SIEGE OF ELY
The Siege of Ely was the last redoubt of the English Revolt against Norman Rule in 1069. By 1071 only a small number of survivors, led by Hereward of Bourne (who later became better known as Hereward the Wake), were besieged by King William at Ely, which was then an island in reality as well as in name. William’s siege was successful in the autumn of 1071. Most of the defenders were killed, while a few survivors are thought to have escaped into the fens or the wildwood; all became legends.
SUCCUBAE
In folklore traced back to medieval legend, a succubus (plural, succubae or succubi) is a female demon or supernatural being appearing in dreams who takes the form of a human woman in order to seduce men, usually through sexual intercourse. The male counterpart is the incubus. Religious traditions hold that repeated intercourse with a succubus may result in the deterioration of health, or even death. In modern fictional representations, a succubus may or may not appear in dreams and is often depicted as a highly attractive seductress or enchantress; whereas, in the past, succubi were generally depicted as frightening and demonic.
THEGN
A local village chieftain of Anglo-Saxon England. Not a great landowner or a titled aristocrat but the head of a village. Thus, thegns formed the backbone to the organization of Anglo-Saxon life. While serving with the army, usually as part of their service to the earl of their province, they formed a large part of the king’s elite fighting force, the housecarls.
THEME
The Byzantine Empire was organized into military districts or themes, which reflected different nationalities within the Empire. Themes were responsible for generating their own regiments for the Emperor’s army. In turn, retired soldiers were granted lands in the military theme from which they served. By the end of the eleventh century, there were 38 themes in the Byzantine Empire, each composed of between 4,000 and 6,000 men, giving a standing army of approximately 200,000 men.
TRIREME
Originally an Ancient Greek galley with three rows of oars, each above the other. A vessel of war on which the oarsmen’s strength could produce a ramming speed of significant impact. Although twelfth-century Mediterranean ships resembled triremes, they were not often used for ramming; the oarsmen’s main job was speed and manoeuvrability, especially when the wind was adverse, or in calm conditions. Despite this, medieval galleys resembled ancient triremes in design, with a prominent beak at the bow instead of a figurehead.
TURCOPOLES
From the Greek, meaning ‘sons of Turks’, they were locally recruited mounted archers employed by the Christian states of the Eastern Mediterranean. The crusaders first encountered Turcopoles in the Byzantine army during the First Crusade. These auxiliaries were the children of mixed Greek and Turkish parentage and were at least nominally Christian, although some may have been practising Muslims. The Turcopoles served as light cavalry providing skirmishers, scouts and mounted archers, and sometimes rode as a second line in a charge, to back up the Frankish knights and sergeants.
VARANGIAN GUARD
The elite bodyguard of the emperors of Byzantium for several hundred years. They were extremely well-paid mercenaries who also shared in the booty of the Emperor’s victories, thus the Guard could attract the finest warriors. Most were drawn from Scandinavia and were often referred to as the ‘Axemen of the North’. Their loyalty was legendary, as was their ferocity. It is thought many of Harold of England’s surviving housecarls joined the Guard after Senlac Ridge in 1066.
VENETO
Veneto, Venetian or Venetan is a Romance language spoken as a native language by over two million people, mostly in the Veneto region of Italy, where almost all of the five million inhabitants can understand it. The language is called vèneto or vènet in Venetian, veneto in Italian; the variant spoken in Venice is called venexiàn/venesiàn or veneziano, respectively. Although referred to as an Italian dialect, even by its speakers, it is in fact a separate language, not a variety or derivative of Italian. Instead, Venetian differs in grammar, phonetics and vocabulary. Venetian has little in common with the Gallo-Italic languages of north-western Italy.
VENTAIL
See ‘hauberk’.
WIMPLE
A garment worn around the neck and chin, which usually covers the head. Its use developed among women in early medieval Europe. At many stages of medieval culture it was thought to be unseemly for a married woman to show her hair. A wimple might be elaborately starched, and creased and folded in prescribed ways, or supported on a wire or wicker frame (cornette).
Acknowledgements
To all those who have made this possible – dear friends, loving family, dedicated professionals – I will always be grateful.
With much love and grateful thanks.
Genealogies
The English Monarchy from the House of Wessex to the Plantagenets
The Twelfth-Century Doges of Venice
The Comneni Emperors of Byzantium
The Twelfth-Century Princes of Antioch
The Twelfth-Century Kings of Jerusalem
The Twelfth-Century Holy Roman Emperors
HOUSE OF WESSEX
The English Monarchy from the House of Wessex to the Plantagenets
THE TWELFTH-CENTURY DOGES OF VENICE
Ordelafo Faliero (1102–1117)
Domenico Michele (1117–1130)
Pietro Polani (1130–1148)
Domenico Morosini (1148–1156)
Vital II Michele (1156–1172)
Sebastiano Ziani (1172–1178)
Orio Mastropiero (1178–1192)
Enrico Dandolo (1192–1205)
THE COMNENI EMPERORS OF BYZANTIUM
1081–1118 Alexius I Comnenus
1118–1143 John II Comnenus (the Beautiful)
1143–1180 Manuel I Comnenus (the Great)
1180–1183 Alexius II Comnenus
1183–1185 Andronicus I Comnenus
1185–1195 Isaac Comnenus
THE TWELFTH-CENTURY PRINCES OF ANTIOCH
1098–1111 Bohemond I
(Tancred, Prince of Galilee, regent,
1100–1103; 1105–1112)
1111–1130 Bohemond II
(Roger of Salerno, regent, 1112–1119)
(Baldwin II of Jerusalem, regent,
1119–1126; 1130–1131)
1130–1136 Constance
(Fulk of Jerusalem, regent, 1131–1136)
1136–1149 Raymond of Poitiers (by marriage)
(Baldwin III of Jerusalem, regent,
1149–1153)
1153–1160 Raynald of Châtillon (by marriage)
(Aimery of Limoges, Patriarch of Antioch,
regent, 1160–1163)
1163–1201 Bohemond III
(Raymond of Tripoli, regent, 1193–1194)
THE TWELFTH-CENTURY KINGS OF JERUSALEM
1099–1100 Godfrey (Protector of the Holy Sepulchre)
1100–1118 Baldwin I
1118–1131 Baldwin II
1131–1153 Melisende
(with Fulk of Anjou until 1143;
with Baldwin III from 1143)
1131–1143 Fulk of Anjou
(with Melisende)
1143–1162 Baldwin III
(with Melisende until 1153)
1162–1174 Amalric I
1174–1185 Baldwin IV the Leprous
(with Baldwin V from 1183)
1183–1186 Baldwin V
(with Baldwin IV until 1185)
1186–1190 Sybilla
(with Guy Lusignan)
THE TWELFTH-CENTURY HOLY ROMAN EMPERORS
; Salian Dynasty
1086–1125 (elected 1099) Henry V
Supplinburger Dynasty
1075–1137 (elected 1125) Lothair III
Staufen Dynasty
1122–1190 (elected 1152) Frederick I (Barbarossa)
1165–1197 (elected 1169) Henry VI
Welf Dynasty
1176–1218 (elected 1198) Otto IV
THE BEGINNING
Let the conversation begin…
Follow the Penguin Twitter.com@penguinukbooks
Keep up-to-date with all our stories YouTube.com/penguinbooks
Pin ‘Penguin Books’to your Pinterest
Like ‘Penguin Books’on Facebook.com/penguinbooks
Find out more about the author and
discover more stories like this at Penguin.co.uk
PENGUIN BOOKS
Published by the Penguin Group
Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England
Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USA
Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4P 2Y3 (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.)
Penguin Ireland, 25 St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd)
Penguin Group (Australia), 707 Collins Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3008, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd)
Penguin Books India Pvt Ltd, 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi – 110 017, India
Penguin Group (NZ), 67 Apollo Drive, Rosedale, Auckland 0632, New Zealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd)
Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, Block D, Rosebank Office Park, 181 Jan Smuts Avenue, Parktown North, Gauteng 2193, South Africa
Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England
www.penguin.com
First published 2013
Copyright © Stewart Binns, 2013
All rights reserved
The moral right of the author has been asserted
Typeset by Palimpsest Book Production Limited, Falkirk, Stirlingshire
ISBN: 978-0-718-19460-4
Anarchy Page 43