Tuchman, Barbara, 142
Tucker, Preston, 354
Turkey
Arabs in, 198
and Armenian massacre, 220–22
and Germany, 114
postwar boundaries of, 220
Tuskegee syphilis experiments, 182, 183
Tuttle, Ted, 415
U-boats. See Submarine warfare
Udet, Ernst, 314
Umm Diwaykarat, Battle of, 38–39
Unamuno, Miguel de, 283
Unemployment, during Great Depression, 242, 250, 253, 254
United Fruit Company, 227
United States
air power of, 315, 358–59
anti-Semitism in, 187
aviation development in, 174–77
Caribbean interventions of, 33–34, 223
casualties of, 414
in Civil War. See Civil War
and colonial period land ownership, 210–11
cultural influence on Europe, 176–77, 228–30, 231–34
cultural influence on Latin America, 233–34
economy/economic policy. See Agriculture; Business and industry; Great Depression; Tax policy
eugenics movement in, 179–87
and German reparations, 216, 217, 257
Hitler’s views of, 216–17, 292, 315–17
Indian policy of, 211–12
–Japan relations, 210, 305–8, 348–50, 421
Latin American interventions, 223–24
in Mexican War, 106–10, 118, 127
in Nicaragua, 224
See also Spanish-American War
Latin American investments, 224, 226–27
Lend-Lease aid to Britain, 331, 347
Lend-Lease aid to Soviets, 341–43, 402–3
military preparedness of, 293, 331–34
Panama Canal project, 51–58
Pearl Harbor attack, 308, 349, 350–51, 396
Philippine intervention, 30–33, 127, 223
raw materials needs of, 304
and Spanish Civil War, 284–85
trade restrictions of (Smoot-Hawley), 217, 218, 226, 240, 245, 299, 311
in World War I. See World War I, United States in
in World War II
air war, 358-59, 381–84
in D-Day invasion, 409
Japanese-American internment, 370, 419, 420
military capability of, 379–81
military production of, 353–56
North African campaign, 377–78
Western Front, 412–13
See also Pacific War
See also American exceptionalism; Progressivism
United States Army
African American regiments, 107–8
buildup of, 332–33
lack of unit cohesion, 333–34, 379
mentality of soldiers, 380
post-World War I, 8
replacement system in, 334, 379–80, 410
in Spanish-American War, 8, 26–28, 31
volunteer vs draftee, 125
in World War I, 126–38
in World War II, 377–78, 379–81, 391–92, 401, 409–10
United States Navy
Aeronautics Bureau, 175
buildup of, 170–71, 332
deepwater fleet, 17–20
Dewey’s command, 15–16
Newport sex scandal, 250–51
Nimitz’s command, 395–97
Pacific bases, 172
in Pacific War, 376, 416–17
Pearl Harbor attack, 308, 349, 350–51, 396
rising presence of, 356–57
in Spanish-American War, 8, 25–26
and Washington Naval Conference, 8–9, 170
USSR. See Soviet Union
Valenti, Jack, 233
Valera, Éamon de, 42
Vandegrift, Alexander, 368
Vanderbilt, Alfred Gwynne, 52
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 177
Van Hise, Charles, 180
Vélez, Lupe, 234
Vemork hydroelectric plant, 319
Venezuela, 226
Verdun, Battle of, 104–5
Verne, Jules, 50
Versailles Conference
British position, 155, 159, 160, 161, 164
colonial issues at, 162, 198, 199
differences among European leaders, 156–57, 159, 161–62
failure of collective security, 167–69
failure of democratic goals, 165–67
and Fourteen Points, 153–56
French position, 155, 159–61, 164
and German reparations, 161, 169
Hitler’s “stab-in-the-back” theory of, 136, 260
and League of Nations, 158
national boundary readjustments of, 154, 155, 163–65, 218–19
Palestine issue at, 201
Parisian social backdrop to, 162–63
and Polish independence, 154–55, 312
unintended consequences of, 214
Wilson at, 157–59, 161–62, 163–64
Veterans, of World War I, 137–38, 395
Vichy France, 326, 336, 348, 377
Vidor, King, 137
Villa, Francisco “Pancho,” 106–7, 108–10, 116, 127
Wagemann, Ernest, 179
Wages, minimum, 180, 181, 253
Wake Island, 362
Wallace, Henry, 245, 402
Walsh, David, 304
Wal Wal Incident, 273
Wampanoag, USS, 18
Wanamaker, John, 112
Wannsee Conference, 388, 389
War bonds, 123
Warburg, Paul, 249
War crimes
Holocaust, 329, 360, 383, 384, 387–90
Japanese, 391, 421–22
Nazi slave labor, 360, 383, 384–86
in World War I, 88–90
Warfare
chemical, 101–2
in democratic societies, 419–20
future of, 75–77
guerrilla, 127
obsolescence theory of, 69–70, 75
sanctity of life concept in, 134
and social change, 117–18
ten-year rule, 277, 329
total air war, 357–58
trench, 102–4
Western way of, 38, 39–40, 92, 134, 380, 391–92
See also Weapons; specific wars
War Finance Corporation, 123
War Industries Board (WIB), 121
War production. See Military production
Warren, Francis E., 108
Warsaw Ghetto, 387
Warsaw Uprising, 389
Washington Naval Conference, 8–9, 170–71, 173
Wavell, Archibald, 374
Wealth, redistribution of, 119
Weapons
atomic bomb, 417–18, 419, 421
bayonet charge, 75, 92, 129, 131
chemical, 101–2
and disarmament, 167–68
long-range bombers, 174
in Spanish-American War, 27, 28
Weimar rearmament, 169, 258–59
See also Military production
Webb, Sidney, 179, 180
Wedemeyer, Albert, 333, 402
Weeks, John, 174
Weinberg, Gerhard, 256
Weindling, Paul, 195
Weizmann, Chaim, 162, 200, 390
Welfare state, 360–61
Wells, H.G., 179
Wengeroff, Vladimir, 233
Wever, Walther, 314
Weygand, Maxime, 324–25, 326
Wheeler, Joseph, 27
White, Henry, 158, 162
White, Henry Dexter, 402
White, William Allen, 47
Whittlesey, Charles, 104, 137–38
Wilde, Oscar, 18
Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 21, 23, 76, 77, 78, 80, 112, 136
Williams, Oscar F., 20
Wilson, Henry, 84, 85
Wilson, Woodrow, 8, 49
eugenics theory of, 180
Fourteen Points of, 153–56, 159, 161
and
League of Nations, 157, 158, 199
and McAdoo, 123
and Mexican War, 106, 107–8, 109
on national self-determination, 154, 163, 218
presidential election of 1916, 115
Progressivism of, 116–19, 120, 143
relationship with European leaders, 156–57
at Versailles Conference, 157–59, 161–62, 163–64, 218
weapons procurement policy of, 120, 121–23
and World War I entry, 108, 115–16
and World War I neutrality, 110–15
Witte, Sergei, 72
Wobblies, 125
Wolseley, Garnet, 36
Woman Rebel, The, 184
Women, in labor market, 353–54
Wood, Leonard, 26, 27, 29, 30, 128
Woodville, Richard Caton, 38
Woolworth (F.W.), 228–29
Works Progress Administration (WPA), 252
World Disarmament Conference of 1932, 167–68, 258
World War I
aftermath for Europe, 138–39
Belgian invasion, 85–90
Christmas truce, 99–100
Churchill in, 328
colonial troops in, 100–101, 102, 104
Eastern Front, 106, 126–27, 140
economic costs of, 70–72
Europe at outbreak of, 71–73, 75–79
final advance, 134, 135–37
military tactics in, 90–92
miscalculations of belligerents in, 83–86
and obsolescence of war theory, 69–70, 75
outbreak of, 79–83
poison gas in, 101–2
and Russian ceasefire, 126–27, 147, 154
Schlieffen Plan, 81, 87, 92–99, 106
surrender of Germany, 137
trench warfare, 102–4
U–boat attacks, 110–12, 115, 120, 169–70, 171
United States in
air war, 129, 131, 135
at Belleau Wood, 129–30
censorship during, 124–25
entry, 108, 115–16
financing of, 123
heroic exploits, 133–34, 137–38
independent command of, 126, 127, 132
loss replacements, 135
MacArthur’s exploits in, 394–95
and merchant shipping, 120–21
Meuse-Argonne offensive, 129, 131, 132, 135
military production, 120, 121–23
neutrality, 110–15
Pershing’s command, 126, 127, 128–29, 131–32
regiment formation, 134–35
tactics of, 128–29, 131, 135
veterans of, 137
war of attrition, 104–6
See also Versailles Conference
World War II
aftermath in Europe, 310–11
air power in, 357–59, 381–84
Allied command, 376–77, 378, 406–9, 412–13
and American exceptionalism, 9–10
Ardennes offensive, 412–13
Battle of Britain, 326–30
Berlin, fall of, 413–14
Casablanca Conference, 401–2, 403
in Crete, 335–36, 374
D-Day invasion, 409–10
Eastern Front, 337–41, 343–47, 369–73, 380, 382, 397–400, 403–4, 410
espionage in, 327, 331–32, 397
“Europe First” strategy in, 376, 393
financing of, 290
Free French forces in, 336
French collapse, 319–26
in Greece and Balkans, 334, 335, 337, 374
Holocaust during, 329, 360, 383, 384, 387–90
human cost of, 414
Italian campaign, 403, 404
in Middle East, 336, 373–74, 375–76
and military production. See Military production
moral considerations in, 419–22
naval power in, 356–57, 375, 400
in North Africa, 334–35, 376–78
Norway invasion, 317–19
outbreak of, 296
“Phony War,” 313, 317
raw materials needs as motive for war, 311–12
submarine warfare in, 313, 331
surrender of Germany, 414
Tehran Conference, 402–3
U.S. entry, 308
U.S. military capability, 379–81
U.S. military preparedness, 332–34
Yalta Conference, 403, 414
See also Pacific War
Wright, Frank Lloyd, 7, 64–65, 66, 68
Wright brothers, 177
Wurch, Ernest, 78
Yalta Conference, 403, 414
Yamamoto, Isoroku, 60, 171, 349, 350–51, 352–53, 367, 400
Yamashita, Tomoyuki, 362
Yellow fever, 29–30, 50, 54–55
York, Alvin, 133, 137–38
Young, Owen, 216, 217
Ypres, Battle of, 99, 101, 102, 103, 105
Yuan Shikai, 209
Yugoslavia, 164, 165, 256, 271, 273, 335, 411, 414
Zapata, Emiliano, 107
Zeitzler, Kurt, 344
Zhukov, Georgy, 345–46, 347, 398
Zimmerman telegram, 116
Zinoviev, Grigory, 148
Zionism, 200
Zog I, King of Albania, 165
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