3 Huntford, Nansen, 460.
4 Leon Amundsen, quoted in Bomann-Larsen, Roald Amundsen, 86.
5 Thorvald Nilsen, in his section of Roald Amundsen, The South Pole: An Account of the Norwegian Expedition in the Fram, 1910–1912, translated from the Norwegian by A. G. Chater (London: John Murray, 1913), II:340.
6 Geir O. Kløver, ed., The Roald Amundsen Diaries: The South Pole Expedition, 1910–1912 (Oslo: Fram Museum, 2010), 283.
7 Kristian Prestrud, in his section of Amundsen, South Pole, II:204.
8 Prestrud, in his section of Amundsen, South Pole, II:268.
9 Nilsen, in his section of Amundsen, South Pole, II:350.
10 Captain R. F. Scott, Scott’s Last Expedition, arranged by Leonard Huxley (London: Smith, Elder, 1914), I:546.
11 Scott, Scott’s Last Expedition, I:572.
12 Scott, Scott’s Last Expedition, I:592.
13 Scott, Scott’s Last Expedition, I:605.
14 Excerpt from Henry Bowers’s letter, in Roland Huntford, The Last Place on Earth (New York: Atheneum, 1985), 509 (originally published as Scott and Amundsen).
15 Geir O. Kløver, ed., Cold Recall: Reflections of a Polar Explorer (Oslo: Fram Museum, 2009), 201.
16 Amundsen, South Pole, II:202.
17 Kløver, Roald Amundsen Diaries, 367.
18 Kløver, Roald Amundsen Diaries, 368.
19 Liv Nansen Høyer, Nansen: A Family Portrait, translated from the Norwegian by Maurice Michael (London: Longmans, Green, 1957), 200.
PART IV: LAST VOYAGES
1 Høyer, Nansen, 260.
2 Lorna McDonald, Magic Ships: Life Story of Colin Archer, 1832–1921, and Sailing for Pleasure (Rockingham, Australia: QU Press, 1997), 71.
REFERENCES
Original works in Norwegian are only cited where no English version is available.
Amundsen, Roald. My Life as an Explorer. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page, 1927.
Amundsen, Roald. The South Pole: An Account of the Norwegian Expedition in the Fram, 1910–1912. Vols. I and II. Translated from the Norwegian by A. G. Chater. London: John Murray, 1913.
Archer, Colin. “The Fram.” In The Norwegian North Polar Expedition, 1893–1896: Scientific Results, edited by Fridtjof Nansen, 1–16. Vol. I. London: Longmans, Green, 1900.
Archer, James. Colin Archer: A Memoir. Gloucester, UK: privately published, 1949.
Barr, William. “Otto Sverdrup to the Rescue of the Russian Imperial Navy.” Arctic Institute of North America 27, no. 1 (1974): 2–14.
Berg, Kåre. Heroes of the Polar Wastes. Translated from the Norwegian by Jean Aase. Oslo: Andresen & Butenschøn Forlag, 2003.
Blake, E. Vale, ed. Arctic Experiences: Containing Capt. George E. Tyson’s Wonderful Drift on the Ice-Floe; A History of the Polaris Expedition, Cruise of the Tigress, and Rescue of the Polaris Survivors. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1874.
Bomann-Larsen, Tor. Roald Amundsen. 1995. Translated from the Norwegian by Ingrid Christophersen. Stroud, UK: History Press, 2011.
Carpenter, Kenneth J. History of Scurvy and Vitamin C. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
Cherry-Garrard, Apsley. The Worst Journey in the World: Antarctica, 1910–1913. 1922. Guildford, CT: Lyons, 2004.
Drivenes, Einar-Arne, and Harald Dag Jølle, eds. Into the Ice: The History of Norway and the Polar Regions. Oslo: Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, 2007.
Fairley, T. C. Sverdrup’s Arctic Adventures. London: Longmans, Green, 1959.
Fleming, Fergus. Ninety Degrees North: The Quest for the North Pole. New York: Grove, 2001.
Gessen, Keith. “Polar Express: A Journey through the Melting Arctic, with Sixty-Odd Thousand Tons of Iron Ore.” New Yorker, December 24 and 31, 2012, 98–117.
Greely, Adolphus W. Three Years of Arctic Service: An Account of the Lady Franklin Bay Expedition of 1881–84. Vols. 1 and 2. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1886.
Hansen, Arild Marøy. “Norwegian Pilotage, Pilots, and Pilot Boats in the Age of Sail.” Maritime Life and Traditions, no. 31 (Summer 2006): 26–43.
Harrison, Tony. Fram. London: Faber and Faber Limited, 2008.
Hegge, Per Egil. Otto Sverdrup: Aldri Rådlos. Oslo: J. M. Stenersens Forlag, 1996.
Holt, Kåre. The Race: A Novel of Polar Exploration. 1974. Translated from the Norwegian by Joan Tate. New York: Delacorte, 1976.
Høyer, Liv Nansen. Nansen: A Family Portrait. Translated from the Norwegian by Maurice Michael. London: Longmans, Green, 1957.
Huntford, Roland. Nansen: The Explorer as Hero. 1997. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1998.
———. The Last Place on Earth. New York: Atheneum, 1985. Originally published as Scott and Amundsen.
———. Race for the South Pole: The Expedition Diaries of Scott and Amundsen. New York: Continuum International, 2010.
Jackson, Frederick G. A Thousand Days in the Arctic. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1899.
Johansen, Hjalmar. With Nansen in the North: A Record of the Fram Expedition in 1893–96. Translated from the Norwegian by H. L. Brækstad. London: Ward, Lock, 1899.
Kenney, Gerard. Ships of Wood and Men of Iron: A Norwegian-Canadian Saga of Exploration in the High Arctic. Toronto: Natural Heritage Books, 2004.
Kløver, Geir O., ed. Cold Recall: Reflections of a Polar Explorer. Oslo: Fram Museum, 2009.
———, ed. Hjalmar Johansen’s Dagbøker: Sydpolsekspedisjonen, 1910–1912. Oslo: Fram Museum, 2011.
———, ed. Roald Amundsen Diaries: The South Pole Expedition, 1910–1912. Oslo: Fram Museum, 2010.
———, ed. Sverre Hassel’s Dagbøker: Sydpolsekspedisjonen, 1910–1912. Oslo: Fram Museum, 2011.
———, ed. Thorvald Nilsen’s Dagbøker: Sydpolsekspedisjonen, 1910–1914. Oslo: Fram Museum, 2011.
Kobalenko, Jerry. The Horizontal Everest: Extreme Journeys on Ellesmere Island. Toronto: BPS Books, 2002.
Kvale, Dagfinn. “Before Now: The Gjøa through the Northwest Passage to the Golden Gate Park.” Ocean Beach Bulletin, September 27, 2011.
Leather, John. Colin Archer and the Seaworthy Double-Ender. Camden, ME: International Marine Publishing, 1979.
Lopez, Barry. Arctic Dreams: Imagination and Desire in a Northern Landscape. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1986.
Lund, Harald Østgaard, and Siv Frøydis Berg, ed. Norske Polarheltbilder: 1888–1928. Oslo: Forlaget Press, 2011.
McDonald, Lorna. Magic Ships: Life Story of Colin Archer, 1832–1921, and Sailing for Pleasure. Rockingham, Australia: QU Press, 1997.
Mowat, Farley. The Polar Passion: The Quest for the North Pole. Boston: Little, Brown, 1967.
Nansen, Fridtjof. Farthest North: Being the Record of a Voyage of Exploration of the Ship Fram, 1893–96, and of a Fifteen Months’ Sleigh Journey by Dr. Nansen and Lieut. Johansen, with an Appendix by Otto Sverdrup Captain of the Fram. Westminster, UK: Archibald Constable and Company, 1897.
Nares, G. S. Narrative of a Voyage to the Polar Sea. Vols. I and II. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, 1878.
Officer, Charles, and Jake Page. A Fabulous Kingdom: The Exploration of the Arctic. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Pielou, E. C. A Naturalist’s Guide to the Arctic. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
Rössel, Greg. Building Small Boats. Brooklin, ME: WoodenBoat Publications, 2000.
Sannes, Tor Borch. Fram. Oslo: Sem & Stenersens Forlag, 2011.
Scott, Captain R. F. Scott’s Last Expedition. Vols. I and II. Arranged by Leonard Huxley. London: Smith, Elder, 1914.
Sides, Hampton. “1,000 Days in the Ice (1893–1896).” National Geographic 215, no. 1 (January 2009): 108–19.
Smith, B. Webster. The “Fram.” London: Blackie & Sons, 1940.
Special Committee Appointed by the Council to Report on the “Jeannette” Relics. “An Examination into the Genuineness of the ‘Jeannette’ Relics: Some Evidences of Currents in the Polar Regions.” In The Geographic Society of the Pacific, 1–15. San Francisco: John P
artridge, 1896.
Sverdrup, Otto. New Land: Four Years in the Arctic Regions. Vols. I and II. Translated from the Norwegian by Ethel Harriet Hearn. New York: Longmans, Green, 1904.
Wilkinson, Alec. The Ice Balloon: S. A. Andrée and the Heroic Age of Arctic Exploration. New York: Knopf, 2011.
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS
Australian National Library: figure 94
Dreamstime / Don Landwehrle: figure 107
Fram Museum (Frammuseet): figures 3, 8 (modified), 50 (modified), 51
National Library of Norway (Nasjonalbiblioteket), Picture Collection: figures 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33a–d, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 57, 62, 65, 67, 72, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 105, 106
Norwegian Museum of Cultural History (Norsk Folkemuseum): figures 2, 74, 76, 79, 104
Norwegian Polar Institute (Norsk Polarinstitutt): figures 43, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 75, 95, 100
Wikipedia Commons / Shakki: figure 96 (modified)
INDEX
Page numbers in bold indicate figures.
albatross, 226
Alert, 74, 141, 142
Alexandra Fjord, 128, 148, 149
Amund Ringnes Island, 128, 129, 194
Amundsen, Anton, 35–36, 37, 52, 58, 61, 67, 85, 111
Amundsen, Leon, 213, 218, 225, 259, 260, 262–63, 265, 266
Amundsen, Roald: adopts Inuit ways, 253; in Alaska, 213, 274, 276; applied for Jackson expedition, 208; Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 208; expedition end, 269; expedition plan, 216, 221–22; flying, 267, 270, 277–78; and Fram, 215, 216, 217, 294–95; on Gjøa, 209; Italia search, 280; and Johansen, 245; leaves Fram, 206, 260; letter to king, 250, 252, 257; money troubles, 211, 266, 277; and Nansen, 209, 211, 215, 266; and Norge, 278–79; Northwest Passage, 2, 209, 211, 213; qualities, 207–10, 212, 243, 249, 259, 266, 269, 280; and Scott, 225, 248; secrecy, 217–18, 235, 238, 258–60, 261; sees both poles, 279; South Pole party, 250, 259; speaking tours, 260, 263, 266; writing, 261. See also Gjøa, Maud, Third Expedition
Andrée, Salomon, 92, 93, 94, 95, 98
Antarctica, 206, 230, 231, 298
Antarctic Circle, 206, 230
Archer, Colin: boats, 14–15, 21; death, 290; Fram designer/builder, 14, 31, 19–22, 203; Fram design principles, 16–18, 77; and Nansen, 13, 15
Archer, James, 25
Arctic: animals, 231; beauty, 166; and climate change, 298; fossils, 230; indigenous peoples, 231 (see also Inuit); plants, 107, 231; theories about, 2, 48
Arctic Circle, 28, 40, 106, 206, 230
Arctic Ocean, 28, 57, 69, 70, 129
Arthur Fjord (Strait), 128, 180, 181, 198
Astrup, Eivind, 17, 136–37, 152, 210
auk, little (dovekie), 49, 112, 114, 115
Aurora, 248, 260, 296
Australia, 15, 206, 225, 258, 260
Axel Heiberg Island (Land): Canada claims, 287; discovery, 160, 174; exploration, 129, 173–75, 178, 189, 191–93, 198; extent, 93, 173, 174, 175; Inuit on, 192
Baden-Powell, George, 118, 119
Baffin Bay, 28, 128, 137, 139, 141, 201, 211, 286
Barents Sea, 29
Barr, Susan, 110
Baumann Fjord, 128, 190, 194
Baumann, Victor: at Beechey Island, 198, 211; Braskerud’s death, 164; on Fram, 131, 132, 133, 168; at Nordstrand, 186; on North Devon, 182; sledging, 161, 164, 173, 175, 181–82, 198; at Sverdrup’s funeral, 291; visits Peary, 152–53, 159
Bay, Edvard: at Bear Fort, 168–69, 177–78; sledging, 155, 167–68, 186; writes novel, 197; zoologist, 132, 133–34, 168, 184, 195
Bay Fjord, 128, 156, 190, 191, 194
Bay of Whales, 229, 232, 233, 235, 248, 249, 255
Bear (Bjørne) Peninsula, 189
Beardmore Glacier, 249, 253, 254, 256
Bear Fort (Bjørnborg), 168, 169–70, 173, 177–78
bear, polar: First Expedition, 46, 59, 62–64, 63, 73, 85, 91; Nansen/Johansen sledge/kayak trip, 99, 102, 103, 104, 108, 109; Second Expedition, 177, 183, 187; trap, 86; trichinosis, 94
Beck, Andreas, 219, 220, 229, 240, 262, 268
Beechey Island, 128, 198, 199, 211
Beitstad Fjord, 128, 157
Belcher Channel, 128, 181
Belcher, Edward, 172, 180
Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 208
Belgica, 208, 209, 210, 217
Bennett Island, 48, 50
Bentsen, Bernt, 41, 45, 58, 83, 94, 95, 122, 125
Bergen’s Museum, 4, 5
Bernier, Joseph, 287
Bjaaland, Olav: on Fram, 219, 220, 262; ski-maker, 243, 267; South Pole party, 244–45, 250, 251, 259; at Winter Olympics, 293
Bjørnson, Bjørnstjerne, 119
Bjørvik, Paul, 125
Blessing, Henrik: addiction, 35, 84, 88, 122–23; duties, 32, 34, 57, 64, 78, 88; exercise, 61, 111; on Fram, 35, 62, 64, 65, 122
Blue Man Cape, 191
Boat Fjord, 128, 162, 163, 164, 167
Bomann-Larsen, Tor, 212, 263
Bowers, Henry “Birdie,” 252, 254, 255, 256, 257
Braskerud, Ove, 132, 163, 164, 168, 201, 268
Budington, Sidney, 140
Buenos Aires, 206, 210, 235–40, 258, 260–61, 264, 267
bunting, snow, 70, 89, 149
Butter Porridge Point, 191, 192
Bygdøy Peninsula (Bygdøynes), 213, 292, 297
Cambridge Bay (Inuinnaqtun), 275
Camp Clay (Starvation Camp), 142, 144, 145, 147
Cape Chelyuskin, 46, 47, 274
Cape Fligely, 98, 100
Cape Flora, 116
Cape Horn, 2, 29, 218, 237
Cape Sabine, 143, 144. See also Pim Island
Cape Southwest, 128, 173, 175, 189
Cape Storm, 164, 167
Cape York, 136
Cardigan Strait, 128, 180, 182, 183, 199, 200
Cherry-Garrard, Apsley, 257
Christiania: First Expedition, 23, 29, 31, 119–20, 122; Johansen’s suicide, 265; location, 28; Maud departs, 273; Nansen’s birth, 4; Second Expedition, 132, 134, 202, 203, 208; Third Expedition, 216, 219, 221, 225, 261, 262. See also Oslo
Christofersen, Ola, 41, 45
Christophersen, Don Pedro, 237–38, 240, 260–61, 264, 266, 269, 273
Chukchi Sea, 3, 28, 29
Cobourg Island, 128, 161
Colin Archer, 15, 18
Colin Archer Peninsula, 128, 180
Cook, Frederick, 151, 210, 217
current, polar: East Greenland Current, 6; Ellesmere Island, 169, 180; evidence of, 4, 6, 7, 118, 124; Greenland, 135; on sledge/kayak trip, 98; New Siberian Islands, 53; and open ocean theory, 2; Pacific Ocean, 7; speed, 17; Spitsbergen, 94
Davis Strait, 28, 60, 139, 296
De Long, George, 1, 3, 4, 6, 50
Dietrichson, Leif, 277, 280
Discovery, 141, 142, 143, 225, 256
Discovery Harbor, 143
Disko Island, 28, 136, 142, 201
dog, sledge: First Expedition, 17, 29, 41, 45, 47, 54, 55, 97 (see also Kaifas and Suggen); Scott expedition, 228, 253–54; Second Expedition, 145, 151, 164, 166, 181, 188, 197, 201; Third Expedition, 218, 222–23, 227–28, 232, 242, 244, 254, 260
Doxrud, Christian, 206, 267
East Siberian Sea, 28, 29
Eclipse, 289
Ellef Ringnes Island, 128, 129, 194
Ellesmere Island (Umingmak Nuna): Braskerud’s memorial, 163; Canada claims, 287; Cook expedition, 217; exploration, 141, 155–56, 167, 178, 186, 191; known as Ellesmere Land, 11, 28, 129, 137; mapping, 128, 141, 167, 179, 198; Peary expedition, 150, 217; size, 160, 204; Sverdrup’s route, 28, 29
Ellsworth, Lincoln, 277, 279
Eskimo Point, 143, 144
Etah, 140, 146
Evans, Edgar, 252, 254, 255
Farthest North, 31, 40, 42, 49, 84, 118, 123
Feucht, Karl, 277
First Expedition: crew, 31–40, 61, 122; departs Bergen, 39, 40; departs Christiania, 29, 31; departs Tromsø, 38, 40, 41; departs Vardø, 41, 42, 44, 49; dredging, 57; drift, 53–54, 66, 68, 70, 74, 83, 86, 89–90; exercise, 61, 111; food, 57, 59; freed from ice, 92; frozen in, 51–53, 52, 56, 57, 75; kayaks, 71, 79; lice, 49; Nansen vindicated, 124; prepares for disaster, 82; prepares for winter, 51; refuse, 85; returns to Norway, 93, 95, 119, 121; route, 28, 29, 44, 47, 93; scientific work, 55, 57, 68, 69; shipboard life, 57, 58, 61–62, 64–65; uses dynamite, 90; workshops, 52, 83
Flagler Fjord, 128, 155
Floeberg Beach, 141
Fort Akershus, 119
Fort Conger, 143, 150
Fort Juliana, 149–50, 152, 155, 156–57
Fosheim, Ivar: on Axel Heiberg, 173; at Bear Fort, 168, 178; at Beechey Island, 198, 199; on Fram, 132, 168, 188, 194, 195; as hunter, 137, 174, 183; in ice-cave, 176; sets cairns, 173, 198, 199; sets depots, 132, 164; sledging, 173–77, 190–94
fossil, 193, 230, 257, 298
Foulke (Foulk) Fjord, 137, 145, 159
Fourth Camp, 171, 172, 173, 175
fox, Arctic, 61, 62, 65, 100, 188, 231
Fram: construction, 18–24; deterioration, 268–69, 290; diesel engine, 23, 218, 220; engine room, 23; farthest north, 74; final return to Norway, 269; financing, 13; fuel, 23; hull, 19, 20, 131; internal bracing, 19, 21; launch, 25; leaking, 84; lifeboats, 25; living spaces, 23; materials, 19, 20, 86; as museum, 291, 292, 293; performance, 45, 77, 88; rebuilt/refitted, 130, 131; rescue boat model, 18; restored, 290–91; retractable rudder and screw, 22; rigging, 22, 237; sailing characteristics, 20, 31, 134, 227; saloon, 24, 131; steam engine, 23; stripped for Maud, 273; windmill, 24, 51, 52, 56, 85, 89. See also First, Second, and Third Expeditions Fram Fjord, 128, 161
Framheim (Fram’s Home), 229, 232, 234, 241–42, 243–44, 246, 247–48, 251, 254
Fram Museum, 214, 293, 294, 296–97
Fram’s Haven (Frams Havn), 128, 129, 142, 145, 147, 149, 158
Franklin expedition, 11, 140, 172, 180, 198, 207, 211
Franklin, John, 11, 211
Franz Josef Land: Andrée expedition, 94, 164, 253; Jackson expedition, 93, 116, 208; Nansen/Johansen discovery, 117; Nansen/Johansen sledge/kayak trip, 72–73, 98, 100–101, 104–5, 108, 115; Nansen/Johansen winter hut, 110; Wellman expedition, 125
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