18. “It is difficult to describe working with a horse infected with Ebola”: Yaderny Kontrol (Nuclear Control) Digest No. 11, Center for Policy Studies in Russia, Summer 1999.
19. “Taken together, our results clearly point”: Walsh et al. (2005), 1950.
20. “Thus, Ebola outbreaks probably do not occur as”: Leroy et al. (2004), 390.
21. “the revenge of the rainforest”: Preston (1994), 289.
22. Do bats have a different “set point”: Calisher et al. (2006), 536.
23. “Emphasis, sometimes complete emphasis, on nucleotide sequence”: Ibid., 541.
24. “we are simply waiting for the next”: Ibid., 540.
25. “The natural reservoir hosts have not yet been identified”: Ibid., 539.
26. “is only one of many such cave populations”: Towner et al. (2009), 2.
27. “Patient C was the father of a four-year-old girl”: Leroy et al. (2009), 5.
28. “Thus, virus transmission may have occurred”: Ibid., 6.
29. “In fact, it is highly likely that several other persons”: Ibid., 5.
30. “Within days of his being diagnosed”: Branswell (2014), 2.
31. the Gire study found “a rapid accumulation”: Gire et al. (2014), 1.
32. “suggests that continued progression of this epidemic”: Ibid, 2.
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
Baize, Sylvain, Delphine Pannetier, Lisa Oesterich, Tony Rieger, Lamine Koivogui, N’Faly Magassouba, Barré Soropogui et al. 2014. “Emergence of Zaire Ebola Virus Disease in Guinea—Preliminary Report.” The New England Journal of Medicine, April 16, 2014, online.
Bermejo, Magdalena, José Domingo Rodríguez-Teijeiro, Germán Illera, Alex Barroso, Carles Vilà, and Peter D. Walsh. 2006. “Ebola Outbreak Killed 5000 Gorillas.” Science, 314.
Biek, Roman, Peter D. Walsh, Eric M. Leroy, and Leslie A. Real. 2006. “Recent Common Ancestry of Ebola Zaire Virus Found in a Bat Reservoir.” PLoS Pathogens, 2 (10).
Branswell, Helen. “Ebola: See How It Spreads.” Global News, September 4, 2014.
Breman, Joel G., Karl M. Johnson, Guido van der Groen, C. Brian Robbins, Mark V. Szczeniowski, Kalisa Ruti, Patrician A. Webb, et al. 1999. “A Search for Ebola Virus in Animals in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Cameroon: Ecologic, Virologic, and Serologic Surveys, 1979–1980.” In Ebola: The Virus and the Disease, ed. C. J. Peters and J. W. LeDuc. Special issue of The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 179 (S1).
Burke, Donald S. 1998. “Evolvability of Emerging Viruses.” In Pathology of Emerging Infections 2, ed. A. M. Nelson and C. Robert Horsburgh, Jr. Washington: ASM Press
Caillaud, D., F. Levréro, R. Cristescu, S. Gatti, M. Dewas, M. Douadi, A. Gautier-Hion, et al. 2006. “Gorilla Susceptibility to Ebola Virus: The Cost of Sociality.” Current Biology, 16 (13).
Calisher, Charles H., James E. Childs, Hume E. Field, Kathryn V. Holmes, and Tony Schountz. 2006. “Bats: Important Reservoir Hosts of Emerging Viruses.” Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 19 (3).
Daszak, Peter, Andrew A. Cunningham, and Alex D. Hyatt. 2000. “Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife–Threats to Biodiversity and Human Health.” Science’s Compass, 287.
Daszak, P., A. A. Cunningham, and A. D. Hyatt. 2001. “Anthropogenic Environmental Change and the Emergence of Infectious Diseases in Wildlife.” Acta Tropica, 78.
Dobson, Andrew P., and E. Robin Carper. 1996. “Infectious Diseases and Human Population History.” BioScience, 46 (2).
Emond, R.T., B. Evans, E. T. Bowen, and G. Lloyd. 1977. “A Case of Ebola Virus Infection.” British Medical Journal, 2.
Epstein, Jonathan H., Vibhu Prakash, Craig S. Smith, Peter Daszak, Amanda B. McLaughlin, Greer Meehan, Hume E. Field, and Andrew A. Cunningham. 2008. “Henipavirus Infection in Fruit Bats (Pteropus giganteus), India.” Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14 (8).
Ewald, Paul W. 1994. Evolution of Infectious Disease. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Formenty, P., C. Boesch, M. Wyers, C. Steiner, F. Donati, F. Dind, F. Walker, and B. Le Guenno. 1999. “Ebola Virus Outbreak among Wild Chimpanzees Living in a Rain Forest of Côte d’Ivoire.” In Ebola: The Virus and the Disease, ed. C. J. Peters and J. W. LeDuc. Special issue of The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 179 (S1).
Garrett, Laurie. 1994. The Coming Plague: Newly Emerging Diseases in a World Out of Balance. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Georges, A. J., E. M. Leroy, A. A. Renaut, C. T. Benissan, R. J. Nabias, M. T. Ngoc, P. I. Obiang, et al. 1999. “Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Outbreaks in Gabon, 1994–1997: Epidemiologic and Health Control Issues.” In Ebola: The Virus and the Disease, ed. C. J. Peters and J. W. LeDuc. Special issue of The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 179 (S1).
Gire, Stephen K., Augustine Goba, Kristian G. Andersen, Rachel S. G. Seafon, Daniel J. Park, Lansana Kanneh, Sibirie Jalloh et al. 2014. “Genomic Surveillance Elucidates Ebola Virus Origin and Transmission during the 2014 Outbreak.” Science Express, August 28, 2014.
Haydon, D. T., S. Cleaveland, L. H. Taylor, and M. K. Laurenson. 2002. “Identifying Reservoirs of Infection: A Conceptual and Practical Challenge.” Emerging Infectious Diseases, 8 (12).
Hennessey, A. Bennett, and Jessica Rogers. 2008. “A Study of the Bushmeat Trade in Ouesso, Republic of Congo.” Conservation and Society, 6 (2).
Hewlett, Barry S., and Richard P. Amola. 2003. “Cultural Contexts of Ebola in Northern Uganda.” Emerging Infectious Diseases, 9 (10).
Hewlett, Barry S,. and Bonnie L. Hewlett. 2008. Ebola, Culture, and Politics: The Anthropology of an Emerging Disease. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
Hewlett, B. S., A. Epelboin, B. L. Hewlett, and P. Formenty. 2005. “Medical Anthropology and Ebola in Congo: Cultural Models and Humanistic Care.” Bulletin de la Société Pathologie Exotique, 98 (3).
Heymann, D. L., J. S. Weisfeld, P. A. Webb, K. M. Johnson, T. Cairns, and H. Berquist. 1980. “Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever: Tandala, Zaire, 1977–1978.” Journal of Infectious Diseases, 142 (3).
Huijbregts, Bas, Pawel De Wachter, Louis Sosthene Ndong Obiang, and Marc Ella Akou. 2003. “Ebola and the Decline of Gorilla Gorilla gorilla and Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes Populations in Minkebe Forest, North-eastern Gabon.” Oryx, 37 (4).
Johnson, Karl M., and Members of the International Commission. 1978. “Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever in Zaire, 1976.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 56.
Johnson, K. M. 1999. “Gleanings from the Harvest: Suggestions for Priority Actions against Ebola Virus Epidemics.” In Ebola: The Virus and the Disease, ed. C. J. Peters and J. W. LeDuc. Special issue of The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 179 (S1).
Karesh, William B. 1999. Appointment at the Ends of the World: Memoirs of a Wildlife Veterinarian. New York: Warner Books.
Karesh, William B., and Robert A. Cook. 2005. “The Animal-Human Link.” Foreign Affairs, 84 (4).
Kuhn, Jens. 2008. Filoviruses: A Compendium of 40 Years of Epidemiological, Clinical, and Laboratory Studies. C. H. Calisher, ed. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Lahm, S. A., M. Kobila, R. Swanepoel, and R. F. Barnes. 2006. “Morbidity and Mortality of Wild Animals in Relation to Outbreaks of Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever in Gabon, 1994–2003.” Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 101 (1).
Le Guenno, B., P. Formenty, M. Wyers, P. Gounon, F. Walker, and C. Boesch. 1995. “Isolation and Partial Characterisation of a New Strain of Ebola.” The Lancet, 345 (8960).
Leirs, Herwig, et al 1999, “Search for the Ebola Virus Reservoir in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Reflections on a Vertebrate Collection.” In Ebola: The Virus and the Disease, ed. C. J. Peters and J. W. LeDuc. Special issue of The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 179 (S1).
Leroy, Eric M., Pierre Rouquet, Pierre Formenty, Sandrine Souquière, Annelisa Kilbourne, Jean-Marc Froment, Magdalena Bermejo, et al. 2004. “Multiple Ebola Virus Transmission Events and Rapid Decline of Central African Wildlife.” Science, 303.
Leroy, Eric M., Brice Kumulungui, Xa
vier Pourrut, Pierre Rouquet, Alexandre Hassanin, Philippe Yaba, André Délicat, et. al. 2005. “Fruit Bats as Reservoirs of Ebola Virus.” Nature, 438.
Leroy, E. M., A. Epelboin, V. Mondonge, X. Pourrut, J. P. Gonzalez, J. J. Muyembe-Tamfun, P. Formenty, et al. 2009. “Human Ebola Outbreak Resulting from Direct Exposure to Fruit Bats in Luebo, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2007.” Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 9 (6).
McCormick, Joseph B., and Susan Fisher-Hoch. 1996. Level 4: Virus Hunters of the CDC. With Leslie Alan Horvitz. Atlanta: Turner Publishing.
McNeill, William H. 1976. Plagues and Peoples. New York: Anchor Books.
Miranda, M. E. 1999. “Epidemiology of Ebola (Subtype Reston) Virus in the Philippines, 1996.” In Ebola: The Virus and the Disease, ed. C. J. Peters and J. W. LeDuc. Special issue of The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 179 (S1).
Monath, Thomas P. 1999. “Ecology of Marburg and Ebola Viruses: Speculations and Directions for Future Research.” In Ebola: The Virus and the Disease, ed. C. J. Peters and J. W. leDuc. Special issue of The Journal of Infectious Diseases 179 (S1).
Morse, Stephen S., ed. 1993. Emerging Viruses. New York: Oxford University Press.
Nathanson, Neal, and Rafi Ahmed. 2007. Viral Pathogenesis and Immunity. London: Elsevier.
Oldstone, Michael B. A. 1998. Viruses, Plagues, and History. New York: Oxford University Press.
Pattyn, S. R., ed. 1978. Ebola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever. Proceedings of an International Colloquium on Ebola Virus Infection and Other Haemorrhagic Fevers held in Antwerp, Belgium, December 6–8, 1977. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press.
Peters, C. J., and James W. LeDuc, eds. 1999. Ebola: The Virus and the Disease. Special issue of The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 179 (S1).
Peters, C. J., and Mark Olshaker. 1997. Virus Hunter: Thirty Years of Battling Hot Viruses Around the World. New York: Anchor Books.
Pourrut, X., B. Kumulungui, T. Wittmann, G. Moussavou, A. Délicat, P. Yaba, D. Nkoghe, et al. 2005. “The Natural History of Ebola Virus in Africa.” Microbes and Infection, 7.
Preston, Richard. 1994. The Hot Zone. New York: Random House.
Price-Smith, Andrew T. 2009. Contagion and Chaos: Disease, Ecology, and National Security in the Era of Globalization. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Simpson, D.I.H., and the Members of the WHO/International Study Team. 1978. “Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever in Sudan, 1976.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 56 (2).
Sureau, Pierre H. 1989. “Firsthand Clinical Observations of Hemorrhagic Manifestations in Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever in Zaire.” Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 11 (S4).
Towner, Jonathan S., Tara K. Sealy, Marina L. Khristova, César G. Albariño, Sean Conlan, Serena A. Reeder, Phenix-Lan Quan, et al. 2008. “Newly Discovered Ebola Virus Associated with Hemorrhagic Fever Outbreak in Uganda.” PLoS Pathogens, 4 (11).
Towner, Jonathan S., Brian S. Amman, Tara K. Sealy, Serena A. Reeder Carroll, James A. Comer, Alan Kemp, Robert Swanepoel, et al. 2009. “Isolation of Genetically Diverse Marburg Viruses from Egyptian Fruit Bats.” PLoS Pathogens, 5 (7).
Tutin, C.E.G., and M. Fernandez. 1984. “Nationwide Census of Gorilla (Gorilla g. gorilla) and Chimpanzee (Pan t. troglodytes) Populations in Gabon.” American Journal of Primatology, 6.
Walsh, Peter D., Roman Biek, and Leslie A. Real. 2005. “Wave-Like Spread of Ebola Zaire.” PLoS Biology, 3 (11).
Walsh, Peter D., Thomas Breuer, Crickette Sanz, David Morgan, and Diane Doran-Sheehy. 2007. “Potential for Ebola Transmission Between Gorilla and Chimpanzee Social Groups.” The American Naturalist, 169 (5).
Wamala, Joseph F., Luswa Lukwago, Mugagga Malimbo, Patrick Nguku, Zabulon Yoti, Monica Musenero, Jackson Amone, et al. 2010. “Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Associated with Novel Virus Strain, Uganda, 2007–2008.” Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16 (7).
Weiss, Robin A. 2001. “The Leeuwenhoek Lecture 2001. Animal Origins of Human Infectious Disease.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B, 356.
Wolfe, Nathan D., Claire Panosian Dunavan, and Jared Diamond. 2004. “Origins of Major Human Infectious Diseases.” Nature, 447.
Wolfe, Nathan. 2011. The Viral Storm: The Dawn of a New Pandemic Age. New York: Times Books/Henry Holt.
Woolhouse, Mark E. J. 2002. “Population Biology of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens. Trends in Microbiology, 10 (10, Suppl.).
Zimmer, Carl. 2011. A Planet of Viruses. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
ALSO BY DAVID QUAMMEN
NONFICTION
Spillover
The Reluctant Mr. Darwin
Monster of God
The Song of the Dodo
ESSAYS
Natural Acts
The Boilerplate Rhino
Wild Thoughts From Wild Places
The Flight of the Iguana
FICTION
Blood Line
The Soul of Viktor Tronko
The Zolta Configuration
To Walk the Line
EDITED
On the Origin of Species: The Illustrated Edition
The Best American Science and Nature Writing 2000, with Burkhard Bilger
About the Author
David Quammen is an author and journalist who travels widely to some of the remotest corners of the earth. He writes for a broad range of publications such as Harper’s, Esquire, The Atlantic, Rolling Stone and the New York Times, and is a Contributing Writer at National Geographic. His journalism has won him three National Magazine Awards, and he is the recipient of the Academy Award in Literature from the American Academy of Arts and Letters.
Quammen is the author of several acclaimed science and natural history titles, as well as a number of novels. His most recent book, Spillover, from which this book is largely extracted, is an exploration into how some of the world’s most deadly viruses crossed over from non-human animals into humans. Spillover won the Science and Society Book Prize, from the National Association of Science Writers in the United States, and the Society of Biology Book Award in the United Kingdom.
Médecins sans Frontières (Doctors without Borders) and a few other organizations are providing crucial health care and support, in complement to national and local health authorities, within the countries afflicted by the 2014 West African outbreak.
To learn more about MSF’s role or to make a donation, go to:
http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/our-work/medical-issues/ebola
Copyright © 2014, 2012 by David Quammen
Extracted from Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Human Pandemic, updated and with additional material.
Web addresses appearing in this book reflect existing links as of the date of first publication. No endorsement of, or affiliation with, any third party website should be inferred. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. is not responsible for third party content (website, blog, information page, or otherwise).
All rights reserved
For information about permission to reproduce selections from this book, write to Permissions, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110
For information about special discounts for bulk purchases, please contact W. W. Norton Special Sales at [email protected] or 800-233-4830
Production manager: Julia Druskin
ISBN 978-0-393-35155-2 (pbk.)
ISBN 978-0-393-35156-9 (e-book)
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10110
www.wwnorton.com
W. W. Norton & Company Ltd.
Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London W1T 3QT
); -o-filter: grayscale(100%); -ms-filter: grayscale(100%); filter: grayscale(100%); " class="sharethis-inline-share-buttons">share
Ebola: The Natural and Human History of a Deadly Virus Page 13