by Kate Stewart
5. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to May [last name unknown], May 17, 1948, RRC, USHMM.
6. Rappaport to May [last name unknown], May 17, 1948.
7. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to W. Zev Bronner, February 3, 1948, RRC, USHMM.
8. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to Victor Bloom, February 23, 1948, RRC, USHMM; draft article “Many Victims in Jerusalem Outrage,” RRC, USHMM.
9. Ruth Rappaport, “Jerusalem, a Besieged City,” Jewish Tribune, March 19, 1948, p. 5.
10. Rappaport, “Jerusalem, a Besieged City.”
11. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to Victor Bloom, February 23, 1948, RRC, USHMM; letter from Ruth Rappaport to W. Zev Bronner, February 3, 1948, RRC, USHMM.
12. RR oral history, USHMM.
13. RR oral history, USHMM.
14. Letters from Ruth Rappaport, January–April 1948, RRC, USHMM.
15. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to Phyllis and Jim, March 9, 1948, RRC, USHMM.
16. RR diary, April 25, 1948.
17. RR diary, April 30, 1946.
18. Richard Whelan, Robert Capa: A Biography (New York City: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985), pp. 238–69.
19. Email from Ruth Rappaport to Sig Cohen, February 7, 2008, Sig Cohen personal collection.
20. RR diary, May 10, 1949; RR diary, undated, circa May 1949.
21. RR diary, May 2, 1948.
22. RR diary, May 6, 1948.
23. RR diary, May 6, 1948.
24. RR diary, May 2 and 6, 1948.
25. RR diary, May 15, 1948.
26. RR diary, May 15, 1948.
27. RR diary, May 16, 1948.
28. RR diary, May 23, 1948.
29. RR diary, May 28, 1948; RR diary May 31, 1948; RR diary June 2, 1948; RR diary June 4, 1948.
30. RR diary, May 28, 1948.
31. RR diary, May 28, 1948.
32. RR diary, June 13, 1948.
33. RR diary, May 23, 1948.
34. RR diary, June 4, 1948.
35. RR diary, June 4, 1948. Ruth also seems to have used this word—Protektia—to refer to nepotism.
36. RR diary, April 25, 1948.
37. RR diary, April 25, 1948.
38. RR diary, May 23, 1948.
39. RR diary, May 23, 1948.
40. RR diary, June 8, 1948.
41. RR diary, May 31, 1948.
42. RR diary, June 1, 1948.
43. RR diary, May 26, 1948.
44. RR diary, June 4, 1948.
45. RR diary, July 17, 1948.
46. RR diary, July 17, 1948.
47. Video of Ruth’s memorial service, December 12, 2010, Peter Bartis personal collection.
CHAPTER 18
1. RR diary, July 17, 1948.
2. RR diary, July 17, 1948.
3. RR diary, July 17, 1948.
4. RR diary, July 23, 1948.
5. RR diary, July 23, 1948.
6. RR diary, August 8, 1948.
7. RR diary, August 16, 1948.
8. RR diary, August 19, 1948.
9. RR diary, August 19, 1948.
10. RR diary, August 26, 1948.
11. RR diary, August 26, 1948.
12. RR diary, May 10, 1949.
13. RR diary, May 10, 1949.
14. RR diary, August 29, 1948.
15. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to Rabbi Franklin Cohn, September 2, 1948, RRC, USHMM. Sochnut is the Hebrew name for the Jewish Agency.
16. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to Mila, February 11, 1949, RRC, USHMM.
17. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to Rabbi Franklin Cohn, September 2, 1948, RRC, USHMM.
18. RR diary, August 10, 1948.
19. RR diary, August 26, 1948.
CHAPTER 19
1. RR diary, November 2, 1948; personal documents from Israel, 1948, RRC, USHMM. The PIO was officially known as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs—Press and Information Division.
2. RR oral history, USHMM.
3. RR diary, November 2, 1948. The ellipses in this quote are original.
4. RR diary, November 21, 1948.
5. RR diary, undated, circa February 1949.
6. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to the Eisemanns, March 3, 1949, RRC, USHMM.
7. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to Esther Elbaum, September 5, 1949, RRC, USHMM; letter from Ruth Rappaport to Lynn Atterman, August 23, 1949, RRC, USHMM.
8. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to the Eisemanns, March 3, 1949, RRC, USHMM. Ruth may have been referring to Kenneth Bilby of the New York Tribune (not Times) and Stephen Rosenfeld of the Washington Post (not the New York Post).
9. RR diary, May 10, 1949. Ruth might be referring to Spencer Irwin, a foreign correspondent for the Cleveland Plain Dealer.
10. RR oral history, USHMM.
11. RR oral history, USHMM.
12. RR diary, November 21, 1948. This man was probably Canadian pilot George “Lee” Sinclair.
13. RR diary, March 1, 1949.
14. RR diary, undated, circa May 1949.
15. Caitlin Keefe Moran, “In Praise of Difficult Women: The Forgotten Work of Nancy Hale,” The Toast, September 24, 2014, http://the-toast.net/2014/09/23/forgotten-work-on-nancy-hale.
16. RR diary, February 5, 1949.
17. RR diary, April 29, 1949.
18. RR diary, June 5, 1949. The “worsening conditions” she referred to may have been the start of McCarthyism and blacklisting.
19. RR diary, February 24, 1949.
20. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to Bartley Crum, October 18, 1950, RRC, USHMM.
21. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to Mila, February 11, 1949, RRC, USHMM.
22. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to Mila and family, November 7, 1949, RRC, USHMM.
23. Personal memoirs of Sam Rubinstein, undated, Mark Rubinstein personal collection.
24. Ruth Rappaport’s Official Personnel Folders, NARA; RR oral history, USHMM.
CHAPTER 20
1. Illustration of Ruth Rappaport, Guy Rosner personal collection.
2. Investigation report, 1992, Ruth Rappaport FBI file, 121-HQ-34502.
3. Passport, personal documents, RRC, USHMM.
4. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to Chaja, December 15, 1950, RRC, USHMM. This Chaja is not Ruth’s mother nor her mother’s cousin Helena Rubinstein.
5. Rappaport to Chaja, December 15, 1950.
6. Rappaport to Chaja, December 15, 1950.
7. Rappaport to Chaja, December 15, 1950.
8. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to Lynn, December 15, 1950, RRC, USHMM.
9. Max Lowenthal papers, “Collection Overview,” University Archives, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, https://archives.lib.umn.edu/repositories/14/resources/1715.
10. David Lowenthal, “Out of the Box and into the Archives,” Continuum: The Magazine of the University of Minnesota Libraries 7, Fall 2008, pp. 10–12.
11. Lowenthal, “Out of the Box and into the Archives,” pp. 10–12.
12. Letter to Eric from Max Lowenthal, August 7, 1950, Max Lowenthal papers, University Archives, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, box 18, folder 10.
13. Letter from Max Lowenthal to Ruben Levin, January 10, 1951, Max Lowenthal papers, University Archives, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, box 18, folder 18.
14. Max Lowenthal papers, University Archives, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, box 18, folders 9 and 20.
15. Letter from David M. Hardy (of the FBI) to author regarding FOIA request, August 26, 2013.
16. Letter from Max Lowenthal to President Harry Truman, September 1, 1950, Max Lowenthal papers, University Archives, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, box 14, folder 19.
17. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to Lynn Atterman, December 15, 1950, RRC, USHMM.
CHAPTER 21
1. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to Esther Elbaum, August 12, 1950, RRC, USHMM.
2. Ruth Rappaport to the University of California, Berkeley, Office of the Director of Admissions, August 10, 1950, RRP, UW.
3. “Timeline: Summary of Events of the Loyalty Oath Controversy, 1949–54,” The University Loyal
ty Oath: A 50th Anniversary Retrospective, University of California History Digital Archives, http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/uchistory/archives_exhibits/loyaltyoath/symposium/timeline/short.html.
4. Ruth Rappaport University of California academic transcript, RRP, UW.
5. Letter and materials concerning International House to Ruth Rappaport, September 11, 1950, RRP, UW.
6. Michael Burawoy and Jonathan VanAntwerpen, “Berkeley Sociology: Past, Present and Future,” November 2001, https://publicsociology.berkeley.edu/intro/berkeleysociology/berkeleysociology.pdf.
7. Steve Schoenherr, “Cold War Spies,” University of San Diego (website), http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/20th/coldwarspies.html; Michael J. Hogan, A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security States, 1945–1954 (New York City: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 254–57.
8. Report from FBI special agent in charge (SAC), Seattle, to FBI director, October 17, 1951, Ruth Rappaport FBI file.
9. Deery, American Communist History 8: pp. 167–96; Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives, s.v. “Edward K. Barsky,” accessed October 8, 2018, http://www.alba-valb.org/volunteers/edward-k.-barsky.
10. Report from FBI special agent in charge (SAC), Seattle, to FBI director, December 6, 1951, Ruth Rappaport FBI file.
11. Report from FBI special agent in charge (SAC), Seattle, to FBI director, December 6, 1951, Ruth Rappaport FBI file.
12. Report from FBI special agent in charge (SAC), Seattle, to FBI director, December 6, 1951, Ruth Rappaport FBI file.
13. Memorandum from J. Edgar Hoover (FBI director) to assistant chief of staff, Department of the Army, January 2, 1952, Ruth Rappaport FBI file.
14. “The Hoover Legacy, 40 Years After, Part 2: His First Job and the FBI Files,” News, FBI (website), June 28, 2012, https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/copy_of_the-hoover-legacy-40-years-after.
15. “XII. Results of Investigation,” San Francisco, February 2, 1952, Ruth Rappaport FBI file.
16. “Results of Investigation,” Chicago, January 16, 1952, Ruth Rappaport FBI file; “Results of Investigation,” Cleveland, February 6, 1952, Ruth Rappaport FBI file; “Personal History and Results of Investigation,” Seattle, February 4, 1952, Ruth Rappaport FBI file; “Results of Investigation,” San Francisco, February 2, 1925, Ruth Rappaport FBI file; “Results of Investigation,” New York, February 12, 1952, Ruth Rappaport FBI file; “Security Investigation Data for Nonsensitive Position,” December 5, 1964, Ruth Rappaport FBI file.
CHAPTER 22
1. “Cyclist Killed, Bride Critically Injured in Flaming Crash with Auto,” Oakland Tribune, March 11, 1952.
2. Letter from Jack M. Scollard to Ruth Rappaport, May 9, 1952, RRP, UW.
3. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to Professor Wolfram Eberhard, August 21, 1957, RRC, USHMM.
4. Dvorak, “Proof of Gifts That Come When Generations Mingle.”
5. Report from FBI special agent in charge (SAC), San Francisco, to FBI director, April 2, 1954, Ruth Rappaport FBI file.
6. Bill Hess, “Holocaust Survivor Who Hates Cats Ends Up Living with One,” No Cats Allowed! (blog), January 16, 2009, http://nocatsallowed.blogspot.com/2009/01/holocaust-survivor-who-hates-cats-winds.html.
7. “Strong Vocational Interest Test—Women,” RRP, UW.
8. Ruth Rappaport’s Official Personnel Folders, NARA.
9. RRP, UW.
10. “University of California in Memoriam, 1990. Wolfram Eberhard, Berkeley, Sociology,” http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb5f59n9gs&query=&brand=calisphere.
11. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to Professor Wolfram Eberhard, August 21, 1957, RRC, USHMM.
12. “Autobiographical Essay,” graduate school records, RRP, UW.
13. “Books Read over Last Six-Month Period,” graduate school records, RRP, UW. Author has corrected spelling and other errors in authors and titles. Zweig is not an author of the book Tehilla and Other Israeli Tales.
CHAPTER 23
1. Michael K. Buckland, “Introduction,” in Dean and Professor at UC Berkeley’s School of Librarianship, 1946–1976 (discussion with J. Periam Danton), interviews conducted by Laura McCreery (1999) and Mary Hanel (1993), Library School Oral History Series, the Regents of the University of California, http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt4f59n6x3&query=&brand=calisphere.
2. Michael K. Buckland, “Introduction,” in Dean and Professor at UC Berkeley’s School of Librarianship, 1946–1976 (discussion with J. Periam Danton).
3. J. Periam Danton, “The Functions of a Graduate School of Librarianship,” California Librarian 15 (March 1954): pp. 157–58.
4. J. Periam Danton, “The Functions of a Graduate School of Librarianship,” pp. 158–60.
5. Fredric J. Mosher, Reference and Rare Books: Three Decades at UC Berkeley’s School of Librarianship, 1950–1981, Library School Oral History Series, 2000, the Regents of the University of California, transcript, p. 42, https://archive.org/details/refrarebooks00moshrich.
6. William R. Eshelman, No Silence! A Library Life (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1997), p. 72.
7. Mosher, Reference and Rare Books, p. 62.
8. Department of Defense employment inquiry, October 10, 1958, box 1, folder 5, Ruth Rappaport Collection, United States Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania (additional sources from the Ruth Rappaport Collection at the United States Army Heritage and Education Center are hereafter cited as from RRC, USAHEC).
CHAPTER 24
1. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to the United Restitution Organization (URO), November 18, 1957, RRC, USHMM.
2. Norman Bentwich, The United Restitution Organisation, 1948–1968: The Work of Restitution and Compensation for Victims of Nazi Oppression (London: Vallentine, Mitchell, 1968); “BEG: General Information,” https://afw.lff-rlp.de/en/federal-german-compensation-law/general-information/index.html.
3. Letter from Edith Dosmar to Ruth Rappaport, November 25, 1957, RRC, USHMM.
4. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to Edith Dosmar, February 23, 1958, RRC, USHMM.
5. Letter from Walter Peters to Ruth Rappaport, November 19, 1958, RRC, USHMM.
6. Letter from Walter Peters to Ruth Rappaport, June 1, 1959, RRC, USHMM.
7. Letter from Walter Peters to Ruth Rappaport, September 21, 1960, RRC, USHMM.
8. Partial Decision of the Reparations Authority, December 10, 1962, RRC, USHMM.
9. Letter from URO to Ruth Rappaport, October 20, 1964.
10. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to Dr. Berger, September 20, 1964, RRC, USHMM.
11. Ruth had received financial support from SHEK in Switzerland, but it was not an explicitly Jewish organization.
12. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to Dr. Berger, September 20, 1964, RRC, USHMM.
13. Letter to Ruth Rappaport from Der Regierungspräsident der Entschädigungsbehörde [District Governor of the Reparations Authority], November 6, 1964, RRC, USHMM.
CHAPTER 25
1. Ruth Rappaport, “A Selective Guide to Source Materials on German Jews in the U.S. from 1933 to the Present Time,” Librarianship 220B (university course), May 19, 1958, University of California, Berkeley Library, p. v.
2. Rappaport, “A Selective Guide to Source Materials on German Jews in the U.S. from 1933 to the Present Time.”
3. Cindy Mediavilla, “The War on Books and Ideas: The California Library Association and Anti-Communist Censorship in the 1940s and 1950s,” Library Trends 46, no. 2 (Fall 1997): pp. 338–39; Mosher, Reference and Rare Books, p. 104.
4. Marjorie Fiske, “Book Selection and Retention in California Public and School Libraries,” edited by J. Periam Danton, papers presented at Climate of Book Selection: Social Influences on School and Public Libraries (symposium), University of California, July 10–12, 1958.
5. Mosher, Reference and Rare Books, p. 103.
CHAPTER 26
1. RR oral history, USHMM.
2. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to Ruth Sieben-Morgen, undated, box 1, folder 1, RRC, USAHEC.
4. Rappaport to Sieben-Morgen, December 11, 1958.
5. Ruth Rappaport’s Official Personnel Folders, NARA.
6. Ruth Rappaport’s Official Personnel Folders, NARA.
7. Letter from Ilya Belzitzman to Ruth Rappaport, November 15, 1958, RRC, USHMM.
8. Job application, December 28, 1962, Ruth Rappaport’s Official Personnel Folders, NARA.
9. Letter from Ruth Sieben-Morgen to Ruth Rappaport, September 13, 1959, box 1, folder 1, RRC, USAHEC.
10. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to Ruth Sieben-Morgen, September 18, 1959, box 1, folder 1, RRC, USAHEC; letter from Ruth Sieben-Morgen to Ruth Rappaport, October 23, 1959, box 1, folder 1, RRC, USAHEC; letter from Ruth Sieben-Morgen to Ruth Rappaport, December 30, 1959, box 1, folder 1, RRC, USAHEC.
11. Letter from Ruth Sieben-Morgen to Ruth Rappaport, March 30, 1960, box 1, folder 1, RRC, USAHEC.
12. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to Des [last name unknown], January 2, 1961, box 1, folder 1, RRC, USAHEC.
13. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to Colonel E. P. Foote, May 7, 1962, box 1, folder 1, RRC, USAHEC. Colonel Thompson is a pseudonym to protect the privacy of the accused.
14. Evaluation form for Ruth Rappaport completed by Mary Jane Lin, March 1, 1961, Ruth Rappaport’s Official Personnel Folders, NARA.
15. Pat Moesker, in discussion with the author, July 20, 2013.
16. Special Services, daily diary of Captain Charles C. Trexler Jr., box 1, folder 1, RRC, USAHEC.
CHAPTER 27
1. Letter regarding travel authorization, November 15, 1962, box 1, folder 1, RRC, USAHEC.
2. Letter from Ruth Rappaport, summer 1963, RRC, USHMM.
3. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to “all [her] good friends,” summer 1963, RRC, USHMM.
4. Ruth Rappaport, “The USARV Library Program—In Retrospect.” Obtained from Katherine Harig. Ruth probably wrote this report for her supervisors when she left her job in 1971, but it does not seem to have been saved in any official archive.
5. Letter from Ruth Rappaport to Gabe Horchler, June 1974, Gabe Horchler personal collection.
6. Rappaport, “The USARV Library Program—In Retrospect.”
7. Rappaport, “The USARV Library Program—In Retrospect.”
8. “Incentive Award Nomination and Approval” form for Ruth Rappaport, May 17, 1966, Ruth Rappaport’s Official Personnel Folders, NARA.