by Todd Gordon
978 El Comercio, “Ecuador desea la inversíon de Canadá,” El Comercio, February 17, 2009. Available online at: www.elcomercio.com. Accessed on March 15, 2009.
979 R. Kuffner, “Please update your company profile for President Correa,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, July 4, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-01193.
980 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Minister Day Promotes Canadian Business in Ecuador.”
981 Quote is from R. Kuffner, “Minister Day Visit to Ecuador August 23–24, 2009,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, September 10, 2009, Access to Information, file 2009-0078. Author unknown, “Thanksgiving Dinner,” Quito: Ecuador-Canada Chamber of Commerce, September 30, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-01185; R. Kuffner, “RE: Ecuador Delegation,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, October 7, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-01193.
982 A. Shisko, “MSFA visit,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, August 23, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-02389.
983 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “List of Businesspeople and Civil Society Members that Minister of State (Americas) Kent Met With During a Visit to Quito, August 19–20, 2010,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, date unknown, Access to Information, file A-2010-01157; Author unknown, “Roundtable with Club of Canadian Investors,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, specific date unknown, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-02402.
984 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Bilateral Meeting With Ecuador President Rafael Correa,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, specific date unknown, 2010; Kuffner, “With Ecuador Foreign Minister Ricardo Patiño at the OAS General Assembly.” Both briefs are from Access to Information, file A-2010-02402.
985 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Meeting With Ecuador,” specific date unknown, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-02389.
986 K. Stirling, “Meeting at PDAC,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, February 26, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-01193; R. Valdez, “Ecuadorian Delegation to PDAC 2009,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, April 21, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2009-0078.
987 Author redacted, “meeting with [redacted],” Quito: Kinross, November 28, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-01197.
988 R. Valdez, “Report Participation and Activities of the Government of Ecuador’s Delegation to PDAC,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, April 9, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-02402.
989 R. Valdez, “Resultados y expectativas de la visita al PDAC 2010,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, March 18, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-2400.
990 J. Yared, “Meeting to Discuss a National Training Plan for Ecuador’s Mining Sector,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, July 26, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-02402.
991 R. Kuffner, “RE: training plan for Ecuador ministry officials,” Quito: Canadian Embasy, July 22, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-01196.
992 R. Valdez, “UBC Geology in Ecuador,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, May 1, 2008, Access to Information, file A-2010-01194.
993 Correa quotation is transcribed at: http://www.incakolanews.blogspot.ca/2009/02/studmuffin-heart-canada.html. Accessed February 18, 2013.
994 Boivin, “OAS and Aboriginal Cooperation With Ecuador,” Foreign Affairs and International Trade, specific date unknown, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-02402; I. Ross, “Former First Nation Chief becomes face of Canadian mining,” Northern Ontario Business, March 1, 2012. Available online at: http://www.northernontariobusiness.com/Industry-News/aboriginal-businesses/Former-First-Nation-chief-becomes-face-of-Canadian-mining.aspx. Accessed on April 26, 2013.
995 R. Kuffner, “Potential Visit to Kinross Mine in Canada,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, January 9, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-01197.
996 All quotes from C. Lapointe, “Meeting with Vice-Minister of International Trade Eduardo EGAS PENA,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, January 26, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2009-0078.
997 E. Clarke, “Meeting Note for Minister of International Trade—Mining Authorizations for Canadian Companies,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, October 8, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2009-0078.
998 S. Silva, “Ecuador wants higher royalties from U.S., Canadian miners,” Reuters, May 26, 2011. Available online at: http://www.reuters.com/article/ecuador-mines-idUSN2623921620110526. Accessed on June 2, 2011.
999 El Comercio, “Embajador de Canadá: Impuestos mineros muy elevados,” El Comercio, July 4, 2012. Available online at: http://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/negocios/embajador-de-canada-impuestos-mineros.html. Accessed on April 28, 2013.
1000 A. Araujo, “Dos escenarios parar la reforma minera,” El Comercio, October 25, 2012. Available online at: http://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/negocios/escenarios-reforma-minera.html. Accessed on January 22, 2013. Burt is quoted in A. Valencia, “Kinross, Ecuador gold mine talks hit impasse,” Financial Post, February 17, 2012. Available online at: http://business.financialpost.com/investing/kinross-ecuador-gold-mine-talks-hit-impasse. Accessed on February 17, 2012.
1001 L. Saavedra, “Legislative reforms favor mining companies,” Latin America Press, August 16, 2012. Available online at: http://www.lapress.org/articles.asp?art=6688. Accessed on August 27, 2012.
1002 Mineweb, “IAMGOLD not ‘bailing’ on multimillion ounce Ecuador gold project,” Mineweb, June 22, 2012. Available online at: http://www.mineweb.com/archive/iamgold-not-bailing-on-multimillion-ounce-ecuador-gold-project/. Accessed on June 12, 2012.
1003 See S. Santacruz, “Firms See Stability as Correa Rebuffs CONAIE,” Ecuador Mining News, October 16, 2008. Available online at: www.ecuadorminingnews.com. Accessed on November 1, 2008. This article discusses the response of Canadian companies to the new constitution.
1004 Reuters, “Kinross Gold gets Ecuador green light,” Reuters, March 11, 2009. Available online at: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mining-summit-kinross-ecuador-idUSTRE52A47M20090311. Acccessed on October 19, 2010.
1005 Quoted in J. Moore, “Ecuador: Small-Scale Miners Questioning Large-Scale Interests in Southern Amazon,” Upside Down World, September 22, 2010. Available online at: http://upsidedownworld.org/main/ecuador-archives-49/2703-ecuador-small-scale-miners-questioning-large-scale-interests-in-southern-amazon-. Accessed on September 22, 2010.
1006 R. Valdez, “Conflict and Controversy as Illegal Miners Come to Terms with the Law,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, September 23, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-02402.
1007 Latin America Press, “Military dismantles illegal mines,” Latin America Press, June 2, 2011. Available online at: http://lapress.org/articles.asp?art=6391. Accessed on June 14, 2011.
1008 J. Moore, “Ecuador’s Fickle Friend,” Dominion, December 6, 2010. Available online at: http://upsidedownworld.org/main/ecuador-archives-49/2812-ecuadors-fickle-friend-. Accessed on December 6, 2010. See also C. Reyes, “Se debate de denuncia del Convenio con Canadá,” Radio Sucre, July 21, 2011. Available online at: www.radiosucre.com.ec. Accessed on July 27, 2011.
1009 El Comercio, “‘Buscamos protección a la inversión,” El Comercio, March 3, 2012. Available online at: http://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/negocios/buscamos-proteccion-a-inversion.html. Accessed on March 4, 2012.
1010 J. Taba, “Background Briefing on CIDA Programming in Ecuador,” Ottawa: CIDA, September 21, 2009, Access to Information-CIDA, file A-2010-00388.
1011 L. Lévesque, Memorandum of Information to Minister of International Trade: Canada’s Bilateral Cooperation Program With Ecuador,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, date unknown, Access to Information-CIDA, file A-2010-00388.
1012 Canadian Embassy, Quito, “Bilateral Consultations Report,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, September 17, 2009, Access to Information-CIDA, file A-2010-00388.
1013 J. Tabah, “Next Steps in Ecuador for CIDA,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and Inter
national Trade, November 27, 2008, Access to Information, file A-2010-00389.
1014 El Comercio, “‘Buscamos protección a la inversión.”
1015 Canadian Embassy, Quito, “Bilateral Consultations Report.”
1016 Author unknown, “Invest Ecuador,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, December 6, 2010, Access to Information Request, file 2010-02389.
1017 S. Fernandes, Who Can Stop the Drums? Urban Social Movements in Chávez’s Venezuela, Durham: Duke University Press, 2010, pp. 13–15.
1018 J. Rivera, “Lo irreversible y Hugo Chávez,” La Jornada, March 10, 2013.
1019 G. Ciccariello-Maher, “Preparing for a Post-Chávez Venezuela,” Counterpunch, March 6, 2013. Available online at: http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/03/06/preparing-for-a-post-chavez-venezuela/. Accessed on April 15, 2013.
1020 La Jornada, “Cronología de la última batalla del líder venezolano,” La Jornada, March 5, 2013.
1021 Canadian Embassy in Caracas, “Country Strategy—Venezuela 2006–07,” Caracas: Canadian Embassy, January 22, 2006, Access to Information, file A-2010-02394.
1022 Canadian Embassy in Caracas, “Country Strategy—Venezuela 2008–09,” Canadian Embassy: Caracas, December 19, 2007, Access to Information, file A-2010-02403.
1023 N. Crooks and J. Orozco, “World Bank Court Rules for Venezuela in Gold Mining Case,” Bloomberg, January 18, 2013. Available online at: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-01-18/world-bank-court-rules-for-venezuela-in-mining-case-correct-. Accessed on May 24, 2013; Canada, Application of the Government of Canada for Standing as a Non-Disputing Party, Arbitration Under the Additional Facility Rules of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, August 7, 2006, Access to Information, file A-2008-00057.
1024 F. Taylor, “Crystallex’s Venezuelan road not necessarily paved with gold,” Globe and Mail, March 27, 2007, p. B14; Globe and Mail, “Venezuelan ruling hits Crystallex,” Globe and Mail, May 1, 2008, p. B3; A. Hoffman, “Venezuela’s bid to boost gold reserves bad news for Crystallex,” Globe and Mail, November 16, 2008, p. B1; National Post, “Venezuela, China to develop Cristina,” National Post, February 25, 2012, FP4; D. Ebner, “Crystallex loses control of Venezuela gold mining project,” Globe and Mail, February 8, 2011, p. B11; P. Luke, “investors remain wary of Venezuelan contract’s veracity,” The Province, June 14, 2006, p. A41; National Post, “Crystallex files for bankruptcy; TSX to delist firm,” National Post, December 24, 2011, p. F2.
1025 L. Macleod, “Venezuela lets in Canadian miner,” National Post, March 29, 2007, p. FP1; The Province, “Gold Reserve squeezed out,” The Province, May 26, 2009, p. A20.
1026 M. Morin and L. Edwards, Mandate Letter to Perry Calderwood, Ambassador of Canada to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, December 27, 2007.
1027 Canadian Embassy in Caracas, “Country Strategy—Venezuela 2007–08,” Caracas: Canadian Embassy, January 18, 2007, Access to Information, file A-2010-02394.
1028 Canadian Embassy in Caracas, “Country Strategy—Venezuela 2006–07.”
1029 Ruta, “PetroAmérica Initiative,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, specific date unknown, 2007, Access to Information, file A-2008-00058.
1030 Canadian Embassy in Caracas, “Country Strategy—Venezuela 2007–08.”
1031 The quote is from Canadian Embassy in Port-au-Prince, “Visit of Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez (sic) to Haiti,” Canadian Embassy: Port-au-Prince, March 14, 2007, Access to Information, file A-2008-00058; Author unknown, “Venezuela,” origin unknown: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, date unknown, Access to Information, file A-2008-00058.
1032 Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development, 40th Parliament, 3rd Session, Ottawa: March 21, 2011, p. 18.
1033 Intelligence Assessment Secretariat, Untitled Report (Ottawa: Privy Council Office, April 2, 2007). Access to Information, file A-2008-00058.
1034 Rory Carroll was for a number of years the Guardian’s correspondent in Venezuela. He is the author of Comandante: Hugo Chávez’s Venezuela, New York: The Penguin Press, 2013.
1035 R. Carroll, “Hugo Chávez: An Elected Autocrat,” New Statesman, January 30, 2013. Available online at: http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/south-america/2013/01/elected-autocrat. Accessed on January 16, 2014.
1036 For good historical context and analytical summaries of the rise and trajectory of the Bolivarian process in Venezuela, see the following. S. Ellner, Rethinking Venezuelan Politics: Class, Conflict and the Chávez Phenomenon, Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2009; S. Fernandes, Who Can Stop the Drums? Urban Social Movements in Chávez’s Venezuela, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2010; G. Ciccariello-Maher, We Created Chávez: A People’s History of the Venezuelan Revolution, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2013; G. Wilpert, Changing Venezuela by Taking Power: The History and Policies of the Chávez Governernment, London: Verso, 2007; M. Gonzalez, Hugo Chávez: Socialist for the Twenty-First Century, London: Pluto, 2014; S. Spronk and J.R. Webber, “From Sabaneta to Miraflores: The Afterlives of Hugo Chávez,” New Politics, 56, Winter, 2014.
1037 G. Ciccariello-Maher discusses the popular notion within Venezuelan social movements that they made Chávez, rather than the reverse, in We Created Chávez, 2013.
1038 R. Carroll, “In the End, an Awful Manager,” New York Times, March 5, 2013. Available online at: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/06/opinion/in-the-end-chavez-was-an-awful-manager.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0. Accessed on January 16, 2014.
1039 K. Johnson, “Obama Reacts to Chávez Death,” Wall Street Journal, March 5, 2013. Available online at: http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324678604578342880614535550?mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424127887324678604578342880614535550.html. Accessed on January 16, 2014.
1040 M. Blanchfield, “Venezuela Slams Harper for ‘Blunt, Insensitive, Impertinent’ Remarks on Hugo Chávez’s Death,” National Post, March 7, 2013. Available online at: http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/03/07/venezuela-slams-harper-for-blunt-insensitive-impertinent-remarks-on-hugo-chavezs-death/. Accessed on January 16, 2014.
1041 Canadian Press, “Chávez’s Death Brings Hope of a Better Future for Venezuela: PM Harper,” The Globe and Mail, March 5, 2013. Available online at: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/chavezs-death-brings-hope-of-a-better-future-for-venezuela-pm-harper/article9321008/. Accessed on January 16, 2014.
1042 The Economist, “Italy’s Election: Ungovernability Wins,” The Economist, March 2, 2013. Available online at: http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21572783-result-has-come-bombshell-italy-and-across-euro-zone-ungovernability-wins. Accessed on January 16, 2014.
1043 Carroll, “In the End, an Awful Manager.”
1044 Ibid.
1045 M. Weisbrot, “Why the U.S. Demonises Venezuela’s Democracy,” Guardian, October 3, 2012. Available online at: http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/oct/03/why-us-dcemonises-venezuelas-democracy. Accessed on January 16, 2014.
1046 Ibid.
1047 G. Grandin, “On the Legacy of Hugo Chávez,” The Nation, March 5, 2013. Available online at: http://www.thenation.com/article/173212/legacy-hugo-chavez. Accessed on January 16, 2014.
1048 Weisbrot, “Why the U.S. Demonises Venezuela’s Democracy.”
1049 Ibid.
1050 One of the authors, Jeffery R. Webber, has conducted fieldwork in Venezuela on various, extended occasions between 2008 and 2013.
1051 I. James, “Venezuela Oil Production Growth: Chávez Presidency May Have Squandered Oil Riches,” Huffington Post, September 23, 2012. Available online at: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/23/venezuela-oil-production_n_1907170.html. Accessed on January 16, 2014.
1052 M. Weisbrot and J. Johnston, Venezuela’s Economic Recovery: Is it Sustainable? Washington,
D.C.: Center for Economic and Policy Research, September 2012, pp. 7, 10; EIU, Venezuela: Country Report, London: Economist Intelligence Unit, March 2013, p. 8
1053 The social programs are discussed in G. Wilpert, Changing Venezuela By Taking Power: The History and Policies of the Chávez Government, London: Verso, 2006; and I. Bruce, The Real Venezuela, London: Pluto, 2009. On the variegated forms of popular power in the urban peripheries of Caracas see S. Fernandes, Who Can Stop the Drums? Urban Social Movements in Chávez’s Venezuela, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2010; G. Ciccariello-Maher, We Created Chávez, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2013; and D. Azzellini, “Constituent Power in Motion: Ten Years of Transformation in Venezuela,” Socialism and Democracy, 24, 2, 2010, pp. 8–31.
1054 Weisbrot and Johnston, Venezuela’s Economic Recovery, p. 26.
1055 Canadian Embassy in Caracas, “Country Strategy—Venezuela 2008–09.”
1056 U.S. Embassy in Ottawa, “Canada and the Americas,” Ottawa: U.S. Embassy, April 15, 2009, Wikileaks. Available online at: www.wikileaks.org. Accessed on September 21, 2011; Author Uknown, “Bilateral With Venezuela,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, date uknown, Access to Information, file A-2008-00058; Author unknown, “Meeting With Foreign Minister Nicolas (sic) Maduro,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, date unknown, Access to Information, file A-2010-01155.
1057 S. Harper, “Canada’s Prime Minister Stephen Harper,” Latin Business Chronicle, October 1, 2008. Available online at: www.latinbusinesschronicle.com. Accessed on May 1, 2008.
1058 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Canada Concerned over Venezuelan Suspension of TV Stations,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, January 28, 2010.
1059 K. Janicke and J. Sugget, “Venezuela Sanctions Cable Television Channels for Failure to Complyl with Media Law,” Venezuelanalysis, January 25, 2010. Available online at: http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/5101. Accessed on January 16, 2014.
1060 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Canada Expresses Concern over Venezuela’s Arrest of Oswald Álvarez Paz,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, March 25, 2010.