Mussolini, Benito ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Myner, Alex ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
N
Naval Intelligence Division ref1, ref2
Netherlands ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17
New York ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
NILBERG see Caroli, Gösta
Norbiton ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
North Weald ref1
Northolt ref1, ref2, ref3
Norway ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
O
Official Secrets Act ref1, ref2, ref3
Old Bailey ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Oslo Report ref1, ref2
Ostend ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Oster, Hans ref1
Otter, The (public house) ref1, ref2
Owens, Arthur (aka SNOW)
air raids (fear of) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Antwerp treffs ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
appearance ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
arrested in 1941 ref1
background ref1, ref2
and Battle of Britain ref1, ref2
betrayed by wife ref1, ref2
bugged by MI5 ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
and Canada ref1
character flaws ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
as chemist ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
coded letters ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
and Cromwell alert ref1
death ref1
defection to Germany ref1, ref2
meets Dicketts ref1, ref2, ref3
reunited with Dicketts ref1
betrays Dicketts ref1, ref2
confrontation with Dicketts ref1
drinking ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14
earnings ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21
false teeth ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
fieldcraft ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
and First World War ref1
Hamburg treffs ref1, ref2, ref3
and Plan Hegira ref1, ref2
and Hess ref1
admiration for Hitler and Germany ref1, ref2, ref3
at Homefields ref1
and infrared ref1
interrogation (strength under) ref1, ref2
as inventor ref1, ref2
JOHNNY codename ref1, ref2
and Krafft ref1
Operation Lamp ref1, ref2, ref3
laziness ref1, ref2, ref3
mission to Lisbon in 1941 ref1
Lisbon debrief ref1
and McCarthy ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
marriage ref1, ref2
mental health ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
attitude of MI5 towards ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
first controlled transmission for MI5 ref1
concludes deal with MI5 ref1
removed from active duty by MI5 in 1940 ref1
retirement ref1
returns to active MI5 duty in 1940 ref1
final debriefing by MI5 ref1
ultimate value to MI5 ref1, ref2
recruited by MI6 ref1
dismissed by MI6 ref1
nerves and paranoia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8
and Norwegian campaign ref1
outbreak of war ref1, ref2
and peace initiatives ref1, ref2
poor health ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9
radar betrayal ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
betrays Robertson ref1
meets Rolph ref1
betrays Rolph ref1
Rotterdam treff ref1
and Operation Sealion ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
secret communication channel with Germany ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
slang usage ref1, ref2
SNOW codename ref1
spendthrift nature ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
Stafford and Dartmoor imprisonment ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Stafford escape attempt in 1941 ref1
and Summer ref1
talkative nature ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
first transmitter ref1, ref2, ref3
first transmissions to Germany ref1
final transmission ref1
treachery motives ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
and V weapons ref1
in Wandsworth 1939 ref1
meets Williams ref1
undermines Williams ref1, ref2
winter reconnaissance tour 1940 ref1
womanising ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Owens Battery Equipment Company ref1, ref2, ref3
Owens, Graham (aka SNOW JUNIOR) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16
Owens, Irene ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14
Owens, Patricia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
P
Peace initiatives ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17
Peal, Edward ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10
Petrie, David ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Philby, Kim ref1
Phoney War ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9
Pieper, Erwin ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Pierrepoint, Albert ref1, ref2
Plaid Cymru ref1, ref2
Plan 1 ref1
PMS2 ref1
Poison gas ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
Poland ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11
Police Gazette ref1, ref2
Pollitt, Harry ref1
Pons, Sjord ref1, ref2
Pontardawe ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Popov, Dusko (aka TRICYCLE) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Post Office ref1, ref2, ref3
Psychology ref1, ref2, ref3
Pujol, Juan (aka GARBO) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Pullman Court ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Purchase, William Bentley ref1, ref2, ref3
Q
Q-ships ref1
R
Radar ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16
Radio Security Service ref1, ref2
Radlett ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Reed, Ronnie ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
Richmond ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15
Richter, Karel ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Ritter, Nikolaus (aka Dr Rantzau)
and America ref1, ref2
Antwerp treff ref1, ref2
background ref1
character ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
and Dicketts ref1, ref2, ref3
double-crosses MI5 ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
and FBI ref1
leaves Abwehr ref1, ref2
leaves Stelle X ref1, ref2
and Operation Lena ref1
Lisbon treff ref1, ref2
and McCarthy ref1, ref2
memoirs ref1, ref2
MI5 plans to kidnap ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
North Sea treff ref1 ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
retirement ref1
Rotterdam treff ref1
and Operation Sealion ref1
slang usage ref1
and Snow ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
blackmails Snow ref1, ref2
collapse of Snow case ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
criticism of Snow ref1
praise for Snow ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
and Summer ref1, ref2
and Tate ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5,
ref6
and Ter Braak ref1
Robertson, Joan ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Robertson, Thomas (aka Tar)
background and character ref1, ref2, ref3
and Dicketts ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8
and Plan Hegira ref1
and Hess ref1
Jan Mayen Island ref1, ref2
and John King ref1
Operation Lamp ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Lisbon debriefing ref1
and McCarthy ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
and OBE ref1
as radio specialist ref1
retirement ref1, ref2
and Rolph ref1, ref2
and Round Bush House ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
confidence in Snow ref1, ref2
disillusion with Snow ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17
final interview with Snow ref1
later dealings with Snow ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
and Snow Junior ref1
and Stewart ref1
and Summer ref1, ref2
Rolph, William ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19
Romney Marsh ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
Rotterdam ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Round Bush House ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Royal Air Force ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23, ref24, ref25, ref26, ref27, ref28, ref29, ref30
Royal Flying Corps ref1
Ruser, Hans ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Russians in England ref1, ref2
Ryde, Michael ref1, ref2
S
Sackville Street ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15
Sas, Gijsbertus ref1, ref2
Schacht, Hjalmar ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Schmidt, Wulf (aka TATE) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23, ref24, ref25, ref26
Schneider, Doctor ref1, ref2, ref3
Scotland, Alexander ref1
Scotland Yard ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
SEALION, Operation ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
Secret weapons ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Security Executive ref1, ref2
Seebold, William ref1
Selfridges ref1, ref2
Sessler, George ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
SHARK, Operation ref1, ref2
Short-wave ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Short Brothers ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Sibs ref1, ref2
SICHELSCHNITT, Operation ref1, ref2
Sicherheitsdienst ref1
Sillitoe, Percy ref1, ref2
Simon, Walter ref1
Sintra ref1, ref2, ref3
Sloane Avenue ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
SNOW see Owens, Arthur
SNOW JUNIOR see Owens, Graham
Snuffbox, Plan ref1, ref2
Spain ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Special Branch ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20
Spitfire ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8
Stafford prison ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Stalin, Josef ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Stalingrad ref1
Stelle X see Hamburg
Stephens, Robin (‘Tin-Eye’) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11
Stettin ref1, ref2
Stevens, Richard ref1, ref2, ref3
Stewart, Samuel ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Stopford, Richman ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12
Stratford ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
SUMMER see Caroli, Gösta
Sunday Graphic ref1
Surbiton ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Surrey ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8
Swansea ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Swinton, Ernest ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Sylt ref1
T
TATE see Schmidt, Wulf
Ter Braak, Jan Willem ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8
Thames House ref1, ref2
Tommy guns ref1, ref2, ref3
Tower of London ref1, ref2, ref3
Treachery Act ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10
Tripoli ref1, ref2, ref3
Turkey ref1
Twenty Committee ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15
U
U-boats ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15
Ultra ref1, ref2
Underground Propaganda Committee ref1
V
V weapons ref1
van den Kieboom, Charles ref1, ref2, ref3
Vatican ref1
Venlo Incident ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Ventnor ref1
Verisimilitude ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12
Veronal ref1, ref2, ref3
Victoria station ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Virgiels, Louisa ref1
von Klitzing, Irmgard ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
W
Waldberg, José ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Walti, Werner ref1
Wandsworth prison ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Waterloo station ref1, ref2
Weather reports ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Weber-Drohl, Ernst ref1
Welsh nationalism ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9
West Ham ref1, ref2, ref3
West, Nigel ref1, ref2
Whitchurch ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
White, Dick ref1
Wilhelmshaven ref1, ref2
Williams, Gwilym (aka G.W.) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11
Williams, ‘Hellfire’ ref1
Wilson, Thomas see Owens, Arthur
Winter weather ref1, ref2
Wireless Branch ref1
Wireless Committee ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Witzke, Lothar ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Wohldorf ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23, ref24, ref25, ref26, ref27, ref28, ref29, ref30, ref31, ref32
Wormwood Scrubs ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Z
Zeppelin ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12
A Note on the Author
James Hayward’s previous books include The Bodies on the Beach, Shadowplayers and Myths and Legends of the Second World War. As a solicitor he worked on the Bloody Sunday Inquiry, and as a historian has collaborated with organisations including the BBC, ITV, Channel 4, Imperial War Museum and National Army Museum. He lives in Norfolk and is the proud owner (and very occasional rider) of a vintage 1938 autocycle.
List of Illustrations
1. Agent Snow in a contemporary photograph held on file by the Security Service, MI5. ‘Typical Welsh underfed “Cardiff” type’, according to hostile watchers from the Special Branch
2. Arthur Owens’ passport photograph from 1948. By then Hitler’s former chief spy in England was living in Ireland as Arthur White
3. Lily Bade and her daughter Jean, a portrait taken not long after Owens was arrested in April 1941
4. Owens (left) pictured with one of his several families,
and beloved Jaguar Roadster
5. Pullman Court, the modernist development on Streatham Hill completed in 1936
6. Thomas ‘Tar’ Robertson, Snow’s long suffering case officer at MI5. Early mistakes made with Owens would ensure that the double-cross system functioned effectively after 1941
7. Edward Hinchley-Cooke, Snow’s first handler at MI5 in 1937, and later an interrogator at Camp 020
8. Snow’s first German transmitter, delivered to Victoria station in January 1939. Some in the Abwehr referred to these early sets as klamotten (‘junk’)
9. Maxwell Knight, the MI5 counter-subversion specialist who brought agents G.W. and Biscuit to the Snow case during the Phoney War period (West)
10. John Masterman, chairman of the Twenty Committee. An Oxford history don in peacetime, Masterman was also a first class cricketer
11. Nikolaus Ritter, Owens’ Abwehr case officer from 1937 onwards, known to MI5 only as ‘Doktor Rantzau’ when this candidate portrait was added to the Snow file
12. Hilmar Dierks, the Abwehr veteran who recruited Owens as a German spy as early as 1936. Here he inspects wrecked shipping at Dunkirk
13. A sketch map of RAF Odiham prepared by Owens circa 1938. His betrayal of radar to Germany was far more damaging
14. Abwehr transcripts of signals buzzed by Owens between 28 August and 3 September 1939, none of which were controlled by MI5
15. Gwilym Williams (aka G.W.), the former Swansea policeman recruited as Snow’s first MI5 sidekick in October 1939
16. Abwehr reports on two of Snow’s crucial betrayals of radar, made during treffs in Rotterdam on 18 September 1939 and Antwerp on 5 April 1940. MI5 were unable to monitor his personal meetings with Ritter
17. In May 1940 Owens set out to meet Ritter on a Grimsby steam trawler, the SS Barbados. Snow’s MI5 file contains this image of a very similar vessel
18. Ritter flew out to the abortive North Sea rendezvous in a large Dornier 18 flying boat, which boasted a range of 2000 miles and an endurance of 12 hours
19. Walter Dicketts (aka Celery) in a pre-war mugshot from the Police Gazette
20. The Chain Home radar station at Poling near Arundel, typical of those positioned on the south coast of England
21. Abwehr transcripts of three controlled signals buzzed by Snow on 13 and 14 August 1940, two of which seek to deter invasion, and one providing ID serials for incoming German spies
Hitler's Spy Page 30