by Sue Black
Dunlop, Tessa, 308
dying: assisted, 107–9; author’s view, 331–2, 334–5; fear of, 71–2; responsibility for managing, 78–9, 80–4, 86–7, 92–4
embalming: formalin, 18, 126, 311–12, 315, 317; muscles, 22–3; process, 18, 68, 111, 113; specimens exhibited, 111, 324; sterility, 20; Thiel, 315–17, 337; unusual requests, 97
Erikson, Erik, 33
eunuchs, 330
euthanasia, voluntary, 106, 107
exhumation, 124, 160, 161–5, 249, 283
facial reconstruction, 57, 117, 132, 136, 167, 189–90
Fallon, Alexander, 196
fingerprints: databases, 55, 170, 193; training, 253, 266, 300; use in identification, 53, 170, 180, 265, 273
fire death identification, 144–6
forensic anthropology: Aberfan, 271; archaeological studies, 122, 136, 154; award for research, 324–5; biological profiling, 52; coping with work, 287–9; criminal dismemberment cases, 200; establishment of age, 183; establishment of ancestry, 187; establishment of identity, 39, 119, 120, 143–4, 170, 193, 298; establishment of sex, 173, 174, 178–9; fatal fires, 146; Kosovo, 229, 233–4, 284; relationship with police and fire brigade, 146; role, 5–7, 10, 33–4; teaching programme, 279, 338
forensic archaeology, 152, 153
forensic artists, 189
forensic dentistry, 53
forensic pathology, 5–6, 42, 200
formaldehyde, 25
formalin: embalmed specimens, 111; embalming fluid, 18; fumes, 20; smell, 16, 22, 23, 315; taste, 22; use of, 25–6, 311–15, 317, 318, 337
Fraser, Archie, 15
Fraser, Bill, 3
funerals: cost, 103, 106; Kosovo, 245–7; Nelson’s, 25; process, 98–9; rituals, 96, 97, 104; staff, 67–8
Galen, 23, 24
Gartshore, Alexander, 156, 158, 160
Geisel, Theodor Seuss (Dr Seuss), 77
Gerritsen, Tess, 320
Gladstone, William E., 253
graves: recycling, 125–6; reuse, 124–5
graveyards, 98, 100–1, see also cemeteries
Gray, Henry, 16–17, 24
Gray’s Anatomy, 17, 315
grief, 96–7, 143–4
Guerre, Martin, 51–2
Gunn, Alasdair (author’s father): car, 64; character, 62, 69, 80, 100; cremation, 99, 100–1; death, 74, 79, 91–4, 334; death of wife, 79, 80, 82, 87; dementia, 87–91, 94; funeral service, 98–100; grave, 3, 100–2, 162; marriage, 77; mother’s death, 75; organ playing, 99–100; rat killing, 289–90; sayings, 89, 90, 91, 98, 118; storytelling, 332; Uncle Willie’s funeral, 62, 65, 69; workshop, 121
Gunn, Isabel (author’s mother): birth, 9, 63; character, 64, 80, 235; childhood, 63, 80; cooking, 64, 75; death, 9, 74, 83–6, 88; death of Uncle Willie, 64, 72; dying, 79–83, 88, 92, 108; funeral, 88; grave, 100–1; life expectancy, 9; marriage, 77; family viewing of body, 86–7
Gunn, Margaret (author’s grandmother): appearance, 95; attitude to death, 73–4; attitude to hospitals, 333; beliefs, 72–3, 149, 281, 287, 338; character, 76, 80; death, 9, 75–6; grave, 3, 100, 162; graveyard visits, 98; life expectancy, 9; memories of, 118
Guthrie cards, 190
Hackman, Lucina, 161–2, 183, 211, 213–14, 219
Haddon-Cave, Charles, 274
Hagens, Gunther von, 26
hair, 39, 40, 46
Harvey, William, 307
heart, 41
height, 184–7
Henry (cadaver), 16–22, 26–8, 102, 205, 337
histology, 15–16, 34
History Cold Case (BBC2), 129–30
Howard, Michael, 257
Howard, Ronald A., 330–1
human composting, 128
humans, definitions, 32, 34
Hunter, Professor John (forensic archaeologist), 152
Hunter, William (anatomist), 131, 198
Huntley, Ian, 157
ICTY (International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia), 208, 233, 244, 239, 282
identification: age, 179–84; ancestry, 187–8; bones, 120–1; hot and humid countries, 259; process, 170–1; review of procedures, 272–4; role of forensic anthropologist, 5–7, 144; sex, 171–9; stature, 184–7; unidentified body, 33, 52–3, 54, 143, 168, 169–70, 179
identification discs, 18
identity: age, 179–84; ancestry, 187–8; biological, 36, 170–1, 243; concept of, 51–2, 58–9; confirmation in Kosovo, 243–4; DNA, 53, 55; establishing, 36–40; fingerprints, 53, 55; mistaken, 51; names, 48–51; personal, 57, 170, 189, 193; sense of, 32–3; sex, 171–9; stature, 184–7; teeth, 53, 55; theft, 51–2, 167; types, 170
Ignatius of Antioch, 197
implants, silicone, 203–4
infant mortality, 7–8
INTERPOL (International Criminal Police Organisation), 52–3, 55, 57, 189, 193, 266
Inverness College, 119
isotopic signatures, 39–40
Jack the Ripper, 207
James, Peter, 320
Jeffreys, Sir Alex, 53, 298
‘jigsaw murder’, 209–19
Katie up the Glen, 72–3
Kelly, Anthony-Noel, 24
Kenyon International, 257
kidneys, 41
King’s Cross fire, 196
Knox, Robert, 26
Kosovo: arrival in, 225, 234–8; atrocities, 208, 228–30, 232–3, 238–9; communication dismemberment, 208; counsellors, 250–1; forensic-evidence retrieval, 239–44; history, 230–2; ‘indictment sites’, 238–9, 247, 281; invitation to, 228, 233–4; mortuaries, 244–6, 248, 280, 283–7, 292; rats, 292–3
Kosovo, Battle of (1389), 230, 231, 232
Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), 208, 232
Lady of Dai, 129
Langlands, Sir Alan, 315
Lazar, Prince, 231
Leckie, Claire, 319
Lena (author’s great-aunt), 89–90, 92
life expectancy, 8–10
Lindsay, Jeff, 320
liver, 41
lividity, 44–45
livor mortis, 44–5
London bombings (2005), 275–6
lungs, 41
lymph nodes, 205
Lynch, Mark, 269
MacBride, Stuart, 320, 321, 325
Maclaughlin, Beth (author’s daughter), 87, 92, 234, 333
McCluskie, Gemma, 197, 220–4
McCluskie, Tony, 220–4
McDermid, Val, 293–4, 319–20, 325
MacDowell, William (Bill), 150, 152
MacRae, Renee and Andrew, 149–56, 165–6
maggot masses, 46
Malaysia Airlines aircraft, 226
Mallett, Xanthe, 130
Marchioness disaster, 272–4, 275
Marischal College, 17, 121
Marsh, Nick, 298–9
Marshall, Peter, 95
mass-fatality events, 254–5, 262–3, 266, 269, 274, 276
McGuire, Viv, 103, 104, 105, 110, 153, 321, 322
medical records, 56, 58, 146, 194–5
Meier-Augenstein, Wolfram, 130
memory, 37
metagenomic DNA sequencing, 45
Metchnikoff, Elie, 31
Metropolitan Police Service, 238, 256, 298–9
microlives, 331
‘micromirths’, 331, 335
micromorts, 330–1, 335
‘Million for a Morgue’ campaign, 307, 319–22
Milosevic, Slobodan, 229, 231, 233, 239
missing persons: categories, 147–9; children, 54, 147–9; databases, 52, 55, 57–8, 189; indicators of identity, 53–4; numbers, 49, 54–5; posters, 57, 189; search for, 143, 169, 264; unsolved, 143; water-related deaths, 147; website, 57
Missing Persons Bureau, UK, 55, 147, 209, 271
Mizner, Wilson, 117
Mobley, Kamiyah, 148
Monkland Canal, 158, 165
Mulholland, Frank, 156, 159, 161
mummies, 47, 129, 130–1, 169
muscles, 22–3, 38, 43, 178
nails, 39, 40, 46
names, 48–51
National Criminal Intelligence DNA Database, UK (NDNAD), 191
NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation), 233, 238
necrobiome, 45
Nelson, Horatio, Lord, 25
news, round-the-clock, 226–7
oestrogen, 173–4, 176
Old Monkland Cemetery, 159–63, 165
OSCE (Organisation for Security and Communication in Europe), 229–30
ossuaries, 121, 125–6
otic capsule, 13, 36, 37–8, 40
Otzi the Iceman, 128
pallor mortis, 42
parents, 78–9
Patten, Brian, 118
peat bogs, 47, 128–9
pelvis, 176–9, 194
piercings, 203–4, 205, 206, 264
plastination, 26
postmortem alteration, 42–7
post-traumatic stress, 272, 296, 297–8
preservation of cadavers, 25–6, 128–9, 311–15
promession, 127–8
psychics, 158–9
pregnancy: cephalopelvic disproportion, 132–3, 176–7; fetal development, 34–5, 37–8, 171–2, 181, 302
puberty, 173, 176, 178, 180–1, 330
Pufendorf, Baron Samuel von, 225
putrefaction, 45–6
radiocarbon dating, 134
Ramsay, Caro, 320
rats and mice, 17, 45, 120, 288–93
Reeve, Arthur B., 300
Reichs, Kathy, 320
religion, views of death, 4, 108, 208
resomation, 127
Rice, Joe, 301, 302
rigor mortis, 43–4
Rint, Frantisek, 125–6
Rosemarkie Man, 117, 133–6
Rynn, Chris, 136, 194
Saddleworth Moor, 120
St Barnabas Church, Kensington, 137
St Thomas’ Hospital, 278–9, 287, 291
Scheuer, Louise, 278, 279, 280, 281, 284, 287
Schut, Henk, 96
‘self’, 32–4
Seneca, 70, 332
sex: chromosomes, 171–2, 174; designation at birth, 173–4; identification from bones, 175–9; identification in recent human remains, 174–5; scientific definition, 171; skeletons, 174
shoe rapist, 191
skeletonisation, 46–7
skeletons: author’s textbook on development, 279–80; cold cases, 132–6; age identification, 179–84, 279–81; sex identification, 174, 175–9; stature identification, 186; teaching, 20,4–5, 31, 119
skulls: anterior fontanelle, 176; CT scan, 13; establishment of sex, 178, 194; facial reconstruction from, 57; facial region, 188; identifying ancestry, 188
Soames, Roger, 325
Special AntiTerrorism Unit of Serbia (SAJ), 232
stable isotope analysis, 39
stature, 184–7
Stroebe, Margaret, 96
suicide: assisted, 106–10; bombings, 262, 275; by hanging, 56–8, 189; water-related, 147
Tamassia, Arrigo, 300–4, 306, 315
tattoos, 193, 203–6, 220, 264
Teenie (Christina, author’s great-aunt), 63, 80, 100
teeth: dental records, 56–7, 192, 203; enamel, 36, 39; establishing area of birth and childhood, 40; extractions, 56–7; Rosemarkie Man, 134–5
temperature, 42–3
testosterone, 173–4, 330
Thailand: arrival, 257–8; identification of tsunami fatalities, 259–63; transgender capital of world, 175; tsunami fatalities, 175, 256–9
Thiel, Walter, 313–14, 318, 322
Thiel: embalming technique, 314–18, 322; facility at Dundee, 318, 321, 337; submersion tanks, 325, 337
time death interval (TDI), 42–5, 47–8
Tito, Josip, 231
Tonkin, Lois, 96
Torrington, John, 128
trauma analysis, 134
Traven, B., 59
tsunami, Asian (Boxing Day 2004), 175, 190–1, 254–8, 263–4, 276
Uncle Willie (author’s great-uncle): appearance, 61, 62–3, 63–4, 133; body, 62–3, 65–9, 75, 87; bringing up author’s mother, 63, 80; character, 62–3; death, 64, 71–2, 335; funeral, 64–5, 69; grave, 100
United Nations (UN), 229–30, 232–4
Upton, Sinclair, 160, 162–5
Urquhart, Sir Thomas, 335
Vanezis, Peter, 228, 233–4, 239
vascular pattern recognition biometric (VPR), 301
vein-pattern recognition, 277, 299–305
Velika Krusa, 238–9, 243, 280
Vesalius, Andreas: dissections, 26; founder of anatomical study, 22, 23; work on veins, 299, 301, 302, 303, 304, 306
Wadlow, Robert Pershing, 185
Walker, Graham, 259, 263, 276
water-related deaths, 147
Wells, Holly, 157
Wilkinson, Caroline, 130, 132, 190
About the Author
Professor Dame Sue Black is one of the world’s leading anatomists and forensic anthropologists. Her expertise has been crucial to many high-profile criminal cases, and in 1999 she was the lead anthropologist for the British Forensic Team’s work in the war crimes investigations in Kosovo. She was one of the first forensic scientists to travel to Thailand following the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 to provide assistance in identifying the dead. Sue makes regular appearances on radio and television. She was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2016 Queen’s Birthday Honours for services to forensic anthropology.
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