Jaffa, 198, 202
Jefferson, Thomas, 427
Jena, battle of (1806), 404
Jerusalem, 199
Jerzmanowski, Colonel Jan Paweł, 597
jeunesse dorée (anti-Jacobin faction), 83
Jews: N’s attitude to, 391, 418
João, Dom, regent of Portugal, 424
John, Archduke of Austria, 376, 379–80, 449, 453
Josephine, Empress of the French (earlier Marie-Josèphe-Rose de Beauharnais): as socialite, 88, 100, 154; background, 99–100; appearance and manner, 100; early relations with N, 101–3; marriage with N, 104–5; letters from N, 112, 118, 130–1, 138, 144, 148, 187, 274–5, 320, 341, 363, 383, 404, 408, 410, 412, 415, 442, 445, 593, 597; affair with Hippolyte Charles, 118, 131–3, 144, 173, 176; N begs to come to Italy, 118; claims pregnancy as reason for not travelling to N, 121; Junot presents for acclaim in Paris, 126; in Milan with N, 131–2, 146, 155; accompanies N to Mantua, 149; dislikes N’s family, 155; improving relations with N, 155, 187; and N’s negotiations with Austrians, 165; joins N in Paris (December 1797), 172; not on expedition to Egypt, 176; travels to Toulon with N, 177; infidelities, 187, 286; injured in balcony collapse, 187; and N’s return to France from Egypt, 214; effects reconciliation with N, 216–17; N considers divorcing, 216; and N in Brumaire coup, 230, 235; anxiety over N’s fate in Brumaire coup, 235; in Petit Luxembourg, 239; in Tuileries, 251, 262–3; receives diplomatic corps, 253; qualities, 259–60; at La Malmaison, 260; and N’s absence in Italian campaign, 273; Madame Hulot hates, 294; and N’s improving health, 303; jealousy of N’s affairs, 304; prevents N from shooting swans, 304; N’s happiness in marriage, 305; favours Hortense’s marriage to Louis Bonaparte, 308; in Lyons, 309–10; opposes extension of N’s consulate, 318; inability to produce heir, 319–20; and N’s philandering, 320, 341; accompanies N on progress through Normandy, 324–5; impresses foreign visitors, 326; weeps on hearing of Moreau’s arrest, 343; pleads for Enghien, 345; pleads for Rivière and Polignac, 354; official court of twenty-seven, 357; and N’s rescue operations in Boulogne, 361; Bonaparte family conspire to force divorce from N, 366; wardrobe, 366–7; coronation, 368; secret religious marriage to N, 368; arranges Ney’s marriage, 376; and N’s absence on Austrian campaign, 377; attends Eugène’s marriage to Augusta, 385; extravagance, 388; changing relations with N, 391–2, 394; accompanies N on campaign against Prussia, 403; and N in Poland, 410; in Biarritz with N, 432; campaign to force divorce, 437–8; buys smuggled silks and brocades, 441; reassures N over achievements, 443; wrongly addresses delegation of the Legislative, 446; N decides to divorce, 468–70; divorce settlement, 471; informed of birth of N’s son, 489; encourages N after Leipzig, 575; writes to Eugène urging loyalty to N, 578; entertains Alexander at Malmaison, 597–8; and N’s abdication and exile in Elba, 597; death, 602, 609
Joubert, General Barthélemy, 147, 218, 283
Jourdan, General Jean-Baptiste: as potential dictator, 211; proposes supporting N, 220; and Brumaire coup, 222, 227, 230, 232; in Spain, 461
Journal de Paris, 217
Journal des hommes libres, 8
Jullien, Thomas: informs N of Josephine’s infidelities, 187
Junot, Jean-Andoche: bravery at Toulon, 71; as ADC to N on campaign against Sardinia, 78–9; and N’s arrest, 79–80; accompanies N to Paris, 82, 87–8; N selects for post on staff in Constantinople, 92; praises N in Italy, 108; takes captured standards to Paris, 117; presents Josephine for acclaim in Paris, 126; accompanies Josephine to N in Italy, 131; affair with Josephine’s maid, 173; on voyage to Egypt, 178; informs N of Josephine’s infidelities, 187; fathers black son in Egypt, 192; opposes Ottomans at Acre, 200; treatment of women, 262; joins N on Austrian campaign, 382; leads occupation of Portugal, 424–5, 429; mental problems, 425; defeated by Wellington, 435; at Borodino, 527; broken by Russian campaign, 548; suicide, 568
Kant, Immanuel, 212
Keith, Admiral George Keith Elphinstone, Viscount, 275, 625
Kellermann, General François, 103, 121, 277
Kléber, General Jean-Baptiste: on march to Syria, 197, 200; congratulates N on victory at Aboukir, 205; on N’s departure from Egypt, 269; assassinated in Cairo, 280
Kleist, General Friedrich, Graf, 566
Köller, Colonel Franz, 597–9
Kościuszko, Tadeusz, 407
Krasny, 539
Kray, Field Marshal Paul, 270
Kulm, battle of (1813), 567–8
Kurakin, Prince Alexander, 495, 499, 509
Kutuzov, General Mikhail Ilarionovich, 377, 526–9, 532, 535–6, 540, 543, 545, 547, 552
La Bédoyère, Colonel Charles de, 607
La Billardière, Jacques, 128
Labouchère, Pierre-César, 477
Laclos, Choderlos de: Les Liaisons dangereuses, 35
Łączyński, Theodore, 602
Lafayette, Marie Joseph Gilbert du Motier, marquis de, 279, 289, 299, 306, 320, 619
Laforêt, Antoine de, 462
La Harpe, César de, 613
Langeron, Louis, comte de, 384
Lannes, General Jean: at Lodi, 120; in Egypt, 185, 204; leaves Egypt with N, 206; familiarity with N, 257; on expedition against Austrians in Italy, 273; at Marengo, 276; regrets N’s elevation to emperor, 354; N reviews troops at Marengo, 372; opposes Austrians, 377, 379; defeats Prussians at Saalfeld, 403; defeats Russians at Pułtusk, 408; disparages Pułtusk, 411; in Spain, 445; killed at Aspern-Essling, 452, 568; on Russian improvement in fighting, 464
La Pérouse, Jean François de, 30
Laplace, Pierre-Simon, marquis de, 170, 237, 245
La Poype, General Jean, 68, 256
Lareveillère-Lepaux, Louis-Marie, 169, 171
Lariboisière, Jean-Ambroise de, 33, 535
Larrey, Dr Dominique-Jean, 198, 452, 536
Las Cases, Emmanuel, comte de, 623, 626, 628, 630–1, 637–8; Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène, 643
Latouche Tréville, Admiral Louis-René Levasson de, 374
Lauberie de Saint-Germain, Mlle (later Bachasson de Montalivet), 34, 48
Lauderdale, James Maitland, 8th Earl of, 396
Laugier de Bellecour, Pierre François, 23, 30–1
Laurenti, Joseph, 80
Lauriston, General Jacques, 313, 320, 499, 511, 531
Lavalette, Antoine, comte de: on dissoluteness in Paris, 84; on youthful generals, 123; on Desaix, 161; reports to N on situation in Paris, 163; N orders to marry Josephine’s niece Émilie, 176; leaves Egypt with N, 206; on silence at reception for N and Moreau, 221; and discussion of the Five Hundred, 229; as head of postal service, 342, 447; N confides in, 575; on N’s departure to confront allies, 579; advises Joseph against surrendering Paris, 585; and N’s return to Paris from Elba, 608; and N’s defeat at Waterloo, 619
la Valette, Jean Parisot de, 300
Lavater, Johann Caspar, 212
Lays, François, 175
League of Neutrals, 300
Lebrun, Charles-François: as consul, 242, 244, 251–3, 272; and scheming over successor to N, 279; opposes relations with Catholic Church, 291; urges upgrade in N’s status, 318; and royalist plotters, 345; speech on proclaiming N as emperor, 352; as arch-treasurer, 357; and new imperial insignia, 358; in Council of State, 390
Leclerc, Dermide, 258
Leclerc, Paulette see Bonaparte, Pauline
Leclerc, General Victor Emmanuel: Lieut. Charles joins at Verona, 132; marries Paulette, 155; and Brumaire coup, 231–2; commands expedition to Saint-Domingue, 330; death from yellow fever, 332, 337
Lecourbe, General Claude Jacques, 272, 317
Ledoux, Claude Nicolas, 102
Lefèbvre, Marshal François (duc de Danzig), 231, 413, 457, 587, 592
Legendre, General François-Marie Guillaume, 447
Legion of Honour, 316, 358, 460–1
Legislative Body (Corps législatif), 241
Leipzig: N withdraws to, 569; battle of (1813), 570–1
Lejeune, Colonel Louis, 480, 529
Le Lieur de Ville sur Arce
, Jean-Baptiste, 23, 30, 71
Le Marche (papal province), 426
Le Marois, Jean, 104, 143
Lemercier, Louis, 222, 224–5
Leoben, 150–1, 158–9, 162
Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, 298
Le Paute d’Agelet, Joseph, 30
Le Picard de Phélippeaux, Louis-Edmond Antoine, 30, 201
Letourneur, Charles-Louis, 164, 169
Levant: French interest in, 160
Levie, Jean Jérôme, 45, 62
Ligne, Charles-Joseph, prince de, 385, 473
Lithuania, 519
Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of (earlier Baron Hawkesbury), 301, 335, 338, 604, 641
Livorno, 129
Lodi, 119–22
Lombardy, 126, 139
Loménie de Brienne family, 21, 372
Loménie de Brienne, Étienne-Charles de, 37
Lonato, battle of (1796), 134, 136
Longwood (house), St Helena, 627, 629–32, 634, 636, 638
Louis XIV, King of France, 398
Louis XV, King of France, 13
Louis XVI, King of France: calls Estates General, 40; arrested on attempted escape, 49; executed, 60, 83, 171; supported by Austria and Prussia, 299; fatal firework display, 480
Louis XVIII, King of France: assumes succession, 93; ambitions, 158, 349; letter from N, 282; and unwanted return of monarchy, 293; and N’s revival of religion, 315; British plan to place on French throne, 340; attempts to intercede for Enghien, 347; and N’s marriage to Marie-Louise, 473; denies N means of support, 603; flees on N’s return from Elba, 607, 624; in Belgium, 622; negotiates with Fouché, 622; resumes throne, 624
Louis Charles, Dauphin, 93
Louise (Josephine’s maid), 173
Louisiana (North America), 330–1; sold to USA, 337
Lowe, Major General Sir Hudson: as governor of St Helena, 633–9, 643; and N’s illness, 640–2
Ludvig, Prince of Prussia, 403
Luise, Queen of Prussia, 380, 401, 416
Lunéville, Treaty of (1801), 297, 309, 333–4
Lützen, battle of (1813), 560
Lyon: N elected president of Cisalpine Republic at, 309–11; Augereau surrenders, 584
Macdonald, Marshal Étienne-Jacques-Joseph-Alexandre, 452–3, 514, 547, 567–8, 570–1, 587–9, 593–5, 608, 614
Mack, General Karl, 376–8
Maddalena (island), 60
Madrid: riot against French, 431; Wellington captures, 533, 563
Magallon, Charles, 159–60
Maida, battle of (1806), 401
Maillard, Colonel Louis, 52–3, 54
Maillebois, Marshal Jean-Baptiste Desmarets, marquis de, 111
Mainz, 564
Maison Royale de Saint-Cyr, 25
Maitland, Captain Frederick, RN, 623, 625
Malcolm, Clementine, Lady, 634, 638
Malcolm, Rear Admiral Sir Pulteney, 634, 637–8, 639
Malet, General Claude-François de, 446, 549–50, 555
Maleville, Jacques de, 286
Malmaison, La: Josephine acquires and improves, 260, 303; N visits, 284, 303–4, 320, 323; Hortense at, 320
Malmesbury, James Harris, Baron (later 1st Earl), 164
Maloyaroslavets, 536
Malta, 161, 175, 179, 269, 302, 335, 338
Mamelukes: battles with French, 185–6, 188
Mantua, 128, 132–4, 138–40, 142, 146–8
Manzoni, Alessandro: Il Cinque Maggio, 642
Marat, Jean-Paul, 76
Marbeuf, Charles Louis, comte de, 16–18, 22, 24–5, 34, 45; son, 256
Marchand, Louis, 597, 602, 626, 628, 635, 639, 641
Marengo: battle of (1800), 275–8, 280; N revisits, 372
Maret, Hugues-Bernard, duc de Bassano: N appoints secretary to Consuls, 237; as secretary of state, 245, 394; on assassination threat to N, 350; controls Polish council, 411; as foreign minister, 499; advocates creating Polish state as buffer, 512; in Vilna, 519, 522; in Russian campaign, 521; letter from N on evacuation of Moscow, 535; and retreat from Moscow, 543; attempts to revive Prague congress, 566; and N’s view of fortunes of war, 567; and N’s reaction to Metternich’s peace terms, 577; advises N to abdicate, 587; remains loyal to N, 593–4; and N’s departure for Elba, 597; and N’s return to Paris from Elba, 608; on N’s options in facing allied invasion, 614–15; advises N after Waterloo defeat, 619–20
Maria Augusta, Princess of Saxony, 472
Maria-Carolina, Queen of Naples, 373, 395
Maria Ludovica, Empress of Francis I of Austria, 449, 510
Maria-Luisa of Parma, Queen of Philip IV of Spain, 424, 430
Marie-Antoinette, Queen of Louis XVI, 251, 480
Marie-Louise, Empress of Napoleon I (formerly Archduchess of Austria): marriage to N, 472–5; awkward manner, 478, 481; pregnancy and birth of son, 482, 487–9; Canova’s bust of, 484; N blames for downfall, 486; accompanies N on departure for Russian campaign, 510; N bids farewell on leaving for Russia, 513; letters from N on Russian campaign, 520–1, 533; sends portrait of son to N in Russia, 527; and N’s return to Paris from Russia, 546; N’s devotion to, 552; N nominates as regent, 555, 579, 587; and N’s departure to oppose Russia and Prussia, 555; N visits in Mainz, 564; N reassures during campaign against allies, 572; proposes public prayers for success, 582; note from N intercepted, 584; leaves Paris with son, 585; Louis attempts to rape, 589; moves to Blois with son, 589; final letter from N, 594, 597; at N’s abdication, 595–6; sent to Orléans and robbed, 596; N furnishes rooms for in Elba, 600; sends money to N in Elba, 601; supposed visit to Elba, 603; letter from N on return from Elba, 612; expresses relief at N’s exile, 624
Marmont, Auguste: joins N at Toulon, 71; in campaign against Sardinia, 78–9; accompanies N to Paris, 82, 87; N selects for staff on post in Constantinople, 92; as aide to N in Paris, 97; on N’s relations with Josephine, 101; praises N in Italy, 108; on N’s victories in Italy, 123; values and ambitions, 124; meets Josephine on journey to Italy, 131; exhausting practices, 135; on spirit of French soldiers, 136; takes captured flags to Paris from Italy, 138; in Egypt, 196; leaves Egypt with N, 206; assesses army morale, 246; and anti-N feeling in army, 317; commands troops for invasion of England, 361; on N’s ambitions, 363; and proposed invasion of Ireland, 364; opposes Austrians, 377; on indecisiveness of Wagram, 456; Salamanca defeat, 526–7; at La Fère Champenoise, 584; and defence of Paris, 585–6; defects to allies, 588–9, 591; negotiates with allies, 588; N proclaims a traitor, 606; follows Louis XVIII into exile, 614
marshals of the empire, 357, 375–6
Martinique, 328, 330–1
Masséna, Marshal André: in campaign against Sardinia, 77, 80; in Army of Italy, 107–8, 110, 278; in advance from Savona, 112–13, 115; at Lodi, 120; demands protection money in Italy, 127; on ill-equipped army, 135; courage, 137; opposes Alvinczy, 141–2; moves against Arcole, 142; in battle for Mantua, 147–8; in advance on Vienna, 149; defeats Russians in Switzerland, 213; on army’s reaction to Brumaire coup, 246; Austrian offensive against, 271–2, 274; capitulates at Genoa, 275; attends Concordat celebration, 314; rivalry with N, 317; Whitworth reports on, 336; made marshal, 357; campaign in Italy, 379; N criticises, 379; in Austrian campaign (1809), 452; at Wagram, 454–5; ambitions, 465; success against Wellington in Spain, 492; semi-retirement in Marseille, 614
Masseria, Filippo, 45
Maupeou, René de, 244
Maury, Cardinal Jean-Sifrein, 3
Maximilian, King of Bavaria, 573–4
Mazis, Alexandre des, 30–2, 33–4, 47–8, 315
Mediterranean: French strategic interests in, 160–1, 425; British dominance in, 269
Méhul, Étienne, 6, 175, 314
Melas, Field Marshal Michael von, 271, 274–7
Melzi d’Eril, Francesco, 162, 309–11, 341
‘men of genius’, 212
Méneval, Claude-François: on N’s behaviour, 304; takes over as N’s secretary, 321; and Enghien’s supposed conspiracy against N, 340, 3
46; looks after Camilla Carbon Ilari, 364; accompanies N to Milan for coronation, 372; and N’s meeting with Francis, 384; on N’s variable routine, 394; sees Maria Walewska, 413; on N’s reluctance to go to war against Alexander, 511; incapacitated by overwork, 548; N sends letters through, 601
Menou, General Jacques (Abdullah), 95, 301–2
Mercure, Le (journal), 247
Meszaros, General Johann, 134
Metternich, Count (later Prince) Clement von: on N not making peace with Prussia, 405; and N’s proposed Franco-Prussian campaign against Turkey, 428; affair with Caroline, 436; Talleyrand contacts, 442, 448; negotiates Treaty of Vienna, 468; and N’s marriage to Marie-Louise, 473; on N’s social awkwardness, 480; on N’s conversational charm, 483–4; attempts to resolve N’s conflict with Pope, 484; on N as family man, 486; toasts N as ‘King of Rome’, 487; declares Russia acting out of fear, 493; on inevitability of war between Russia and France, 497, 503; and N’s advance against Russia, 511–12; on France as counterbalance to Russia, 552; and Russian threat to western Europe, 553; declines to fully support France, 555; proposes negotiating terms, 557–8; negotiates with N at Dresden, 562–5; opts for war with France, 566; leaves Murat in Naples, 571; sends peace proposal to N, 576–7; wary of invading France, 576; suggests further talks, 578; Caulaincourt negotiates with, 592; signs Treaty of Fontainebleau, 593; spy network, 603; and Talleyrand’s declaration against N, 612; contacts Fouché, 613
Mignard, Pierre, 228
Milan: N enters, 124, 129; Josephine joins N in, 131–2, 138, 146; N returns to, 153, 274, 278; N leaves, 167; N crowned in (1805), 373
Milleli, Les (property), 24–5, 35
Minsk, 534–5, 541
Miollis, General Sextius Alexandre François de, 463
Miot de Melito, André-François, 154, 162, 167, 355, 363, 489, 608–9, 616
Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de, 44
mission civilatrice, 159
Moiret, Captain Joseph-Marie, 186, 197
Molé, Mathieu, 210, 250, 288, 548, 577, 582, 608, 643
Mollien, Adèle, 304, 548
Mollien, François-Nicolas: on N’s destiny to command men, 250; appointed director of sinking fund, 285; explains economics to N, 285; takes over treasury, 388, 608; on N’s grasp of detail, 389; on N’s need to be at centre, 443; and Josephine’s request for more attendants, 489; and N’s belief in financial rewards of war, 504; N enquires after wife’s health, 548; and N’s need personally to sign peace agreements, 550
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