Index
Note: you will find common flower names in the general alphabetical listing; Latin names are grouped together
either under the main genus (‘Rosa’, for instance) or under a separate listing for varieties (e.g. ‘Orchid varieties’).
Page numbers in bold refer to illustrations.
Abbas II, Shah 113, 116
Acosta, José de 73
Aesthetic Movement, the 62, 87–90, 89
Afghanistan 99, 129–30
Agate Hanmer tulip 181
Ahmed III, Sultan 188–90, 194
Ai Weiwei 96
Aiton, William 217
Aiton, William Townsend 217
alchemy 159
Alcott, Louisa May 120
Alcuin of York 45, 152, 152–3
Alexander the Great 9
Alexandria 9–10
Alma-Tadema, Sir Lawrence 136
almond, the 26
al-Razi (Rhazes) 142
amaranth 70
Ambrose, St 152
American Orchid Society 228
Ames, Oakes 228
Ancher, Michael 87
Antheologia, or the Speech of Flowers 191–2
Apollo (god) 44, 79–80
Apothecary’s rose, see Rosa gallica var. officinalis
Aristotle 142
art nouveau 63
Ashmole, Elias 179
Assyria 22, 40, 101, 143
Augusta, Dowager Princess of Wales 216–17
Austin, David 141
Australia 204
Averroes 114
Aztecs 69, 70–3, 72, 215
Babylonians 101
Bamboo lily (Lilium japonicum) 58
Banks, Sir Joseph 55, 177, 217, 219
Banville, Théodore de 35
Baqli, Ruzbihan 154
Bartram, John 53, 216
Bataille, Georges 160–1
Bateman, James 220–2, 221, 223
Baudelaire, Charles 130, 118, 119
Baum, L. Frank 128
Bayer 129
Beaufort, Mary, first Duchess of 79
Beck, Walter and Marion 3, 32
Bee orchid 215, 236
Belgium 73–4
Belon, Pierre 166
Benedict, St 152
Berlioz, Hector 119
Bermejo, Bartolomé 120–1
Bernard, Émile 91
Bernard of Clairvaux, St 152
Bernhardt, Sarah 63, 120
Besler, Basilius 78, 110, 177
Bible, the 49, 151
Blake, William 64, 81–2, 153, 160
Bligh, Vice Admiral William 217
Bock, Hieronymus 212
Bol, Ferdinand 80
Bosschaert, Ambrosius 184
Botticelli, Sandro 47
Boyle, Robert 145
Bradley, Richard 174
Brahma 16, 17
British Vegan Society 95–6
Browning, Elizabeth Barrett 120
Brueghel, Jan, the Elder 184
Bry, Theodor de 76–7
Buddhism 19–20
Bulgaria 142
Bull, John 120
Burma (Myanmar) 130, 220
Burne-Jones, Edward 60, 67, 86, 87
Busbecq, Ogier Ghiselin de 169, 171, 174
Byzantium 112, 137, 167
Caccini, Matteo 176–7
camellia 150
Canada 77
Carolina lily, (Lilium michauxii) 53
Carroll, Lewis 55–6, 55
Carter, Howard 7
Catesby, Mark 53
Cato the Elder 107
Cattley, William 218
Cecil, Robert 179
Cecil, William, Lord Burghley 51
Cecilia, St 152
Centifolia roses 143
Ceylon 167
Chamberlain, Joseph 227–8
Champlain, Samuel de 77
Chandler, Raymond 231–2
Chao Shih-kêng 207–8
Chardin, Jean 116–17
Charlemagne 45, 108, 137, 152
Charles I, King 80, 179
Charles II, King 145, 181
Chase, James Hadley 231
Chatsworth, Derbyshire 219–20
Chaucer, Geoffrey 149
Chen Banding 207
Cheng Ssu-hsiao, 206
Cherokee rose (Rosa laevigata) 161–2
Chesnée Monstereul, Charles de la 167, 173, 183
China 162
flower paintings 205–7, 207
footbinding 23
gardens 22, 32
lily varieties 54–7
lotus in 17, 20–3
medicine 8, 54–5, 144
Ming dynasty 22
Northern Song dynasty 22
opening of ports 56
and opium 113, 122–6, 129
orchid in 202, 204–8, 207, 211, 220
poetry 21–2, 32, 205
roses 137, 139–40
Chiu-Huang Pen Ts’ao 162
Christianity
hierarchy of flowers 46
and the lily 35–6, 45–9, 152–3
and the opium poppy 120–1
and the rose 137, 137–8, 151–3
and the sunflower 67, 80
and the tulip 191
chrysanthemum, the 22, 26
Church, Frederick Stuart 158–9
Church of St Apollinaris, Classe, Ravenna 46
CITES, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 225, 229
Clare, John 229–30
Classe, Ravenna, Church of St Apollinaris 46
Clive of India 119
Clovis, king of the Franks 50
Club des Haschischins 119
Clusius, Carolus 14, 138, 171–7, 178, 215
Clytie (nymph) 79–80
Cocteau, Jean 119
codeine 129
Codex Ixtlilxochitl 72–3, 72
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 117–18
Collins, Wilkie 120
Collinson, Peter 53, 216
Colman, Sir Jeremiah 228
colour
lotus 20
rose 137, 140, 147
tulip 172–3, 173–4, 180–1, 189, 194
Columella (Roman garden writer) 12–13, 43
Conan Doyle, Arthur 128
Conder, Josiah 26–7
Confucius and Confucianism 21, 202, 204–5
Constantinople 51, 117, 167, 169 see also Istanbul
cordial flowers 145
Cordus, Valerius 169
corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas) 101, 104
Cortés, Hernán 69
Cortuso, Giacomo Antonio 74, 75
Crete 39, 102, 134
Crooke, Helkiah 150
Cruikshank, George 221, 221
Cui Bai 140
Culpeper, Nicholas 145
Cunningham, Dr James 54–5
Cuyp, Jacob Gerritsz. 188
Damask rose 138–9, 142, 144–5, 155
Dante 82, 121, 153
Darwin, Charles 201, 213
Darwin, Erasmus 110–11, 212–13
de Quincey, Thomas 117–18, 119
de Vogel, Ed 203
Deir el-Medina 6–7, 8, 102
Delachénaye, B. 84
Delany, Mary 110
Delavay, Père Jean Marie 56
Devereux, Robert, second Earl of Essex 156
Devonshire, William George Spencer Cavendish, sixth Duke of 219–20
diacetylmorphine 129
Dickens, Charles 127
Digby, Sir Kenelm 81
Dioscorides, Pedanius 41–2, 79, 104–6, 105, 112, 143–4, 209–10
distillation 142
Divine Husbandman’s Materia Medica 54, 211
Doctrine of Signatures 210
Dodoens, Rembert 74, 75, 171
Dog roses 143
Dominy, John 226
Dorothy (Dorothea), St 152, 193
D’Oyly Carte, Richard 62
Dresser, Christopher 26, 62
&nbs
p; Du Cane, Ella and Florence 25, 60
Dumas, Alexandre 167, 188
Dyke, Tom Hart 232
East India Company 123, 123–4, 220
Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum) 64
Ebers papyrus, the 101
Eco, Umberto 161
Edward IV, King 155
Eglantine rose 156
Egypt
afterlife 5–6
Books of the Dead 5
entertainment 8
funerary offerings 6–7, 6, 101
lily in 40
lotus in 3–4, 4–9, 6, 15, 235
Napoleon’s campaign 15
and the opium poppy 101–2
tomb paintings 8
true lotus 9–13
Egyptian bean 9, 10–11, 12–13, 14
Eichstätt, Prince-Bishop of 78, 177
El Dorado 69–70
Elagabalus, Emperor (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus) see Heliogabalus
Eleanor of Provence 155
Eleusinian mysteries, the 107
Eliot, T. S. 31–2
Elizabeth I, Queen 144, 156
Elizabeth of Hungary, St 152
Elizabeth Stuart, Princess 159–60
Elwes, Henry John 64
emblem books 81
Epic of Gilgamesh 44
epilepsy 113–14
Evans, Sir Arthur 36–8
Evans, Thomas 217
Evelyn, John 145, 180, 181, 183
Fairchild, Thomas 83
Fakahatchee Strand State Preserve, Florida 232
Farrar, Reginald 57, 233
Felix, Minucius 45
Fenton, James 194
Feuille, Daniel de la 81
Flanders poppy 108
fleur-de-lis 49–50
Flinders Petrie, Sir William Matthew 158
florilegia 78, 80, 110, 177–9
florists 192–5
flowers, language of 84–5, 120–2
Fortune, Robert 56
Fothergill, John 217
Frampton, John 74
France 50, 85, 118–19, 125–6, 140, 143, 156, 182–3
Frankfurt 175, 177
frankincense tree 79–80
Frederick V, Elector Palatine 159–60
Freud, Sigmund 150
Fuller, Thomas 191
Fuseli, Henry 121
Gaertner, Joseph 10
Gardeners’ Chronicle 59–60, 223, 223–4
Garrett, James 51, 178
Gatton Park 228
Gauguin, Paul 90, 91, 92, 93
Gautier, Théophile 119, 194
George III, King 119, 217
George IV, King 119
geraniums 79
Gerard, John 35, 44, 48, 51, 52, 75, 76, 109, 144–5, 155–6, 167, 171, 177–8, 229, 236
Germany 45–6, 51, 108
Gesner, Conrad 169–70, 170
Ghosh, Amitav 130
Gibson, John 219
Gilliéron, Émile, fils 37
Ginkgo biloba 8
Ginsberg, Allen 95, 235
Glenny, George 194
Goodyer, John 210
Graaff, Jan de 64
Grandville, J. J. 85, 122
Gray, Effi 214
Great Britain
opium trade 122–6
orchid in 216–28, 236
tulip in 174–5, 177–82, 182, 192–5, 196–7
Greeks, ancient
and the lily 40–2
and the opium poppy 102–6, 107
and the orchid 209–11
and the rose 135, 141–2, 143–4, 147, 157
Gregory of Tours 45
Greville, Charles 56
Guatemala 221–2, 223
Gyles, Althea 160
Hafez (Shams al-Din Muhammad) 153
Hakylut, Richard 174–5
Hanmer, Sir Thomas 180–2, 182
Hansen, Eric 232
Harappa 18
Hariot, Thomas 76
Harvey, John 137
hashish 119
Hawkins, Henry 48–9, 67, 80
Hayllar, Kate 87
He Xiangu (Ho Hsien-ku) 21
Heiser, Charles B., Jr 69
Helen of Troy 103–4
Helianthus annuus (common sunflower) 67–8, 70 and 65–96 passim
Heliogabalus 136
Heliotropium (heliotrope) 79
heliotropism 67–8, 75–6, 79–80
Henry IV, King 155
Henry VII, King 155
heraldry 49–50, 155
Herculaneum 135–6
Hercules 44
Hermetic Students of the Golden Dawn 160
Hernández de Toledo, Francisco 74–5
Herodotus 9, 10, 29, 135
Herwart, Johannes Heinrich 169
Hesiod 40, 103
Hilliard, Nicholas 156
Hinduism 17–19
Hippocrates 104
Hodgkin, Howard 31
Hoefnagel, Joris 177
Hogarth, William 121
Hole, Samuel Reynolds 141
Homer 29–30, 103–4, 157
Homer, Winslow 87
Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton 213, 219–20, 224–5
Hooker, William Jackson 218
Hopkins, Gerard Manley 130
Hornel, Edward Atkinson 28
Hort, Sir Arthur 209
Horticultural Society of London see Royal Horticultural Society
Houston, Dr William 217
Huang T’ing-chien 205
Hughes, Arthur 60
Humboldt, Alexander von 54
Huntington Botanical Gardens, California 32
Huysmans, Joris-Karl 45, 160, 230
hyacinth 40, 49, 167, 169, 181, 193,
Hyacinth, death of 44
Ibn al-‘Awwam 137
Ibn Butlan 113
Ibn Rushd 114
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) 142
Ibrahim Pasha 188–91
Incas 69, 70
India 16–19, 31, 113, 123, 130, 224–5
Indian Slipper orchid (Paphiopedilum insigne f. sanderae) 233
Innisfree Garden, Millbrook 3, 32
Inquisition, the 85
Iran 133, 154, 171 see also Persia
iris (Iris pseudacorus) 49
Islam, spread of 113
Istanbul 165, 188–91 see also Constantinople
Istanbul tulips 189–90, 196
Italy 51
Jahangir (Mughal emperor) 142
Jamaica 216
Japan
Du Cane sisters visit 60
flower arranging 26–7, 29, 209
imperial flower 26
lily varieties 57–60
lotus in 24–9, 31
Meiji Restoration 25–6
opening of 25
orchid in 208–9
trade restrictions 57
Japan lily (Lilium speciosum) 57–8
Japonisme 61–2
Jekyll, Gertrude 36, 55, 63–4, 139
Jellinek, Paul 147, 148
Jesus Christ 46, 48, 151–2
Joan Silver Pin 99, 102, 236
Johannsen, Carl 226–7
Johnson, Thomas 109, 178, 191
Jones, Dr John 116
Joret, Charles 138
Josephine, Empress 140, 143
Josselyn, John 52–3
Judaism 151
Jugendstil 63
Jung, Carl 23–4, 159
Kaempfer, Engelbert 57–8, 59, 142, 209
Kamel, Georg Joseph 216
Karnak Botanical Garden 8
Kerr, William 55
Kinnock, Neil 156–7
Kircher, Athanasius 212
Knights of the Garter 149
Knossos, Crete 36–8, 134
Kowloon 125–6
Kuck, Loraine 22
Kyrgyzstan 139
Labillardière, Jacques-Julien 15
Lady’s slipper orchid (Cypripedium calceolus) 225, 236
Lajja Gauri 18
Lakshmi 16, 17–18
Lalavistara,
the 20
Lâle-i Rûmi (Ottoman tulips) 168–71
Lâlezarî, Seyh Mehmed 189
Lambert, John, Major-General 181, 182
Langham, William 114, 144–5
Langtry, Lily 62, 88
language of flowers 84–5, 120–2
Laos 130
Latour, Charlotte de 122
Latour-Marliac 31
laudanum 115–16, 117–20, 120
Lawrence, Mrs 222
Leiden 175
Lemon lily (Lilium parryi) 54
Leucothoe (nymph) 79–80
Levy, Howard S. 23
Li Yü 23
Lilienstil 63
Lilium
L. auratum (Golden-rayed lily) 59–60
L. brownii (Musk lily) 54
L. brownii var. colchesteri 54, 55
L. canadense 51
L. candidum (Madonna lily) 35, 37, 40, 46–9, 63
L. catesbaei 53
L. chalcedonicum (Scarlet turkscap lily) 38–9, 39, 40
L. concolor (Morning star lily) 54, 56
L. humboldtii 53–4
L. japonicum (Bamboo lily) 58
L. lancifolium (Tiger lily) 36
L. longiflorum (Easter Lily) 64
L. martagon 40 (Martagon lily)
L. michauxii (Carolina lily) 53
L. parryi (Lemon lily) 54
L. philadelphicum 53
L. regale (Regal lily) 56–7
L. speciosum (Japan lily) 57–8, 59
L. superbum (Virginian swamp lily) 53
L. testaceum (Nankeen lily) 63
Lilium Byzantinum 51
lily 33, 35–64, 235
and the ancient Greeks 40–2
arrival of new varieties 50–60, 54–7
association with the Virgin Mary 46–9, 50
biblical 49
Blake and 81
Chinese varieties 54–7
in Christian iconography 35–6, 152–3
Christianity and 45–9
in Egypt 40
in heraldry 49–50
hybrids 63, 64
impact on Western art and literature 60–3
Japanese varieties 57–60
Jekyll on 63
and Jesus Christ 46, 48
medicinal qualities and uses 42, 43, 46, 48, 52, 54
medieval period 46–8
and the Minoans 35, 36–9, 39
North American varieties 51, 52–4
origin myth 44
Pliny the Elder’s description 42–3, 43
Romans and 42–5
and roses 50
sacred associations 35, 37–9, 44–5, 46–9
scent 42–3, 48–9, 64
Seven Flowers Page 30