakleia (Pontica), Histiaia/Oreos, Iasos, Idalion, Ilion, Kalchedon, Kardia, Katane, Kentoripa, Keryneia, Kindye, Kios, Klazomenai, Knidos,
Kolophon, Korinthos, Korkyra, Kos, Kourion, Krannon, Kyme (in Aiolis), Kyrene, Kyzikos, Lampsakos, Lapethos, Larisa, Leontion, Lokroi, Magnesia, Marion, Massalia, Megara, Messene/Ithome, Methymna, Miletos, Mylasa, Myrleia, Mytilene, Nasos, Neapolis (in Italia), Olbia/Borysthenes, Olenos, Pantikapaion/Bosporos, Paphos, Paros, Patrai, Pellene, Phanagoria, Pharai, Pharsalos, Phelloe, Pherai, Phillippoi, Phleious, Priene, Rhodos, Rhypes, Salamis, Samos, Sigeion, Sikyon, Sinope, Siphnos, Soloi, Sparta, Syrakousai, Taras, Taourmenion, Thebai, Theodosia, Thourioi, Tritaia, Tyritake, Zakynthos, Zankle/Messana, Zeleia.
There is regime-type information for thirty-two (out of thirty-nine) different regions: Troas, Sikelia, Makedonia, Achaia, Cyprus, Akarnania, Thrace (Axios to Strymon), Lesbos, the Adriatic, Argolis, Aiolis and Southwestern Mysia, Attika, Syria to the Pillars of Herakles, Propontic Thrace, Euboia, Black Sea Area, Ionia, Phokis, Elis, Karia, Propontic Coast of Asia Minor, Thracian Chersonesos, Megaris-Korinthia-Sikyonia, the Aegean, Thessalia, Italia and Kampania, Spain and France, Messenia, Thrace (Strymon to Nestos), Rhodos, South Coast of Asia Minor, Lakedaimon.
OLIGARCHY
Forty-one different cities are known to have experienced oligarchy: Aigai, Aigeira, Aigion, Ambrakia, Ascheion, Barke, Beroia, Chios, Delphoi, Dyme, Elis, Ephesos, Epidamnos/Dyrrhachion, Erythrai, Euhesperides, Keryneia, Knidos, Kolophon, Korinthos, Korkyra, Kos, Kyme (in Aiolis), Larisa, Leontion, Lokroi, Massalia, Mytilene, Olenos, Patrai, Pellene, Pharai, Pharsalos, Phelloe, Phleious, Rhodos, Rhypes, Samos, Sikyon, Syrakousai, Tritaia, Zakynthos. Thus 37 percent of the cities for which there is regime-type information experienced an oligarchy.
Nineteen different regions contained at least one city governed by an oligarchy: Achaia, Akarnania, Syria to the Pillars of Herakles, Makedonia, Ionia, Phokis, Elis, the Adriatic, Karia, Megaris-Korinthia-Sikyonia, the Aegean, Aiolis and Southwestern Mysia, Thessalia, Italia and Kampania, Spain and France, Lesbos, Argolis, Rhodos, Sikelia. Thus 49 percent of the regions contained at least one city that was governed by an oligarchy.
TYRANNY
Thirty-two cities are known to have experienced tyranny: Abydos, Agyrion, Antissa, Apollonia, Assos, Atarneus, Engyon, Eresos, Eretria, Halikarnassos, Herakleia (Pontica), Histiaia/Oreos, Kardia, Katane, Kentoripa, Kindye, Kios, Klazomenai, Krannon, Lampsakos, Lokroi, Methymna, Miletos, Mylasa, Myrleia, Mytilene, Pellene, Pherai, Sigeion, Syrakousai, Tauromenion, Zankle/Messana. Thus 29 percent of the cites for which there is regime-type information experienced a tyranny.
Thirteen different regions contained at least one city governed by a tyranny: Troas, Sikelia, Lesbos, Aiolis and Southwestern Mysia, Karia, Black Sea Area, Euboia, Thracian Chersonesos, Propontic Coast of Asia Minor, Ionia, Thessalia, Italia and Kampania, Achaia. Thus 33 percent of the regions contained at least one city governed by a tyranny.
KINGSHIP
Thirteen cities are known to have been governed by a king: Aiane, Amathous, Idalion, Kourion, Lapethos, Marion, Pantikapaion/Bosporos, Paphos, Phanagoria, Salamis, Soloi, Theodosia, Tyritake. Thus 12 percent of the cities for which there is regime-type information were governed by a king.
Three regions contained at least one city governed by a king: Makedonia, Cyprus, Black Sea Area. Thus 8 percent of the regions contained at least one city governed by a king.
DEMOCRACY
Fifty-two cities are known to have experienced democracy: Ambrakia, Amphipolis, Antissa, Aphytis, Apollonia, Argos, Athenai, Byzantion, Chalkis, Chersonesos, Chios, Ephesos, Epidauros, Eresos, Eretria, Erythrai, Histiaia/Oreos, Iasos, Ilion, Kalchedon, Kios, Klazomenai, Knidos, Kolophon, Kos, Kyme, Kyrene, Kyzikos, Lampsakos, Lokroi, Magnesia, Megara, Messene/Ithome, Methymna, Miletos, Mylasa, Mytilene, Nasos, Neapolis (in Italia), Olbia/Borysthenes, Paros, Pellene, Priene, Rhodos, Sinope, Siphnos, Soloi, Syrakousai, Taras, Thebai, Thourioi, Zeleia. Thus 46 percent of the cities for which we have regime-type information experienced a democracy.
Twenty-four different regions contained at least one democratically governed city: Akarnania, Thrace (Axios-to-Strymon), Lesbos, the Adriatic, Argolis, Attika, Propontic Thrace, Euboia, the Black Sea Area, Ionia, Karia, Troas, the Propontic Coast of Asia Minor, the Aegean, Aiolis and Southwestern Mysia, Syria to the Pillars of Herakles, Italia and Kampania, Megaris-Korinthia-Sikyonia, Messenia, Achaia, Rhodos, South Coast of Asia Minor, Sikelia, Boiotia. Thus 62 percent of the regions had at least one city that experienced democracy.
* * *
1 The thirty-nine regions: Achaia, the Adriatic, the Aegean, Aiolis and Southwestern Mysia, Akarnania, Argolis, Arkadia, South Coast of Asia Minor, Attika, Black Sea Area, Boiotia, Crete, Cyprus, Elis, Euboia, Ionia, Italia and Kampania, Karia, Lakedaimon, Lesbos, East Lokris, West Lokris, Makedonia, Megaris-Korinthia-Sikyonia, Messenia, Phokis, Propontic Coast of Asia Minor, Rhodos, the Saronic Gulf, Sikelia, Spain and France, Syria to the Pillars of Herakles, Thessalia, Thrace (Axios to Strymon), Thrace (Nestos to Hebron), Thrace (Strymon to Nestos), Propontic Thrace, Thracian Chersonesos, Troas.
Bibliography
Allen, Danielle S. 2000. The World of Prometheus: Politics of Punishing in Democratic Athens. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Arnaoutoglou, Ilias. 1998. Ancient Greek Laws: A Sourcebook. New York: Routledge. Aslan, Carolyn Chabot. 2009. “New Evidence for a Destruction at Troia in the Mid 7th Century B.C.” Studia Troica 18: 33–58.
Atkinson, K.M.T. 1968. “The Seleucids and Greek Cities of Western Asia Minor.” Antichthon 2: 32–57.
Austin, J. L. [1962] 1975. How to Do Things with Words. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Austin, M. M. (Ed.). 1981. The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Aylward, William. 1999. “Studies in Hellenistic Ilion: The Houses in the Lower City.” Studia Troica 9: 159–86.
———. 2005. “The Portico and Propylaia of the Sanctuary of Athena Ilias at Ilion.” Studia Troica 15: 127–75.
Aylward, William, and John Wallrodt. 2003. “The Other Walls of Troia: A Revised Trace for Ilion’s Hellenistic Fortification.” Studia Troica 13: 89–112.
Badian, E. 1966. “Alexander the Great and the Greeks of Asia.” Pp. 37–69 in Ancient Society and Institutions: Studies Presented to Victor Ehrenberg. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Bagnall, Roger S., and Peter Derow (Eds.). 2004. The Hellenistic Period. Oxford: Blackwell.
Bakewell, Geoffrey W., and James P. Sickinger (Eds.). 2002. Gestures: Essays in Ancient History, Literature, and Philosophy Presented to Alan L. Boegehold. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Bates, Robert H., Avner Greif, Margaret Levi, Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, and Barry R. Weingast. 1998. Analytic Narratives. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Beazley, J. D. 1963. Attic Red-Figure Vase-Painters. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon. Beazley, L. D. [1951] 1986. The Development of Attic Black-Figure. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bengtson, H. and H. H. Schmitt. 1962–69. Die Staatsverträge des Altertums. 2 vols. Munich: C. H. Beck.
Berlin, Andrea M. 2002. “Ilion Before Alexander: A Fourth-Century B.C. Ritual Deposit.” Studia Troica 12: 131–65.
Berve, Helmut. 1967. Die Tyrannis bei den Griechen. 2 vols. Munich: C. H. Beck.
Bikhchandani, Sushil, David Hirshleifer, and Ivo Welch. 1992. “A Theory of Fads, Fashion, Custom, and Cultural Change as Informational Cascades.” Journal of Political Economy 100: 992–1026.
Billows, R. A. 1990. Antigonos the One-Eyed and the Creation of the Hellenistic State. Berkeley: University of California Press.
———. 2005. “Cities.” Pp. 196–215 in A Companion to the Hellenistic World, edited by Andrew Erskine. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.
Blanshard, A.J.L. 2004. “Depicting Democracy.” Journal of Hellenic Studies 124: 1–15.
Boeckh, A. [1828–77]. 1977. Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum. 4 vols. Berlin, repr., Hildesheim: Subsidia Epigraphica.
Bolmarcich, S. 2007. “Oaths in Greek International Relations.” Pp. 26–38 in Horkos: The
Oath in Greek Society, edited by A. H. Sommerstein and J. Fletcher. Bristol, U.K.: Bristol Phoenix Press.
Bosworth, A. B. 1980–95. A Historical Commentary on Arrian’s History of Alexander. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon.
———. 1988. Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brock, Roger. 2009. “Did the Athenian Empire Promote Democracy?” Pp. 149–66 in Interpreting the Athenian Empire, edited by John Ma, Nikolaos Papazarkadas, and Robert Parker. London: Duckworth.
Bruce, I.A.F. 1967. An Historical Commentary on the Hellenica Oxyrhynchia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brueckner, A. 1894. “Ein Gesetz der Ilienser gegen Tyrannis und Oligarchie.” Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin: 461–78.
Brunnsåker, Sture. 1971. The Tyrant-slayers of Kritios and Nesiotes. Stockholm: Svenska Institutet i Athen.
Brunt, P. A. 1969. “Euboea in the Time of Philip II.” Classical Quarterly 19: 245–65.
Buck, Robert J. 1998. Thrasybulus and the Athenian Democracy: The Life of an Athenian Statesman. Stuttgart: F. Steiner Verlag.
Burstein, S. M. 1976. Outpost of Hellenism: The Emergence of Heraclea on the Black Sea. Berkeley: University of California, Classical Studies 14.
——— (Ed.). 1985. The Hellenistic Age from the Battle of Ipsos to the Death of Kleopatra VII. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Camp, John M. 2001. The Archaeology of Athens. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Caravan, Edwin. 2002. “The Athenian Amnesty and the ‘Scrutiny of the Laws.’ ” Journal of Hellenic Studies 122: 1–23.
Cargill, Jack. 1981. The Second Athenian League: Empire or Free Alliance? Berkeley: University of California Press.
Death to Tyrants! Page 38