by James Palmer
4 Guard-dogs in Taiwan frequently used to be named Hitler, Stalin and Carter.
5 Terrill, p. 343.
6 Hua Guofeng obituary, Guardian, 21 Aug 2008.
7 Now up to six. Rather confusingly, they started with the Second Ring Road; there is no First. Equally, Beijing’s subway lines go 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10,13.
8 Xi’s comments were made during an interview with Global Times – http://special.globaltimes.cn/2010-09/571106.html – but the sections dealing with Tiananmen were censored in the final print version.
9 Feng Chen, ‘Worker Leaders and Framing Factory Based Resistance’, in Popular Protest in China, ed. Kevin O’Brien (Cambridge, Mass., 2008), p. 89.
10 Ye Yonglie, pp. 1146 – 53.
11 I stole this line from the title of a paper by Jennifer Hubbert in China Review, Vol. 5, No. 2 (2002).
12 The same linguistic shift happened in the former USSR.
13 Naturally, it’s tightly linked to both of these. Petitioners are often attacked or imprisoned when attempting to expose local government corruption, and some towns are controlled by ‘black gangs’ that collude with the authorities to eliminate those who oppose them. I once asked an engineering student from Shandong why he was moving to Australia. ‘Because after my family bid against them for a road construction project, the mafia in my home town murdered my uncle by chopping off both his legs and leaving him to bleed to death on top of a building, then they had my father arrested for six months on false charges. So I decided I wanted to live in a country where you didn’t have to be a criminal to succeed.’
14 http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2010/03/yu-jianrong-%E4%BA%8E%E5%BB%BA%E5%B5%98-maintaining-a-baseline-of-social-stability-part-6/ . This talk to the Beijing Lawyers’ Association is essential reading for anyone interested in protest, corruption and the Party’s attempts to maintain ‘stability’ in China.
15 Louise T. Higgins, Xiang Gao and Song Zhu, ‘The development of psychological intervention after disaster in China’, Asia Pacific Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 1:1, pp. 77 – 86.
16 John Garnault, ‘Journey Through An Earthquake’, The Age, 9 May 2009. Garnault told me in personal communications that he and his fixer attempted to alert PLA soldiers to trapped civilians, and were ignored.
17 William Foreman and Anna Cara, ‘China earthquake brings suspicion, relief corruption’, USA Today, 29 May 2008.
18 http://www.chinasmack.com/2011/pictures/chinese-netizens-admire-japanese-post-earthquake-behavior.html.
19 For a generally very well-acted film, it also has a jarringly awful moment when a ‘white guy’ actor shows up as the heroine’s new Canadian husband and gives the single most wooden performance I’ve ever seen, which prompted my fiancée to lean across and whisper, ‘She’s escaped the Tangshan earthquake only to marry a serial killer!’
20 The film is available in its entirety on YouTube: see http://dgeneratefilms.com/critical-essays/controversial-earthquake-documentary-now-on-youtube/#more-3370.
21 http://hansong.blshe.com/post/57/51231.
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Global Times (Beijing)
Liberation Daily (Beijing)
Newsweek (US)
People’s Daily (Beijing)
Red Flag (Beijing)
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Dikotter, Frank, Mao’s Great Famine (London, 2010)
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Gao Yuan, Born Red: A Chronicle of the Chinese Cultural Revolution (Stanford, 1997)
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Heilmann, Sebastian, Turning Away From the Cultural Revolution: Political Grassroots Activism in the Mid-Seventies (Stockholm, 1996)
Huang Yasheng, Capitalism With Chinese Characteristics (Cambridge, 2008)
Jung Chang and Halliday, Jon, Mao, the Unknown Story (London, 2005)
Li Zhisui, The Private Life of Chairman Mao (London, 1996)
Li Zinfang, ‘Social Responses to the Tangshan Earthquake’ (preliminary paper, Delaware University, 1991)
Lin Jing, The Red Guards’ Path to Violence: Political, Education, and Psychological Factors (New York, 1991)
Liu Huixian, ed., The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976 (Pasadena, 2002)
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Index
5 April Movement; see also Tiananmen incident
Aftershock (film)
The Age (newspaper)
agriculture: and famine; ‘Four Pests’ Campaign; Land Reform (1949 – 51); policies
Anhui province
‘Annals of a Nightmare’ (art exhibition)
‘The Answer’ (Bei Dao)
Anti-Bolshevik League
Anti-Japanese War
Anti-Rightist campaign
Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal
Babaoshan Cemetery, Beijing
Bai Yun (mayor of Tangshan)
Banqiao dam disaster (1975)
Baoding city
Bei Dao, see Zhao Zhengkai
Beida (Peking) University
Beijing: Babaoshan Cemetery; building style; catacombs; ‘Democracy Wall’; destruction of historic sites; expansion of; Forbidden City; see also Tiananmen Square; Zhongnanhai
Belgium, and foundation of Tangshan
Beria, Lavrentiy (Soviet politician)
Bohai Sea earthquake (1969)
Boxer Rebellion
Buried (film)
‘Campaign Against the Four Pests’ (1958 – 62)
Cao Gaocheng (mining official)
‘Capitalist roader’
Carter, Jimmy
Central Committee Examination Group
Central Military Commission
Central Party Committee
Chang Qing (photographer)
Changchun city
Changguo
Changzhou city
Che Zhengming (cadre)
Chen Boda (politician)
Chen Xilian, General
Chen Xing (hydrologist)
Chen Yi (politician)
Chen Yi-Hui (mining student)
Chen Yulian, attack on
Chengde city
Chengdu city
chengyi (‘sincerity’)
Chi Haotian (commissar)
Chiang Kai-Shek
China, People’s Republic of (PRC), agricultural policies; communications; compared with Soviet Union; economy; foundation/ early years; hukou (residence permit) system; income inequality; national anthem; and natural disasters; and politics; population and family planning; rationing; relations with US; relations with Soviet Union; unreliability of statistics
China Youth Daily
China’s Bloody Century (Rummel)
Chinese countrysideignored by authorities post-quake, violence in
Chinese culture: art/cartoons; festivals; film industry; heritage sites; language; literature; music; newspapers; poetry; and religion; ‘Scar literature’; shunkouliu (‘slippery rhymes’)
Chinese people: aspirational items; character; and class division; and collective justice; comradeship of; embrace other cultures; impulse to rescue; mistrust of officialdom; naming convention; pastimes; and politics; protests; and rumours; slogans/sayings of; Stakhanovite cult of
Chomsky, Noam
Chongqing city
Christianity/Christians
Chung Kuo, Cina (film)
‘Class Teacher’ (Liu Xinwu)
‘Cleansing of the Class Ranks’ campaign
Communism: ideologies; stamps out religion
Communist Party of China (CPC); see also China, People’s Republic of; Cultural Revolution; Great Leap Forward and under individual campaigns
Communist Youth League
Confucianism
‘Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend’ campaign
‘Criticise Lin Biao, Criticise Confucius’ campaign
Cui Zhiliang (miner)
Cultural Revolution (1966 – 76): and civil war; criticism of; deaths during; desecration of religious sites; down to the countryside movement; and films; and Gang of Four; motivation for; nostalgia for; persecutions; prisons; suicides; see also ‘Cleansing of the Class Ranks’ campaign; ‘Criticise Lin Biao, Criticise Confucius’ campaign; Red Guard Movement
Daily Telegraph
Dao County massacre (1967)
Daoism
Das Kapital (Marx)
Democracy Movement
‘Democracy Wall’, Beijing
Deng Pufang (son of Deng Xiaoping)
Deng Shuping (brother of Deng Xiaoping), suicide
Deng Xiaoping: anti-Hua campaign; and communism; death; invasion of Vietnam; and Mao Zedong; propaganda campaign against; public support/popular appeal; purges; reforms; relieved of duties; rise to power; and the rule of law; slogans; and Tiananmen incident; and Zhou Enlai
Deng Yingchao (wife of Zhou Enlai)
Diaoyutai
Dickens, Charles
‘Did the Tangshan Earthquake Really Happen’ (Han Song)
Dikotter,
Frank (historian)
Document 69, Central Party (1975)
Douhe reservoir: dam damaged and saved, Tangshan earthquake; fish swimming to surface; Japanese construction aid
Dragon Boat Day (festival)
earthquake prediction: animal behaviour; atmospheric phenomena; and drought; foreshocks; limitations of; radon; by State Seismological Bureau; water levels
earthquakes: awareness programmes; and Chinese building regulations; first seismograph; frequency in China; historical in China; Mercalli intensity scale; as omens/ portents; Richter magnitude scale; see also earthquake prediction and under individual earthquakes
East Hebei Party Committee
‘East Hebei Spy Case’
education: closure of universities; illiteracy; students exiled; teachers targeted by Red Guards
Fang Jingqing (bookstore owner)
Feng Chen (sociologist)
Feng Chengbo (nurse)
Feng Jicai (writer)
Fenging, SS
Fengnan
Financial Times
Flower Seller, The (film)
Forbidden City
‘Four Pests’ campaign (1958 – 62)
French Revolution
Friedman, Edward (political scientist)
Gang of Four; anti-Deng campaign; arrest; crimes; ideology; and Mao Zedong; naming of; plot to overthrow;; reactions to fall of; rise to power; as scapegoats; and Tangshan earthquake; and Tiananmen incident; trial; see also Jiang Qing; Wang Hongwen; Yao Wenyuan; Zhang Chunqiao
Garnault, John (journalist)
Geng Qingquo (seismologist)
Great Britain, and foundation of Tangshan
Great Leap Forward (1958 – 61): buildings weakened during; criticism of; deaths during; famine; granary raids; persecutions; policies; ‘Four Pests’ campaign; ‘Hundred Flowers’ campaign
Great Tangshan Earthquake, The (film), see Aftershock
Gu, Eric (mathematician)
Guangdong province
Guangming Daily
Guangzhou city
Guizhou province
Guo Morou (poet)
Guomingdang