by Ilan Stavans
Gabriel García Márquez
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Gabriel García Márquez
The Early Years
Ilan Stavans
GABRIEL GARCíA MÁRQUEZ
Copyright © Ilan Stavans, 2010.
All rights reserved.
First published in 2010 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN®
in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.
Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS.
Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world.
Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.
ISBN: 978–0–312–24033–2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Stavans, Ilan.
Gabriel García Márquez : The Early Years / Ilan Stavans.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978–0–312–24033–2 (hardcover)
ISBN-10: 0–312–24033–3 (hardcover)
1. García Márquez, Gabriel, 1928– 2. Authors, Colombian—
20th century—Biography. I. Title.
PQ8180.17.A73Z9355 2010
863’.64—dc22
[B]
2009025896
A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library.
Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India.
First edition: January 2010
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America.
To Alison,
amor e inspiración
The invention of a nation in a phrase.
—Wallace Stevens
Contents
Acknowledgments
Preface
1 Aracataca
2 Apprenticeship
3 Mamador de gallos
4 New Horizons
5 Lo real maravilloso
6 The Silver Screen
7 Sleepless in Macondo
8 Convergences
Afterword
Notes
Bibliography
About the Author
Index
Acknowledgments
This biographical exploration has been a decade in the making. The idea was first suggested to me around 1998 by my friend Gayatri Patnaik, my editor at Routledge at the time. Since then I’ve traveled around the globe to meet extraordinary people and engaged them in dozens of interviews. In Colombia, with the helpful guidance of Eduardo Maireles, I journeyed, with paused dedication, across la ruta garciamarqueana, visiting Aracataca, Riohacha, Santa Marta, Sucre, La Ciénega, Barranquilla, and Cartagena. I learned just how much literature matters in a region of the world plagued by illiteracy. The effigy of Gabriel García Márquez, known to everyone as Gabito, is everywhere—literally and symbolically. He is seen as a redeemer, a man whose statue is held in equal honor to that of another messianic figure: Simón Bolívar, El Libertador.
First and foremost, I wish to thank García Márquez for the way he has refined his talent in his oeuvre, pushing it to its limits. As I relate in the preface, I was dumbstruck when I first read him as a twenty-one-year-old in my native Mexico. It suddenly became clear to me that words have magic: when used meticulously, they are able to conjure alternative universes, some more appealing than our own.
My wholehearted gracias to Cass Canfield Jr. of HarperCollins, friend and editor extraordinaire, who throughout the years encouraged me to pursue the writing of this biography. I spent marvelous hours with him talking about his passion for One Hundred Years of Solitude. Thanks to Airié Stuart of Palgrave for her patience and insistence. It is due to her, in large measure, that I’ve focused my whole attention on this endeavor. Jill Kneerim at Palmer & Dodge believed in the project. Steve Wasserman, at the Los Angeles Times Book Review, asked me to reflect, at different times, on a number of García Márquez’s books, as did Oscar Villalón at the San Francisco Chronicle and Jim Concannon at the Boston Globe. Thanks to Henry Louis Gates Jr. and Mike Vásquez for opening the doors of Transition, to Henry Finder at the New Yorker, Laurence Goldstein at the Michigan Quarterly Review, Fidel Cano Correa at El Espectador, Martin Levin at the Globe and Mail, Karen Winkler at the Chronicle of Higher Education, and Erica González at El Diario.
I appreciate the openness and la calidad humana of my dear Hugo Chaparro Valderrama in Bogotá and Juan Fernando Merino of El Diario in New York. The Colombian photographer Nereo López-Meza regaled me with a fiesta of images of García Márquez’s coastal landscapes and his journey to Stockholm. I am all the better as a result of the guidance I received in Barranquilla from Meira Delmar as well as from Heriberto Fiorillo, who hosted me at La Cueva; Iliana Restrepo, who was in charge of la ruta garciamarqueana in Cartagena; Rafael Darío, director of the Casa Museo García Márquez, who was generous with his time and knowledge as he took me around in Aracataca; the welcoming Jaime García Márquez at the Fundación Nuevo Periodismo in Cartagena; the wonderful Elkin Restrepo in Medellín; and the erudite Juan Gustavo Cobo Borda in Bogotá, where Claudia Leyva and Piedad Bonnett made me feel comfortably at home.
I’m honored with the friendship of Harold Augenbraum at the National Book Foundation, Jonathan Galassi at Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, and Max Rudin at the Library of America. I felt
a kindred soul in Gregory Rabassa, with whom I discussed in detail issues of translation. I’ve enjoyed the numerous conversations I’ve entertained with scores of people in and beyond García Márquez’s circle. I’ve had dialogues with Isabel Allende, Fernando del Paso, Augusto Monterroso, Antonio Muñoz Molina, Álvaro Mutis, Elena Poniatoska, and John Updike. I appreciate the support of Gloria Gutiérrez at the Carmen Balcells Literary Agency in Barcelona; Donald Yaes in California; Alberto Blanco, Angelina Muñiz-Huberman, and Alejandro Springall in Mexico City; Ali White in Vermont; Edith Grossman and Silvana Paternostro in New York; Jesús Díaz and Martín Felipe Yriart in Madrid, Spain; Alicia Agnese-Milia and Héctor Urrutibéheity in Houston, Texas; Isaac Goldemberg and Daisy Cocco de Fillippi at Hostos Community College; Alberto Fuguet and Iván Jaksic in Santiago, Chile; Alberto Manguel in Paris; Antonio Benítez-Rojo at Amherst College; Francisco Goldman at Trinity College; Caryl Phillips at Yale University; Edmundo Paz-Soldán at Cornell University; John King at University of Warwick; and Tomás Eloy Martínez at Rutgers University.
Verónica Albin read the manuscript in different versions, offering insightful suggestions. With insistence as well as undiminished cordiality, Marie Ostby, Leah Carroll, and Yasmin Mathew shepherded it through production.
I have benefited enormously from, and made use of, the foundational work done by journalists and scholars who came before me and whose contribution I used as a compass, particularly Jon Lee Anderson, Gene H. Bell-Villada, Eligio García Márquez, Jorge García Usta, Rita Guibert, Jacques Gilard, Luis Harss, Gerald Martin, George R. McMurray, Dasso Saldívar, Mario Vargas Llosa, Ernesto Volkening, and Michael Wood. I tested my ideas with my students at Amherst College in the courses on One Hundred Years of Solitude I taught, intermittently, from 2001 to 2009. Their intelligence and dedication always inspires me.
My beloved parents Abraham and Ofelia Stavchansky in Mexico City allowed me to use their house as my headquarters. My mother even functioned as a liaison with the García Márquez entourage. Mi corazón está lleno.
All photographs by Nereo López-Meza. © Copyright 1970, 2009 by Nereo. Used by permission.
Gabriel García Márquez
Preface
This book is the story of how Gabriel García Márquez—a middle-class costeño from Colombia’s Caribbean coast, a law-school dropout with strong literary aspirations, whose career in journalism included stints at some of the major newspapers of Barranquilla, Cartagena, and Bogotá, and whose left-leaning views put him at odds with the dictatorship of General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla (1953–57)—came to write a masterpiece that, almost in a single stroke, reconfigured the cultural map of Latin America in the second half of the twentieth century.
I remember vividly the rainy afternoon in my native Mexico City when I first read One Hundred Years of Solitude, finishing it in a dizzying twenty-four-hour session. It was April 1982, and I was in my early twenties. I had had an aversion to books (I was the outdoorsy kind) until I discovered the novel as a literary genre, and, specifically, the work of the so-called El Boom, writers from Latin America who belonged to my father’s generation (most of whom were born between 1909 and 1942), whose narratives were still hypnotizing the world. But no book by this cadre of myth-makers (the term was coined by the British man of letters V. S. Pritchett) compared remotely to One Hundred Years of Solitude, a veritable lesson in what a friend described as lo neobarroco, the neo-baroque style that defined the literature from the region. I didn’t just read it; I devoured it.
I was on my bed, near the window. I remember going to the bathroom twice. And I recall reaching chapter eighteen, with only two more to go before the end, as the sun began to rise. I was dumbstruck. Could a novel really be this good?
We retain forever the memory of the moment when certain books imposed themselves on us because nothing feels the same afterward. That afternoon I went to Librería Gandhi on Avenida Miguel Ángel de Quevedo, a favorite haunt of mine, bought every García Márquez title I could find, and binged on them for weeks. I was impressed by the carefully constructed Caribbean reality of despair. The Colombian author, it seemed to me, was looking at my own milieu, el mundo hispánico, with fresh eyes. What fascinated me in particular was that he wasn’t an urbane, cosmopolitan intellectual like my other role model, Jorge Luis Borges, whose oeuvre revolved around philosophical conundrums.
In my opinion, there are only two novelistic masterpieces written in Spanish whose influence radically revamped our understanding of Hispanic civilization: Cervantes’s Don Quixote and García Márquez’s One Hundred Years of Solitude. Don Quixote accomplished it with its mordant critique of a seventeenth-century Iberian empire. It offered an Erasmian celebration of free thought defined by misadventures abroad and a zealous Catholic Inquisition at home and across the Atlantic. The masterful One Hundred Years of Solitude is a sweeping genealogical narrative about an entire continent and its people: its corrupt politicians, its religious aspirations, its gender disparity, and its natural and historical calamities. Like Cervantes’s opus, which is purportedly written by a Moor, García Márquez’s novel is presented as a palimpsest: a manuscript drafted by a gypsy. What is one to make of the fact that such fringe social types in the Spanish-speaking world are the creators of the two literary pillars on which it stands?
García Márquez, then a little-known novelist, wrote the book over an eighteen-month period, in seclusion, in Mexico City, not too far from where I lived. Released in Buenos Aires in 1967 by Editorial Sudamericana, it was the most important novel ever to be published in the Americas. It follows the fanciful Buendía family of Macondo, a small, forgotten town on Colombia’s Caribbean coast, over the course of more than a century (in spite of the title), from the mythical foundation of the town to its demise. The cyclical structure of the plot, its omniscient, third-person narrative, and the magical nature of the incidents chronicled fill the book with biblical resonances. At its core is the most basic of biblical curses: incest. The Buendías are born of incest and forever condemned by it. There is language that recalls the Tower of Babel, sibling rivalries like those of Cain and Abel and Joseph and his brothers, larger-than-life imperial figures such as Colonel Aureliano Buendía, who bring to mind the kings of Israel, as well as magical illnesses such as an epidemic of insomnia and disasters like a rainstorm of butterflies that are reminiscent of the plagues.
Symmetrically divided into twenty unnumbered chapters of approximately eight thousand words each, it includes a cast of three dozen characters delineated with great confidence. Pick your favorite: Remedios the Beauty, whose elegiac loveliness enables her to ascend to heaven; Úrsula Iguarán, the Buendía matron, on whose shoulders the endurance of the family lies; the seventeen Aurelianos fathered by José Arcadio Buendía; the foreboding prostitute Pilar Ternera; rebellious niñas such as Santa Sofía de la Piedad; Indian servants; and the turcos, Middle Eastern immigrants.
The novel is about memory and forgetfulness, about the trials and tribulations of capitalism in a colonial society, about European explorers in the New World, about the clash of science and faith, about matriarchy as an institution, about loyalty, treason, and vengeance in the political arena, about the path that a rivulet of blood takes after a tragic death, about the flora and fauna of the Caribbean, about mishaps in urban planning, about the fancifulness of names in Spanish-speaking culture (Quick: how many Aurelianos are there?), about the difference between official and popular history, about intelligence and stupidity not as counterparts but as extensions of each other. It manages to build a self-sufficient Leibnitzian universe, one paralleling our own. Personally, I can’t think of a more luminous, if demanding, read.
The legend of how García Márquez’s book came to be is in itself enchanting. He and his wife Mercedes were driving to Acapulco, on the Mexican Pacific coast, when suddenly he was visited (like Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who, after an opium dream, shaped “Kubla Khan”) by the muse of fiction. He turned the car around and isolated himself in his Mexico City study un
til he finished the manuscript. In his description of the experience, he comes across less as an artist than as a scribe, as if One Hundred Years of Solitude had been dictated to him from first to last. The English translation by Gregory Rabassa is superb, maybe even better than the original. García Márquez has said as much. He even called Rabassa “the best Latin American writer in the English language.”
Reading One Hundred Years of Solitude got me hooked on literature, prompting me to understand its metabolism: how it works, why it matters, who produces it and who reads it, what the connection is between history and fiction, between what is true and what is a lie. It inspired me to become a cultural critic. As I’ve traveled through life, intellectually as well as existentially, I’ve always had my copy of the novel nearby. It has been a center of gravity, my raison d’être as a reader.
It is clear that contemporary literature owes much to García Márquez: his visions, his discipline.
But he transcends literature: García Márquez was a crucial protagonist in the major events of the second half of the twentieth century, in Colombia in particular and in Latin America in general. From the 1948 riots sparked by the assassination of presidential candidate Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, known as El Bogotazo, to Fidel Castro’s Communist Revolution in 1958–59, from El Boom itself to the neo-liberal economic policies that defined the eighties, from the emergence of a fresh type of journalism to the war against the Colombian drug cartels, from a new Latin American cinema to the project of simplifying Spanish orthography, García Márquez has been a larger-than-life force.
Biography as a literary genre wasn’t as popular in the Spanish-speaking world as it has been in its English-language counterpart. Not until the seventies did publishers invest in biographies as marketable items. This reluctance was due, in part, to the Latin American psyche. Latin Americans are not fond of confessing their sins in public. The act of revealing oneself is rather private. Not surprisingly, the heirs of the estates of political and cultural luminaries tended to shy away from allowing the secret lives of the departed made accessible to the public. This doesn’t mean that biographies were inexistent prior to that time. The seventeenth-century Mexican nun Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, for instance, wrote a denunciatory letter defending her behavior from calumnies propagated by her male superiors in the Catholic Church. But these scant biographies are the exception to the rule.