47
Cf. Hindustan Times, 20 June 2003.
48
Hindustan Times, 30 January 2005; the New Sunday Express, 30 January 2005.
49
Reported in The Hindu, 17 May 2005.
50
Muzamil Jaleel, writing in the Indian Express, 8 April 2005.
51
See ‘Politics as a Vocation’, in Hans Gerth and C. Wright Mills, eds, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1946).
52
See, for a general overview of corruption in contemporary India, Shiv Visvanathan and Harsh Sethi, eds, Foul Play: Chronicles of Corruption (New Delhi: Banyan Books, 1998).
53
B. S. Nagaraj, ‘Smokescreen Resort’, Indian Political Review, July 2003.
54
Peter Ronald deSouza, ‘Democracy’s Inconvenient Fact’, Seminar, November 2004; Prem Shankar Jha, ‘Keep it Poll-ution Free’, Hindustan Times, 2 January 2006; report in the Times of India (Bangalore edition), 21 January 2006.
55
Sunday, 2–9 March 1985.
56
Reetika Khera, ‘Monitoring Disclosures’, Seminar, February 2004. This account of the criminalization of politics also draws upon information supplied by Professor Trilochan Sastry, a founder member of the Association for Democratic Reforms, the group which filed the original PIL in the Supreme Court.
57
Samuel Paul and M. Vivekananda, ‘Holding a Mirror to the New Lok Sabha’, Economic and Political Weekly, 6 November 2004.
58
For a vivid portrait of one notorious criminal in politics, the Bihar MP Mohammad Shahabuddin, see Saba Naqvi Bhowmick, ‘The Saheb of Siwan: The Tale of an Indian Godfather’, in First Proof: The Penguin Book of New Writing from India, vol. 1 (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2005).
59
Arild Engelsen Ruud, ‘Talking Dirty about Politics: A View from a Bengali Village’, in C. J. Fuller and Veronique Benei, eds, The Everyday State and Society in India (New Delhi: Social Science Press, 2000), pp. 116–18.
60
Report in the International Herald Tribune, 19 November 2004.
61
Jorge Louis Borges, The Total Library: Non-Fiction, 1922–1986, ed. Elliot Weinberger and trans. Esther Allen, Jill Levine and Elliot Weinberger (London: Penguin Books, 2001), p. 309; R. W. Southern, Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1970), p. 154.
62
See, in this connection, Akhil Gupta, ‘Blurred Boundaries: Corruption and the Local State’, originally published in the American Ethnologist and reprinted in Zoya Hasan, ed., Politics and the State in India (New Delhi, Sage Publications, 2000); Jonathan Parry, ‘The “Crises of Corruption” and “The Idea of India”’, in Italo Pardo, ed., Morals of Legitimacy: Between Agency and System (Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2000).
63
See Ashish Khetan, ‘Taint at the Top’, Tehelka, 23 April 2005.
64
P. S. Appu, ‘The All-India Services: Decline, Debasement and Destruction’, Economic and Political Weekly, 26 February 2005.
65
M. N. Buch to the Prime Minister of India, 15 March 2003. (I am grateful to Mr Buch for sending me a copy of the letter.)
66
See Anindita Dasgupta, ‘Tripura’s Brutal Cul de Sac’, Himal, December 2001.
67
As reported in Grassroots Options, February 1997.
68
Harish Khare, ‘Voting the Periphery Out’, The Hindu, 20 March 2004.
69
André Béteille, ‘The Executive and the Judiciary’, The Hindu, 8 May 2001.
70
These paragraphs on the judiciary are based on the outstanding work of S. P. Sathe: Judicial Activism in India: Transgressing Borders and Enforcing Limits, 2nd ed. (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002). The Madurai example is taken from the New Indian Express, 23 September 2003.
71
M. P. Singh, ‘To Govern or not to Govern: The Dilemma of the Newlndian Party System, 1989–1991’, in M. P. Singh, ed., Lok Sabha Elections 1989: Indian Politics in the 1990s (Delhi: Kalinga Publications, 1992), p. 202.
29. RICHES
1
Quoted in the Current, 22 September 1954.
2
‘The World this Week’, MysIndia, 23 January 1955; ‘Towards Totalitarianism’, MysIndia, 8 May 1955; ‘A Fatal Economic Policy’, MysIndia, 8 November 1953.
3
Cf. Jagdish Bhagwati and Padma Desai, India: Planning for Industrialization: Industrialization and Trade Policies since 1951 (London: Oxford University Press, 1970).
4
J. R. D. Tata, interviewed by Fatma Zakaria, Times of India, 12 July 1981.
5
See Dani Rodrik and Arvind Subramanian, From ‘Hindu Growth’ to Productivity Surge: The Mystery of the Indian Growth Transition (National Bureau of Applied Economic Research, Washington, March 2004).
6
Anne O. Krueger and Sajjid Chinoy, ‘The Indian Economy in Global Context’, in Anne O. Krueger, ed., Economic Policy Reforms and the Indian Economy (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002). For an overview of the Indian economy on the eve of the reforms, see Bimal Jalan, ed., The Indian Economy: Problems and Prospects (New Delhi: Viking, 1992).
7
Arvind Panagriya, ‘Growth and Reforms during 1980s and 1990s’, Economic and Political Weekly, 19 June 2004.
8
Ashok V. Desai, My Economic Affair (New Delhi: Wiley Eastern, 1993); Kaushik Basu, ‘Future Perfect?’, Hindustan Times, 5 May 2005.
9
Dennis J. Encarnation, Dislodging Multinationals: India’s Strategy in Comparative Perspective (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989), pp. 214–15, 225.
10
Nagesh Kumar, ‘Indian Software Industry Development: International and National Perspective’, Economic and Political Weekly, 10 November 2001; Pradosh Nath and Amitava Hazra, ‘Configuration of Indian Software Industry’, Economic and Political Weekly, 23 February 2002; Arun Shourie, ‘Ensuring IT remains Indian Territory’, New Indian Express, 3 January 2004.
11
AnnaLee Saxenian, ‘Bangalore: The Silicon Valley of Asia?’, in Krueger, Economic Policy Reforms, p. 175.
12
Raj Chengappa and Malini Goyal, ‘Housekeepers to the World’, India Today, 18 November 2002; ‘Outsourcing to India’, The Economist, 5 May 2001.
13
Saritha Rai, ‘Prayers Outsourced to India’ and ‘US Kids Outsource Homework to India’, both originally published in The NewYork Times, reprinted in The Asian Age, 14 June 2004 and 11 September 2005.
14
Shankkar Aiyar, ‘Made in India’, India Today, 1 December 2003.
15
R. Nagaraj, ‘Foreign Direct Investment in India in the 1990s: Trends and Issues’, Economic and Political Weekly, 26 April 2003.
16
Arvind Virmani, ‘India’s External Reforms: Modest Globalisation, Significant Gains’, Economic and Political Weekly, 9 August 2003.
17
This paragraph is based on Harish Damodaran, India’s New Capitalists (New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2008).
18
E. Sridharan, ‘The Growth and Sectoral Composition of India’s Middle Class: Its Impact on the Politics of Economic Liberalization’, India Review, vol. 3, no. 4, 2004.
19
Cf. William Mazzarella, Shovelling Smoke: Advertising and Globalization in Contemporary India (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2003), pp. 74–6, 240, 258 etc.
20
Filippo Osella and Caroline Osella, Social Mobility in Kerala: Modernity and Identity in Conflict (London: Pluto Press, 2000), p. 127.
21
See, among other works, the special issue on ‘Poverty Reduction in [the] 1990s’, of the Economic and Political Weekly, 25–31 January 2003; K. Sundaram and Suresh D. Tendulkar, ‘Poverty in India in the 1990s: An
Analysis of Changes in 15 Major States’, Economic and Political Weekly, 5 April 2003; Angus Deaton, ed., The Great Indian Poverty Debate (New Delhi: Macmillan India, 2005).
22
The words of the novelist Eduardo Galeano, writing of the Latin American city, which in these respects is wholly of a piece with its Indian counterpart, in ‘The Other Wall’, New Internationalist, November 1989.
23
Cf. special issue on ‘Footloose Labour’, Seminar, November 2003; Supriya Roychowdhury, ‘Labour Activism and Women in the Unorganised Sector: Garment Export Industry in Bangalore’, Economic and Political Weekly, 28 May–4 June 2005; and, for a more general overview, Ajit K. Ghose, ‘The Employment Challenge in India’, Economic and Political Weekly, 27 November 2004.
24
P. K. Joshi, Ashok Gulati, Pratap S. Birthal and Laxmi Tewari, ‘Agriculture Diversification in South Asia: Patterns, Determinants and Policy Implications’, Economic and Political Weekly, 12 June 2004; M. S. Sidhu, ‘Fruit and Vegetable Processing Industry in India: An Appraisal of the Post-Reform Period’, Economic and Political Weekly, 9 July 2005.
25
Ramesh Chand, ‘Whither India’s Food Policy: From Food Security to Food Deprivation’, Economic and Political Weekly, 12 March 2005; Jean Drèze, ‘Praying for Food Security’, The Hindu, 27 October 2003; Madhura Swaminathan, Weakening Welfare: The Public Distribution of Food in India (New Delhi: LeftWord Books, 2000); Ashok Gulati, Satu Kåhkonen and Pradeep Sharma, ‘The Food Corporation of India: Successes and Failures in Foodgrain Marketing’, in Satu Kahkonen and Anthony Lanyi, eds, Institutions, Incentives and Economic Reforms in India (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2000); and, especially, P. Sainath, Everybody Loves a Good Drought: Stories from India’s Poorest Districts (New Delhi: Penguin India, 1996).
26
P. Sainath, ‘Trains Raided for Water in TN’, Times of India, 14 May 1993; Sowmya Sivakumar and Eric Kerbart, ‘Drought, Sustenance and Livelihoods: “Akal” Survey in Rajasthan’, Economic and Political Weekly, 17 January 2004.
27
Verrier Elwin, Maria Murder and Suicide (Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1943).
28
Farmers’ suicides are the subject of a remarkable series of field reports published by P. Sainath in The Hindu, too numerous to list individually, but easily tracked down on www.thehinduonnet.com. See also R. S. Deshpande and Nagesh Prabhu, ‘Farmers’ Distress: Proof beyond Question’, Economic and Political Weekly, 29 October 2005; Tehelka, special issue on the farming crisis, 6 March 2004.
29
Cf. Myron Weiner, The Child and the State in India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
30
Jean Drèze and Aparajita Goyal, ‘Future of Mid-Day Meals’, Economic and Political Weekly, 1 November 2003.
31
Sucheta Mahajan, ‘MVF India – Education as Empowerment’, Mainstream, 16 August 2003; Rukmini Banerji, ‘Pratham Experiences’, Seminar, February 2005.
32
See ‘The PROBE Team’, Public Report on Basic Education in India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999), chapter 9.
33
Vimala Ramachandran, ‘The Best of Times, the Worst of Times’, Seminar, April 2004.
34
Subhadra Menon, No Place to Go: Stories of Hope and Despair from India’s Ailing Health Sector (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2004).
35
Jo Johnson, ‘The Road to Ruin’, Financial Times, 13 /14 August 2005.
36
Pamela Philipose, ‘India Is Seriously Sick’, New Indian Express, 24 January 2006.
37
Arjan De Haan and Amaresh Dubey, ‘Poverty, Disparities, or the Development of Underdevelopment in Orissa’, Economic and Political Weekly, 28 May–4 June 2005; Sanjay Kumar, ‘Adivasis of South Orissa: Enduring Poverty’, Economic and Political Weekly, 27 October 2001; Jean Dreeze, ‘No More Lifelines: Political Economy of Hungerin Orissa’, Times of India, 17 September 2001.
38
Meena Menon, ‘The Battle for Bauxite in Orissa’, The Hindu, 20 April 2005.
39
Anon., The Struggle against Bauxite Mining in Orissa (Bangalore: Peoples Union for Civil Liberties, 2003); Anon., How Wrong? How Right? (Kashipur: Agragamee, 1999).
40
Quoted in Manash Ghosh, ‘Sins of Development’, The Statesman, 9 March 1999.
41
Darryl D’Monte, ‘Another Look at “Backwardness”’, Lokmat Times, 13 October 2000, and ‘Recent Memories of Underdevelopment’, article posted at www.tehelka.com, 12 October 2000.
42
The Struggle against Bauxite Mining, pp. 15–16; reports in the Indian Express, 18 and 19 December 2000.
43
Bibhuti Mishra, ‘Patnaik’s Industrialisation Killing Orissa’s Environment?’, Tehelka, 19 November 2005.
44
See reports in The Hindu, 4 and 5 January 2006.
45
Montek S. Ahluwalia, ‘Economic Reform of States in Post-Reform Period’, Economic and Political Weekly, 6 May 2000; S. Mahendra Dev, ‘Post-Reform Regional Variations’, Seminar, May 2004.
46
Cf. K. P. Kannan, ‘Shining Socio-Spatial Disparities’, Seminar, May 2004; Jean Drèze, ‘Where Welfare Works: Plus Points of the T[amil] N[adu] Model’, Times of India, 21 May 2003.
47
Angus Deaton and Jean Drèze, ‘Poverty and Inequality in India: A Re-Examination’, Economic and Political Weekly, 7 September 2002.
48
T. N. Srinivasan, Eight Lectures on India’s Economic Reforms (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 31.
49
On migration from rural Bihar in particular, see Gerry Rodgers and Janine Rodgers, ‘A Leap Across Time: When Semi-Feudalism Met the Market in Rural Purnia’, Economic and Political Weekly, 2 June 2001; Alakh N. Sharma, ‘Agrarian Relations and Socio-economic Change in Bihar’, Economic and Political Weekly, 5 March 2005.
50
Amartya Sen quoted in an interview in India Today, 20 February 2006.
51
Report in The Statesman, 20 September 2001.
52
T. N. Ninan, ‘Big Growth, Bigger Debates’, Seminar, January 2006.
53
See Naushad Forbes, ‘Doing Business in India: What Has Liberalization Changed?’, in Krueger, Economic Policy Reforms, p. 131.
54
On the EGS debate see Jean Drèze, ‘Bhopal Convention on the Right to Work: Brief Report and Personal Observations’, Social Action, vol. 54, no. 2, 2004; Rinku Murgai and Martin Ravallion, ‘Employment Guarantee in Rural India: What Would it Cost and How Much Would it Reduce Poverty?’, Economic and Political Weekly, 30 July 2005.
55
On the links between liberalization and corruption, see Rob Jenkins, Democratic Politics and Economic Reform in India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 87, 90, 93–4, 99, 102–3.
56
See Abhay Mehta, Power Play: A Study of the Enron Project (Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 2000).
57
Stephen P. Cohen, India: Emerging Power (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. xv, 285–92.
58
News bulletin on CNN/IBN, 22 February 2006.
59
Larry Pressler, ‘Shun Pakistan, Favour India’, first published in the New York Times, reprinted in The Asian Age, 23 March 2005.
60
Cf. C. Raja Mohan, Crossing the Rubicon: The Shaping of India’s Foreign Policy (New Delhi: Viking, 2003), chapter 4; Strobe Talbot, Engaging India (New Delhi: Viking Penguin, 2005).
61
Jairam Ramesh, Making Sense of Chindia: Reflections on India and China (New Delhi: India Research Press, 2005).
62
See cover story in Frontline, 18 July 2003.
63
Report in The Asian Age, 11 April 2005; News bulletin on NDTV, 9 April 2005.
64
Daniel H. Pink, ‘The New
Face of the Silicon Age’, Wired, February 2002 (http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.02/india_pr.html).
65
Manjeet Kripalani and Pete Engardio, ‘The Rise of India’, Business Week, 8 December 2003 (http://www.businessweek.com./magazine/content/03_49/ b3861001_mz001.htm).
66
Ron Moreau and Sudip Mazumdar, ‘An Indian Champion’, Newsweek, 12 April 2004.
67
Fareed Zakaria, ‘India Rising’, Newsweek, 6 March 2006.
68
Thomas Friedman, The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Globalized World in the 21st Century (London: Allen Lane, 2005), p. 459.
69
Jeffrey D. Sachs, The End of Poverty: How We Can Make it Happen in our Lifetime (London: Penguin Books, 2005), pp. 185–7.
70
Cf. The Economist, 5 March 2005; Roger Cohen, ‘A New Asia’s Roar is Heard’, published in the International Herald Tribune, and reprinted in The Asian Age, 19 April 2005.
71
Clyde Prestowitz, Three Billion New Capitalists: The Great Shift of Wealth and Power to the East (New York: Basic Books, 2005), pp. 101–5, 232–5.
72
Bharat Jhunjhunwala, ‘Gathering Storm of Indian Imperialism’, New Indian Express, 10 August 2005.
30. A PEOPLE’S ENTERTAINMENTS
1
Useful histories of the Indian film industry include Erik Barnouw and S. Krishnaswamy, Indian Film, 2nd edn (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980); B. D. Garga, So Many Cinemas: The Motion Picture in India (Bombay: Eminence Designs, 1996). Since this chapter is concerned less with individual achievement and more with social history, it is somewhat parsimonious in speaking of the great actors, directors, singers and composers of Indian cinema, for which the reader is referred to the excellent Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema, 2nd edn, edited by Ashish Rajadhyaksha and Paul Willemen (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999).
2
As claimed in Amrit Gangar and Virchand Dharamsey, Indian Cinema: A Visual Voyage (New Delhi: Publications Division, 1998), p. 90.
3
The Current, 27 September 1950; The Hindu, 6 August 1953.
4
The Current, 24 December 1952.
5
Garga, So Many Cinemas, p. 151.
6
Rajya Sabha Debates, 26 November and 10 December 1954: the Current, 22 December 1954.
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