16. Masson, Jeunesse, II/251
17. According to Branda, Le Prix, there was money; Defranceschi, 154–5 believes Luciano left only debts; see also Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 96. Joseph’s story (Mémoires, I/47) that Luciano prophesied Napoleon’s greatness on his deathbed can be dismissed
18. Schuermans, 11; Chuquet, II/246; Nasica, 175; Garros, 48
19. Nasica, 183–5; Marcaggi, 220–1; Chuquet, II/248
20. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 97–9 (Charles Napoléon (190) believes it was Saliceti); Chuquet, II/359–75; Nasica, 211ff.; Masson, Napoléon Inconnu, II/357ff, 385; Marcaggi, 229–50; Napoleon, Oeuvres, II/305
6: France or Corsica
1. Chuquet, III/90; Marcaggi, 253
2. Chuquet, III/16–18
3. Bourrienne, 1829, I/48
4. CG, I/110, 112
5. Bourrienne, 1829, I/49–50; CG, I/113; quoted in Garros, 50; CG, I/114
6. CG, I/116, 112
7. Masson, Napoléon Inconnu, II/397, 394–5
8. Ibid., 397
9. CG, I/116
10. Las Cases, 1983, II/114
11. Ibid., 114–15; see also Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, I/269
12. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 102; Paoli, 302
13. Lucien Bonaparte, Mémoires, I/74–6
14. Napoleon, Oeuvres, II/333; CG, I/123; see also Garros & Tulard, 55
15. Defranceschi, 192ff
16. See Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 108
17. CG, I/124–5, 126; Paoli, 343; Garros & Tulard, 56; Masson, Napoleon Inconnu, II/426
18. See Chuquet, III/133–5; probably the leanest account is in Defranceschi, who (158–60, 210–11) believes most of it is nonsense
19. Paoli, 345–6
20. Ibid., 359–60
21. Chuquet, III/142–3; Charles Napoléon, 215
7: The Jacobin
1. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 109
2. Simiot, 69
3. Masson, Jeunesse, claims he did, but as Garros, 59–62, points out, this is doubtful
4. The various possibilities are summed up in Garros & Tulard, 60–6; Schuermans, 15–17; Chuquet, III/159–61. According to Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, I/81, he wrote to the war ministry requesting promotion to lieutenant-colonel in the artillery of the navy; according to Chuquet, III/160, he requested a post in army of the Rhine. There is no trace of these letters in CG
5. Napoleon, Oeuvres, II/388, 369–75
6. Gourgaud, II/273; seealso Abrantès, Mémoires, I/38. For Saliceti’s attitude, see Garros, 63
7. Quoted by Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 126
8. Victor, 26, 30
9. Chuquet, III/176; Napoleon, Mémoires, I/7–12
10. CG, I/129, 133, 136
11. Chuquet, III/194; Garros, 64; Napoleon, Mémoires, I/16–17
12. CG, I/131–142; qutoed Garros, 64
13. Marmont, I/40–1
14. Masson, Napoleon et sa Famille, I/83
15. CG, I/142–7; Chuquet, III/203–4
16. Coston, II/237
17. Chuquet, III/212, 213; Poupé, 64
18. Napoleon, Mémoires, I/29
19. Las Cases, 1983, I/118–19; Victor, 70–1; Marmont, I/44–5
20. Quoted by Dwyer, Napoleon, 143; Poupé, 92; Tulard, Fayard, Fierro, 152
21. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 133; Dwyer, Napoleon, 145
22. CG, I/154
23. Chuquet, III/229–30; Coston, II/242–4, 245–50
24. Victor, 28
25. On his catching scabies, see: Gourgaud, I/302; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 169; Roberts, Napoleon, 49 and 50 (note)
26. Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, I/834; Simiot, 76; Barras, I/288; Des Genettes, II/357–8; Metternich, Mémoires, I/312
8: Adolescent Loves
1. Simiot, 79
2. Napoleon, Oeuvres, II/399–404
3. Ibid. For his views on Robespierre, see: Casanova, 141–4; Englund, 68; Bertrand, Cahiers, 1818–1819, 272; Joseph, Mémoires, I/111–12
4. Napoleon, Oeuvres, II/399–404; also, Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 170
5. Coston, II/278–80
6. Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, I/97. For the story that Joseph had wanted to marry Désirée and been told to marry Julie instead by Napoleon, see Haegele, 72–3
7. CG, I/196
8. Coston, II/285–6
9. CG, I/197; Coston, II/292; Garros, 73; Dwyer, Napoleon, 154–5
10. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 145
11. Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, I/97; CG, I/201–2
12. Las Cases, 1983, I/122
13. Garros, 75
14. Napoleon, Mémoires, I/62–3
15. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 145
16. CG, I/221, 218–20
17. Marmont, I/60–1; Chastenay, 203
18. Chastenay, 203–4
19. Ibid., 206, 206–8
20. See Fraser, Venus, 1–18
21. CG, I/243
22. Lavalette, 117; see also Frénilly, 235
23. Marmont, I/88; CG, I/246 (in Las Cases, 1983, I/598, he says he was horrified at the ‘Babylon’ and the perversions of Paris)
24. CG, I/224–6
25. Ibid., 226–7, 232–3
26. Ibid., 233–4, 235–6, 238–9, 241, 242; Marmont, I/64; see also Haegele, 76–82 and Branda, Le Prix, 30–3
27. CG, I/230–1, 237–8, 235–6, 246, 248–9; Haegele, 85–6; CG, I/233
28. CG, I/248
29. On the Clary family, see Girod de l’Ain, 19
30. Girod de l’Ain, 51, 54, 55
31. CG, I/227–9
32. Ibid., 229
33. Ibid., 231–2, 232–3; Girod de l’Ain, 70; CG, I/246; Haegele, 86; Bruce, 119
34. Marmont, I/62; see also Abrantès, Mémoires, I/275–6
35. Abrantès, Mémoires, I/254, 265; Bourrienne, 1829, I/78–81
36. Barras, I/242, 285; Ouvrard, I/20–2; see also Masson, Napoléon et les Femmes, 17
37. Pontécoulant, I/325; CG, I/244–5; 246, 248–9
38. Napoleon, Oeuvres, II/442–51
39. Pontécoulant, I/326, 327–35; CG, I/254; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 151; see also Roederer, III/327
40. CG, I/254
41. Ibid., 256, 257, 258–62
42. Ibid., 262, 263
43. Ibid., 262, 268, 252; Pontécoulant, I/343–4
9: General Vendémiaire
1. CG, I/265
2. Barras, I/242
3. Napoleon, Mémoires, I/80; Barras, I/250, 303 maliciously claims that Napoleon discussed with the insurgents the possibility of joining them if they would give him command. See also Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/352, on his dislike of the existing authorities
4. Barras, I/250; Napoleon, Mémoires, I/81
5. Napoleon, Mémoires, I/84; Dwyer, Napoleon, 174
6. Napoleon, Mémoires, I/84–6, 523–6; CG, I/269
7. Barras, I/253–5, 261ff, 282; Dwyer, Napoleon, 176; Coston, II/342–5; Dwyer, Napoleon, 174; see also Pontécoulant, I/365–9
8. Barras, II/26; Marmont, I/95
9. Marmont, I/86; Coston, II/423–4; Las Cases, 1983, I/125; Gourgaud, I/254
10. Tulard, Fayard, Fierro, 380; Simiot, 98, 100–1; Dwyer, Napoleon, 178
11. CG, I/271–2; Le Nabour, 60; CG, I/280, also 287, 291, 293–4
12. Barras, I/348–58; CG, I/270, 280, 281
13. Gourgaud, II/263–4; Beauharnais, I/31–2; also Hortense, I/42; Lavalette, 127–8; Napoleon, Mémoires, I/87–8
14. Barras, II/56
15. Barras, II/52–3, 60, 60–1; Josephine, Correspondance, 50
16. CG, I/277–8, 290, 283; Barras, II/27; Lavalette, 129; Barras, II/60. See also Bertrand, Cahiers, 1818–1819, 262
17. Barras, II/58
18. CG, I/285
19. There was gossip about his having paid court to various young women at Auxonne and Valence, but no evidence, and the story that he had proposed to Panoria Permon (Abrantès, II/47) can be dismissed. See also Marmont, I/94–5
20. Coston, II/347–9. The letter is almost too go
od to be true in the way it expresses so graphically everything we know or can infer of Josephine’s feelings and the nature of her relationship with Buonaparte, but it is hard to believe that anyone would have had the information in 1840 required to forge something so convincing. It also contradicts both Hortense, I/43 and Eugène, I/32, who state that they were against their mother remarrying. Eugène claims they saw it as ‘a profanation, an insult to the memory of my father’. Napoleon himself later recalled (Gourgaud, II/264) that Eugène was for and Hortense against the match. But the time and circumstances in which they were recording events might well explain this discrepancy
21. Pontécoulant, I/335; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 168; Dwyer, Napoleon, 181
22. Dwyer, Napoleon, 183
23. Coston, I/438–40; Barras, II/66
24. Branda, Secrets, 41–4
25. Ibid., 44
26. Joseph, Mémoires, I/136; Louis Bonaparte, Documents, I/47
27. Masson, Napoléon et les Femmes, 17; Girod de l’Ain, 96
28. CG, I/298
10: Italy
1. Bouvier, 47; Pelleport, I/38
2. CG, I/305, 310
3. Napoleon, Mémoires, I/130
4. Bodinier, 285; CG, I/305, 328; Bouvier, 19
5. Gourgaud, II/319; CG, I/304, 305
6. CG, I/303. See also Napoleon, Mémoires, I/130
7. Vigo-Roussillon, 29; Pelleport, I/37–8
8. Bodinier, 297
9. Bouvier, 15, 39
10. CG, I/315
11. Collot, 10; CG, I/310
12. CG, I/318–19, 323, 326
13. Bouvier, 209–11
14. Arnault, 423
15. Bouvier, 244
16. Ibid., 254; Bulletins, 20–2
17. Bouvier, 281; De Jaeghere, 26; for Napoleon’s expression of regret, see Costa de Beauregard, 336
18. De Jaeghere, 28; Bouvier, 431
19. Costa de Beauregard, 341
20. CG, I/357, 361–2
21. Collot, 13; Bulletins, 30–2; Collot, 11
22. Collot, 13; the story of a Gascon grenadier dubbing Bonaparte ‘the little corporal’ is almost certainly apocryphal. Most accounts, e.g. by Lejeune in Petiteau 36 or Collot 13, were written after the Mémorial was published, and they probably took it from there – see Bouvier, 533–6
23. CG, I/343–5
24. Joseph, Mémoires, I/61
25. Bouvier, 316–17; Collot, 14
26. CG, I/359, 357, 371–2
11: Lodi
1. See Chaptal, 296–7
2. Fugier, 35; CG, I/389
3. Bouvier, 527; Dwyer, Napoleon, 213; Napoleon, Mémoires, I/156–7, as usual exaggerates the number of prisoners taken and puts French losses at less than 200
4. Bouvier, 538; CG, I/392, 393; Fugier, 35; Dwyer, Napoleon, 216
5. CG, I/396–7
6. Ibid., 377; Napoleon, Mémoires, I/154–5; CG, I/357, 370–1
7. CG, I/398–400, 397–8; Dwyer, Napoleon, 217; Bouvier, 556
8. Méneval, I/427; Bertrand, III/77; Marmont, I/322–3, 353; Costa de Beauregard, 354, 340
9. Beyle, Vie de Napoléon, 3
10. Lavalette, 112; Marmont, I/22–3
11. Staël, de l’Influence, 37, 48, 23–4
12. Fugier, 34–40; Marmont, I/180ff
13. Vigo-Roussillon, 34–5
14. Beyle, Vie de Napoléon, 126–8
15. Bulletins, 43; Bouvier, 634–5
16. Fugier, 36; Bouvier, 589
17. CG, I/403; Coston, II/325; Miot de Melito, I/91
18. CG, I/416, 422, 443
19. Marmont, I/180–1
20. Bouvier, 538; Fugier, 38; see also Dwyer, Napoleon, 225
21. Launay, 149
22. CG, I/428, 433–4
23. Ibid., 407–8, 414, 435
24. Ibid., 443, 441, 448, 451, 453
25. Arnault, 392
26. Bruce, 180
27. Chevallier & Pincemaille, 137
28. CG, I/505, 506, 505–7, 517
12: Victory and Legend
1. These and other figures in this chapter are taken from De Jaeghere and Béraud, and should be considered as approximate
2. Bulletins, 57
3. Marmont, I/314; Dwyer, Napoleon, 246, 247
4. Pelleport, I/47
5. Reinhard, 207–8; Chaptal, 296–7
6. Marmont, I/296; Roguet, I/30
7. Napoleon, Mémoires, I/206; Vigo-Roussillon, 37; Gourgaud, II/127; Napoleon, Mémoires, I/208, 217; Pelleport, I/80
8. Reinhard, 108; CG, I/569
9. Napoleon, Mémoires, I/225
10. CG, I/553
11. Josephine, Correspondance, 47; CG, I/638
12. CG, I/610–13; Bulletins, 75–6; CG, I/621
13. CG, I/631–2, 447; Reinhard, 194–5
14. Fugier, 51; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 219; CG, I/664
15. Napoleon, Mémoires, I/239
16. Reinhard, 167
17. Bulletins, 76
18. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 220. The number of Croats varies from 1,000 supported by two guns, to 2,000 with a battery: see also Pelleport, I/71 and Reinhard, 177
19. See Louis Bonaparte, I/59–61; Marmont, I/236–7; Napoleon, Mémoires, I/248; Vigo-Roussillon 42–3. See also Reinhard, 177–8
20. Bulletins, 78–80. See also Napoleon, Mémoires, I/256; Dwyer, Napoleon, 250–1
21. Dwyer, Napoleon, 4
22. See Dwyer, Napoleon, 255–62 for coverage of this subject
23. CG, I/671, 672–3, 675–6
24. Ibid., 680, 681; Garros, 105
25. Garros, 106; Fugier, 63
26. Fugier, 52–4
27. Ibid., 54; CG, I/778–9
28. Defranceschi, 13–14; CG, I/638
29. CG, I/790, 791
30. Ibid., 834, 838, 841, 852
31. Ibid., 897, 902
32. Ibid., 917–18; Dwyer, Napoleon, 292
13: Master of Italy
1. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 245; Miot de Melito, I/159; Napoleon, Mémoires, I/425; Arnault, 421
2. Pontécoulant, II/470–2; Arnault, 421
3. Miot de Melito, I/159
4. Lavalette, 138
5. Miot de Melito, I/108, 184; Josephine, Correspondance, 50
6. Arnault, 431; Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, I/204
7. Dwyer, Napoleon, 296
8. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 230–1; Branda, Le Prix, 35–7
9. Lareveillère-Lepaux, II/39–40; Bartel, 149
10. Dwyer, Napoleon, 304
11. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 273–4; Branda, Secrets, 159–69
12. CG, I/1058
13. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 273–4; Pontécoulant, II/474; see also Barras, III/99
14. CG, I/1071–3; Lareveillère-Lepaux, II/101ff
15. Niello-Sargy, I/4–5; Martin, I/130
16. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 333–4; Alexander Rodger, 31
17. CG, I/957–8
18. Lavalette, 170, 110; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 341; Marmont, I/295
19. Dwyer, Napoleon, 337–8. 340–1; CG, I/1119
20. Pontécoulant, II/473
21. Fugier, 61–2; Pelleport, I/96
22. Miot de Melito, I/163–6, 182–4
23. Pontécoulant, II/474; Collot, 15–17; see also Casanova, 158–69
24. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 279; Pontécoulant, II/463; Barras, III/47–9, 62
25. CG, I/1081
26. Ibid., 1171; Napoleon, Mémoires, I/474–5
27. CG, I/1209, 1213
28. Ibid., 1244
29. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 292; Gourgaud, I/115; Napoleon, Mémoires, I/493
30. Dwyer, Napoleon, 315; Lavalette, 172
31. CG, I/1249
32. Miot de Melito, I/195
33. Bourrienne, 1831, II/211
34. Lavalette, 174
35. Garros, 120
14: Eastern Promise
1. Talleyrand, Mémoires, 40; Espitalier, 32–4
2. Pontécoulant, II/489–94
3. Garros, 122
4. Barras, III/138; Bailleu, I/166; Espitalier, 98
5. CG, I/1316–17; quoted by Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 317; see also Espitalier, 59 and Launay, 181
6. Lareveillère-Lepaux, 339; Bailleu, I/163–4
7. Bailleu, I/165
8. Garros, 123; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 326; Bailleu, I/162, 176, 178, 182–3; Espitalier, 96; Jomard, 25; Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/407; Miot de Melito, I, 230–1; see also Barras, II/136, 161
9. Arnault, 595; Napoleon, Mémoires, I/509
10. Dwyer, Napoleon, 326
11. Ibid., 328; Garros, 125, also Espitalier, 114–19; Bourrienne, 1831, II/234
12. Arnault, 607; Dwyer, Napoleon, 328; Joseph, Mémoires, I/70–1; Bourrienne, 1831, II/222–3; Espitalier, 99
13. Waresquiel, 244; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 344; Dwyer, Napoleon, 339–40; Espitalier, 129, 136, 156–7, 163, also Jomard, 102 and Bailleu, I/182–3
14. Garros, 127; Lareveillère-Lepaux, 345–6
15. Launay, 192
16. Bourrienne, 1831, II/231–4; Launay, 192; Fleury, 278
17. Josephine, Correspondance, 60
18. Napoleon, Mémoires, I/517; see also Bourrienne, 1831, II/234, 231
19. Guitry, 6
20. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 23–4; Pelleport, I/107–9
21. Guitry, 5; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 354
22. Niello-Sargy, I, 18; Moiret, 19–20; Bernoyer, 14; Espitalier, 238–9
23. Bernoyer, 20; Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 25
24. Arnault, 633, 621
25. Ibid., 629, 631; Des Genettes, Souvenirs, 1–2; Arnault, 630
26. Miot, 13; Pelleport, I/111; Bernoyer, 33
27. Bernoyer, 17; Dwyer, Napoleon, 354; Pelleport, I/112
28. CG, II/160–1
29. Lacorre, 23–4
15: Egypt
1. Pelleport, I/115; Beauharnais, I/140; Guitry, 97; also Bielecki, I/56 and Guitry, 101–2
2. Niello-Sargy, I, 58; Pelleport, I/112
3. Marmont, I/374; Millet, 55; Copies of Original Letters, 75, 5
4. Guitry, 116
5. Miot, 39; Moiret, 25, 40; Pelleport, I/120–1, 115
6. Guitry, 97, 96; Vigo-Roussillon, 64; Moiret, 46
7. Gourgaud, I/244; Reiss, 248–50; Murat, Lettres, I/26–7; Napoleon, Mémoires, II/133
8. Guitry, 107, 111
9. Beauharnais, I/41; Moiret, 47; Guitry, 111–14; Moiret, 48
10. CG, II/195
11. CG, II/158; Josephine, Correspondance, 63, 67, 69–71
12. Beauharnais, I/42; CG, II/199–200
13. Niello-Sargy, I/115; Marmont, I/389; Des Genettes, Souvenirs, 6; see also CG, II/307
14. CG, II/298; Lavalette, 185; Copies of Original Letters, 33; CG, II/297
15. Bulletins, 107; Guitry, 200
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