Napoleon II, titular Emperor of the French and King of Rome (N’s son): birth, 487–9; christening, 489; portrait, 527, 532; (burnt), 540; N arranges regency for, 555; N presents to Paris National Guard, 579; security during allied advance, 585; N nominates as successor on abdication, 587, 595; N proclaims Emperor of the French, 621; given Austrian title by Francis, 629; lock of hair passed to N on St Helena, 635
Napoléon-Vendée, 435
Narbonne, Louis de, 511–12, 523, 555, 557–8, 564–5
National Guard: N reforms, 97
Necker, Jacques, 272
Nelson, Admiral Horatio, Viscount: sails to Mediterranean, 180–1; Aboukir Bay victory, 188; on severe treatment of French, 301; Trafalgar victory, 379
neo-classical movement, 123
Nesselrode, Karl von, 442, 564, 576, 593
Netherlands: and Metternich’s peace proposals, 576; see also Holland
Neuhoff, Theodor von, Baron, 11–12
Newton, Sir Isaac, 212
Ney, Marshal Michel: made marshal, 376; opposes Austrians, 377–8; in Poland, 408; Bennigsen attacks, 413; commands in Spain, 435; animosity towards Soult, 461; in advance on Moscow, 523; at Borodino, 527; in retreat from Russia, 539–42; delay at Bautzen, 558; defeated at Dennewitz, 568; advises N to abdicate, 587; meets Alexander in Paris, 588–9; reports to N, 589; pledges submission to new government, 590; signs Treaty of Fontainebleau, 593; joins N on return from Elba, 607
Nice: incorporated into French Republic, 76
Normandy: N’s progress through, 324–5
Northumberland, HMS, 626–7, 636
Noverraz, Jean Abram, 597, 626
Novosiltsev, Count Nikolai, 373–4
Ocaña, battle of (1809), 462
Odoards, Colonel Fantin des see Fantin des Odoards, Colonel Louis Florimond
Odone family: Buonaparte lawsuit against, 24–5, 35
O’Hara, General Charles, 72
Olmütz, 380–1
O’Meara, Barry, 626, 630, 632, 639–40
Oneglia, Republic of Genoa, 76–7, 80
Ordre de la Réunion, 459
Orient, l’ (French warship), 178, 188
Orléans, Louis-Philippe, duc d’ (later King Louis-Philippe): suggested as successor to N, 279
Orthez, battle of (1814), 582
Ossian (James Macpherson): N admires, 82, 106, 118, 124, 178, 221, 634
Ott von Bátorkéz, General Peter Karl, 274–5
Otto, Louis-Guillaume, 268, 301
Ottoman Empire: French relations with, 159–61; and French expedition to Egypt, 174; declares war on France, 195–6, 200; defeated at Aboukir, 204; N encourages to move against Russia, 413; makes peace with Russia, 507, 522
Oubril, Peter von, 342, 364, 396, 401–2
Oudinot, General Nicolas-Charles: in anti-N plot, 318; at Wagram, 454; despatched to Holland, 479; in war against Russia, 514; in retreat from Moscow, 542; threatens Berlin, 560; defeated at Grossbeeren, 567; advises N to abdicate, 587; leaves N, 592
Ouvrard, Gabriel, 387, 477, 620
Pacca, Cardinal Bartolomeo, 463
Palais-Royal, Paris, 37–8
Palm, Johann Philipp, 402
Panattieri (Corsican), 146
Paoli, Pasquale: proclaims and rules Corsican republic, 12–13; Carlo serves, 13–14; resists French takeover of Corsica, 13, 29; N admires, 28, 41, 50; returns to Corsica, 44–6; powers in Corsica, 46; N sends writings to, 48; mistrusts French, 50–1; rejects N, 53; administration fails, 58; Lucien denounces, 60–1; N sends report of Sardinia expedition to, 60; outlawed, 61; N denounces, 66; second exile in London, 81; and Panattieri, 146; N’s relations with, 247; N considers return of, 316
papacy: French hostility to, 148
Papal States: conflict with Austria and Naples, 291; N occupies strategic ports, 426–7; N orders military occupation, 428; N incorporates into French Empire, 462–3, 484
Paravicini, Geltruda, 13
Paravicini, Saveria (‘Minanna’), 17
Paris: terror in, 70; coup topples Robespierre, 79; hedonism after end of Terror, 83–4; financial crisis, 84–5; N stays in after transfer to Army of the West, 84–8; women socialites, 88–9; susceptibility to riots, 97; prisons, 99–100; N’s plans for improvement, 179, 260, 360, 399–400, 481–2; Invalides (Temple of Mars), 212; Pantheon, 212; N reaches on return from Egypt, 214; Temple of Victory (formerly church of Saint-Sulpice), 221; administrative structure, 265; attracts foreign visitors, 325–6; civic improvements for N’s coronation, 359–60; N returns to after Tilsit, 418; Madeleine, 480; Louvre, 481; improved and beautified, 489–90; communication with Moscow after occupation, 533; allies advance on, 584–5; surrenders to allies, 586–7; N returns to from Elba, 607–10; allies enter, 623
Paris, Treaty of (1814), 611
Parma, duchy of, 121, 1333
Parma, Ferdinand, Duke of, 297
Pasquier, Étienne, 509, 574–5, 608
Patterson, Elizabeth: marriage and child with Jérôme, 366, 372–3; N demands Pope annul marriage to Jérôme, 427
Paul I, Tsar of Russia, 282, 300, 313, 332, 345, 348
Paulin, Colonel Jules Antoine, 598
Pavia, 127
Pelet de la Lozère, Jean, 390
Pelleport, Colonel Pierre de, 191, 556
Penal Code, 483
Peraldi, Giovanni, 51–2
Peraldi, Marius, 51, 54, 62
Percier, Charles, 128
Peretti, abbé, 43, 46
Permon, Charles Martin (tax official), 29, 32
Permon, Laure, 88
Permon, Panoria, 55, 89
Persia: signs Treaty of Finckenstein, 413
Petit Luxembourg: N moves to, 239
Petrovskoe, 531
Peyrusse, Pierre Guillaume, 596, 601–2, 619
Philadelphes (secret organisation), 340
Piacenza, 121
Pichegru, General Charles, 145, 158, 170, 283, 340, 342–4, 349, 354
Picot, Louis, 340, 343
Piedmont: N promises to liberate, 111, 125; regiments disbanded, 139; incorporated into France, 297, 334–5
Pietrasanta, Giuseppe Maria, 14
Pillnitz, Saxony, 299
Pitt, William the Younger, 268–9, 301, 374; death, 396
Pius VI, Pope, 148–9, 291
Pius VII, Pope: elected pope, 291; refuses to release Talleyrand from clerical vows, 292; Louis XVIII protests to, 315; and N’s coronation, 359, 367–9; and N’s seizure of Papal ports, 426; abducted and detained, 463, 470, 502, 554, 574; excommunicates N, 463; N’s inflexible attitude to, 484; French bishops swear allegiance to, 502; abrogates new concordat, 554, 574
plague: in Middle East, 198–9, 203
Plaigne, Éléonore de la: as N’s mistress and mother of son, 398, 409, 622
Plesswitz: armistice (1813), 560
Plutarch, 124
Poland: partitioned, 298–9; N incorporates soldiers into army, 406–8, 494; pleads for independence, 406; welcomes N, 407; conditions, 408–9; N cedes half to Russia, 457, 494–5; N borrows on income, 491; N’s policy on, 494–5, 498; and Russian war with N, 497, 513, 519; proposed creation as buffer state, 512; N nominates Jérôme as king, 513; N threatens to destroy, 558
Polignac, Prince Jules de, 342, 344, 354
Pomerania, 506
Poniatowski, Prince Joseph, 457, 520, 522, 527, 553, 555, 561; death at Leipzig, 571
Pons de l’Hérault, André, 600, 604
Pont-de-Briques, near Boulogne, 361
Pontécoulant, Louis Gustave Le Doulcet de, 90, 153, 163, 420, 579, 613
Poppleton, Captain William Thomas, 628, 637
Portalis, Jean-Étienne, 286
Portugal: and Peace of Badjoz, 302; and Treaty of Tilsit, 416; N plans to take over with Charles IV, 424; Britain supports, 425; Wellington’s successes in, 435
Posen, 406–7
Potocka, Countess Anna, 410
Pouget, Colonel François-René, 379
Pozzo di Borgo, Carlo Andrea di, 44, 46, 54, 81,
507
Pozzo di Borgo, Maria Giustina, 24–5
Pozzo di Borgo, Matteo, 51–2
Pradt, Dominique Dufour de, Archbishop of Malines, 512, 544
Prague: congress (1813), 564–5
press: N’s view of freedom, 246–7
Pressburg, Treaty of (1805), 385
Primolano, 138
Provera, General Giovanni, marquese de, 114, 147–8
Prussia: territorial expansion, 299; in League of Neutrals, 300; population, 337; Russia seeks alliance with, 352; threatens to join coalition (1805), 380–1; acquires Hanover, 385, 401; N signs treaty of alliance with (1805), 385; opposition to N, 401–2; invades Saxony, 402; N belittles, 402–3, 406; war with N (1806–7), 403–4; N receives indemnities from, 419–20, 460; effect of French domination, 460; anti-French sentiments, 461; and N’s war with Russia, 507; declares war on France (1813), 552, 555
Pułtusk, battle of (1806), 408
Pyramids, battle of the (1898), 186
Quasdanovitch, General Peter, 134, 138
Quenza, Giovanni Battista, 52, 59–60
Raab, battle of (1809), 453
Racine, Jean: Phèdre, 585
Radet, General Étienne, 463
Ragny, 84–5
Raguidot (notary), 104
Rapp, General Count Jean: serves N as aide, 277; dislikes formality and ceremony, 354; at Austerlitz, 383; in Russian campaign, 525, 528, 535; besieged in Danzig, 566
Rastatt, congress of (1797), 167–8, 170, 173
Ratisbon (Regensburg): Recess of (1803), 333; battle of (1809), 450
Raynal, Guillaume Thomas, abbé, 34
Razumovsky, Count Andrey, 536
Réal, Pierre-François, 214–15, 218, 295, 321, 342–5, 608
Récamier, Juliette, 88
Recco, abbé, 17
Regnaud de Saint-Jean-d’Angély, Michel, 157, 217, 220, 349, 458, 470, 619, 621
Regnier, Claude-Ambroise, 345
Reims, battle of (1814), 583
religion: N’s views on, 31, 39, 290–1, 306; N revives, 314–15; in N’s coronation, 359; in Spain, 432
Rémusat, Auguste de, 368
Rémusat, Claire de, 258, 420
Reserve Army, 271–2
Reubell, Jean-François, 169, 174
Revel-Honoré, Captain Jean-François, 394
Ricard, General Étienne Pierre Sylvestre, 582
Richelieu, Armand Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, duc de, 632
Ricord, Jean-François, 70, 73, 77–9
Ricord, Marguerite, 78
Rigo, Michel, 204
Rivière, Charles François Riffardeau, marquis de, 342, 344, 354
Rivoli, 147
Robert, Hubert, 128
Robespierre, Augustin, 72–3, 77–9
Robespierre, Maximilien, 78–9, 83, 88, 93, 100, 163, 610
Rochambeau, General Jean-Baptiste-Donatien de Vimeur, comte de, 340
Roederer, Pierre-Louis: supports N’s bid for office, 217–19; on return from Egypt, 228, 234; on N’s inarticulacy, 236; opposes anti-Jacobin measures, 238; N disclaims ambitions to, 253; N offers gift to, 258; and N’s administrative aims, 264–5; and N at Marengo, 280; and N’s view of religion in state, 290; urges upgrade in N’s status, 318; and expedition to Saint-Domingue, 331; and N’s reaction to being emperor, 351; on popular anger at government over conspiracy trials, 354; N defends Josephine to, 366
Roguet, General François, 526, 540
Rome: N ordered to march on, 129
Rosetta, 184
Rostopchin, Fyodor Vasilyevich, Count, 530, 536
Rouget de l’Isle, Claude, 271
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques: visits Corsica, 12, 16; influence on N, 35, 37, 39, 49–50, 124, 194, 610; on noble savage, 184; reputation, 212; N regrets having been born, 283; Du Contrat Social, 263–4
Roustam Raza, 207, 209, 251, 304, 405, 445, 450, 543, 593
Roustan, Antoine Jacques, 35
Roveredo, 137
Rowlandson, Thomas, 332
Royal Navy (British): in Mediterranean, 269; supremacy, 374; captures Spanish ships, 387
Royer-Collard, Antoine, 318
Rumbold, George, 343
Rumiantsev, Count Nikolai, 437
Rumigny, General Théodore de, 409, 615
Russia: signs anti-French alliance with Naples and Britain (1798), 196; Masséna defeats in Switzerland, 213; territorial expansion, 298–9; resents British power, 300; negotiates alliance with Austria and Britain, 362; prepares for war, 364, 497–9; supports Austria (1805), 380–1; at Austerlitz, 383; peace negotiations with France (1806), 401; and Treaty of Tilsit, 415–16, 437; contravenes Continental System against Britain, 441–2, 496–8; N cedes half of Poland to, 457; fear of France, 493–4; anger at Bernadotte’s election to Swedish throne, 496; economic hardships, 496; Metternich blames for war, 503; N raises army against, 505–6; treaty with Turkey, 507, 522; organisation of army against N, 513; adopts scorched-earth policy, 525; casualties at Borodino, 529; N retreats from, 536–7; N considers Austria mediating in peace negotiations with, 550; advance into Europe, 552–3; proposes treating with N on condition of abdicating, 613; see also Alexander I, Tsar
Sade, Donatien Alphonse François, comte de (marquis de Sade): Zoloé et ses deux acolytes, 101
Saint-Denis, Louis-Étienne (‘Ali’), 597, 626, 628
Saint-Domingue (Haiti), 328–32, 337, 340
Saint-Elme, Ida, 257
Saint-Germain, Charles-Louis de, 27
St Helena (island): as potential prison for N, 604, 625; N arrives at, 627; N’s life on, 627–39; allied commissioners arrive, 635–6; cost of N’s confinement, 636–7
Saint-Hilaire, Geoffroy de, 189
Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de: Paul et Virginie, 82, 89
Saint-Simon, Claude-Henri de, 356
Salamanca, battle of (1812), 526–7
Salayeh, battle of (1898), 188
Saliceti, Cristoforo: as Corsican deputy to States General, 43–4; appointed commissioner to investigate Paoli, 60–3; flees Corsica for France, 64, 67; and N at Toulon, 68, 70, 72–3; publishes N’s Le Souper de Beaucaire, 68; supervises Army of Italy, 77; sends N to Genoa, 78; accuses N of sabotaging army operations in Italy, 79; supports N in Italy, 108, 116, 121, 145; exploitation in Italy, 127; transferred to Corsica, 145; and Brumaire coup, 227; rules in Genoa, 373
Salines, Les (Corsica), 24–5, 35–6
Sandoz-Rollin, Daniel von, 1, 7–8
Santini, Jean-Noël (Corsican servant on St Helena), 639
Saragossa, 461
Sardinia: invasion from Corsica, 58–60; forces invade southern France, 76; Austria supports against French, 80, 103; armistice with France, 103; army strength, 111; war with N’s Army of Italy, 112–15
Savary, General Anne-Jean-Marie: joins N’s staff after Marengo, 277; acting, 320; intelligence service, 321; and trial and execution of Enghien, 346; and N’s negotiations with Tsar, 381; and N’s peace negotiations with Britain (1806), 396; in Warsaw, 410; in Spain with N, 445; investigates Fouché plot, 477; policing methods and style, 482–3; and Malet plot, 549; negotiates with Talleyrand, 589; and N’s return from Elba, 608; and N’s position after Waterloo defeat, 619; and N’s attempted flight to America, 620, 623; prevented from accompanying N to St Helena, 626; and N’s entourage in St Helena, 641
Savona, 112
Savoy: incorporated into French Republic, 76; in Metternich’s peace proposals, 576
Savoy, house of: rule in Sardinia, 59
Saxony: Prussia invades, 402; Russia invades with Prussia, 556
Scherer, General Barthélémy, 6, 103
Schill, Major Ferdinand von, 449
Schlegel, Friedrich, 449
Schwarzenberg, Prince Karl von: as Austrian ambassador in Paris, 473; and N’s marriage to Marie-Louise, 473, 479; commands Austrians in Russian campaign, 514, 539, 545, 547; disparages Kutuzov, 545; withdraws through Poland, 553, 557; on N’s wish to avoid war, 555; in allied army against N, 566–9, 578, 580–1; repels N at Arc
is-sur-Aube, 583–4
Sébastiani, Captain Horace, 222, 224, 232, 335; see also Louis XVIII, King of France
Ségur, Louis-Philippe de, 368, 448
Ségur, Philippe-Paul de, 250, 355, 445, 504, 506, 572
Selim III, Ottoman Sultan, 414
Sémonville, Charles Huguet de, 59
Senate: at Luxembourg, 251; and proposed extension of N’s consulship, 319; expanded, 323, 357
senatus-consulte (edict), 295, 319, 323, 398, 470, 555
Sérurier, General Jean-Mathieu: in Army of Italy, 107, 110; at Savona, 112; pursues Beaulieu, 119–20; invests Mantua, 128
Seurre, 40
Seven Years’ War (1756–63), 13, 22
Shakespeare, William, 212
Shuvalov, Pavel Andreyevich, Count, 497, 597, 599
Sicily, 425–6, 428
Sièyes, Emmanuel-Joseph, abbé: N discusses metaphysics with, 170; prepares coup and change to constitution, 211, 218, 220–3; N’s relations with, 219; and Brumaire coup, 226–7, 229, 235; nominated consul, 234, 236; accepts N’s supremacy, 237; drafts new constitution, 239–40, 242, 322; nominates N as first consul, 242; helps launch Revolution, 243; resigns as provisional consul, 243; devises French administrative structure, 265; schemes against N, 279; N berates in Senate, 308; and proposed extension of N’s consulship, 319; opposes granting N supreme status, 350; N receives in Paris after return from Elba, 610
slaves and slavery: abolished in French colonies, 328–9, 331; rebellions, 330–1; N abolishes trade, 612
Smith, Spencer, 344
Smith, Commodore Sydney, 200–1, 205–6, 269
Smolensk, 523–4, 534, 536, 538–9
Songis, Nicolas-Marie, 78–9, 92
Sorbier, Jean-Joseph, 33
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