• Fashion, hairstyles and jewellery all originate from here.
• They gave us the first mathematical system with the ability to do complex mathematical calculations which were based on the ‘sexagesimal’ system where 10 is combined with a ‘celestial’ 6 = 60.
• The 360 degrees in a circle; advanced astronomy; the calendar; the 7-day week; kilns; bricks; high-rise buildings like pyramids and ziggurats; ceramics and even art and sculpture were all first created in Sumer.
• Furthermore there was metallurgy and the moulding of soft metals like gold, silver and copper.
• The creation of bronze by smelting copper with tin.
• They were the first to develop an exquisite range of decorative jewellery.
• They even introduced the first money in the form of the silver Shekel, thereby converting thousands of years of what must have been a strictly socialistic society without any use for money, into the first capitalist economy.
• Their extensive knowledge of agriculture was astounding. The planting and harvesting of cereals; the manufacture of flour for different kinds of breads, pastries, biscuits, cakes and porridges.
The Sumerian cuisine was well-refined and they certainly got a lot of practice preparing lavishly extensive menus for their gods who had a great appetite. Yes! The gods would actually demand different types of food to be prepared and placed in their temples as offerings. This would include wine from grapes and palm dates, milk yoghurts, butter, cream and cheeses. The gods of the city of Uruk demanded five different beverages and foods as a daily sacrifice. The Sumerians even wrote poems about food.
Decimal Sumerian (Sexagesimal)
“In the wine of drinking 1 1
In the scented water 10 10
In the oil of unction 10 X 10 10 X 6
This bird have I cooked (10 X 10) 10 (10 X 6) 10
and have eaten.” (10 X 10 X 10) 10 (10 X 6 X 10) 6
SEXAGESIMAL COUNTING SYSTEM
The large library of King Ashurbanipal at Nineveh gave us a good insight into their world of medical practice as they outline areas like therapy, surgery and commands and incantations. It also covers subjects like fees charged by surgeons and penalties that had to be paid if they messed up. The surgeon would lose a hand if he damaged the patient's eye during a temple procedure with a lancet. There is reference to ‘water physicians’ and ‘oil physicians’ or ‘A.ZU’ and ‘IA.ZU’ as referred to by Zecharia Sitchin. They even refer to possible cataract removal and bone scraping. A 5,000-year-old tablet found in Ur refers to a ‘Lulu the doctor’ and there were even vets who were known as doctors of ‘oxen and asses’. All these texts make it very clear that these people practiced medicine and not any form of sorcery. On the social front they also introduced alcohol which is evident from the Arabic and Akkadian roots of ‘kohl’ and ‘kuhlu’. This was obviously also used in medical applications and some instructions were given to use wine, beer or honey as solvents when taking powders by mouth. And where do you think the Romans got their knowledge of bitumen, asphalts and petroleum from, which they used so successfully in building and warfare? From the Sumerians of course. The reference to the discovery of the ancient city of Ur, claims that it was found under a “mound of bitumen”. And the origin of the word ‘naphta’ comes from the word ‘napatu’ which can be translated as ‘stones that flare up’. One of the cornerstones of civilisation and development, the wheel, was also first used by the Sumerians. Not to be outdone by those on land, the ship-makers had their own dictionary which outlines 105 types of ships by size, function and destination, and which also includes 69 Sumerian terms for the construction of ships. There were 3 primary types of ships. Cargo, passenger, and those exclusively used by the gods.
I trust that by now you must be thinking, that maybe there was a lot more to the interaction between the so-called gods and our ancient ancestor. But this is only the beginning. The evidence keeps piling up higher and higher as we work through the clay tablets linking them to the many activities and events of our distant past. We learn that the Anunnaki gods were our original advanced ancestors who came to Earth with a very specific purpose – gold! From their arrival on Earth in search of gold some 443,000 years ago; to the creation of the ‘Adamu’ as a ‘lulu amelu’ or primitive worker; to the creation of ‘Eve’ shortly after that; to the graphic descriptions of the hard work in the gold mines of southern Africa; to the flood; and the subsequent civilisation that was bestowed on the ‘slave species’ to help feed the flood survivors, while pushing ever harder to extract enough gold to save their planet Nibiru's atmosphere. What a mouthful… but what a ride. You are going to be amazed to see how easily all the pieces of the puzzle fit together and you will question why it has taken so long for the truth to start filtering through. The answers are all written down for us to absorb, but you will discover how our creators and ruling gods have carefully manipulated Humankind into a subservient species, fearful of their god with a small ‘g’.
Back to the digs in Mesopotamia now: what was really impressive, was the Sumerians’ sense of the law. For long periods it was thought that the Akkadian King Hammurabi set out the first code of laws in history, the Code of Hammurabi. The excavations in Mesopotamia found otherwise. Long before Hammurabi, who is said to have ruled around 1,792 -1,750 BC, there were several kings or rulers who were all instructed by their ‘god’ to write down and institute various codes of law. One such ruler was from the city of Eshnunna. Some of the laws he was instructed to lay down dealt with the price of food, rental of wagons and boats, property laws, family matters, slave issues, and rights for the poor. But before him, and acting under strict instructions from the great gods to “bring well-being to the Sumerians and Akkadians”, was the code of Lipit-Ishtar, ruler of Isin. But unfortunately only 38 of his laws have been recovered on tablets. Around 500 years before Hammurabi circa 2350 BC, lived Urnammu who was the ruler of Ur. He was instructed by the god ‘Nannar’ to lay down a code of law to deal with thieves. They are described as “grabbers of the citizens’ oxen, sheep and donkeys”. The laws also included topics dealing with social behaviour. “Orphans shall not fall prey to the wealthy”; “widows shall not fall prey to the powerful” and “the man of one shekel shall not fall prey to the man of 60 shekels”. As if this was not impressive enough, a further 250 years before this and almost 1,000 years before Hammurabi, there was the EN.SI called Urukagina who was forced to introduce “necessary” reforms around 2,600 BC. He was instructed by his god ‘Ningirsu’ to “restore the decrees of former days”. The one question that immediately springs to mind is, that if these reforms were so necessary, their civilisation must have been around for quite some time before. Scholars call this find a “precious record of man's first social reforms based on a sense of freedom, equality and justice”. I am not sure about that statement because we now know that there were more sinister forces at play during the emergence of human civilisation. I feel conflicted about the motives of both Enlil and Enki in such activities although they certainly both had their respective motives.
CODE OF HAMMURABI CODE OF UR-NAMMU
Enki and Enlil were half-brothers and sons of Anu, the supreme commander of the planet Nibiru. Enki was the first to arrive on Earth 445,000 years ago in search of gold, and to set up a base before more Anunnaki would arrive to extract the precious metal. But the two had completely diverse personalities. Enki was the humanist and creative scientist, with the heart of a poet, while Enlil was the politician with a passion for control. He was on a mission to control humanity through religious violence, fear and oppression, as he was never in favour of creating this ‘new slave species’ – while Enki was the actual scientist who planned and created the human species. It is therefore not surprising that he wanted to uplift humanity in an effort to speed up their evolution. We learn through the tablets that Enki felt a very close link to his new creation. Which of the two was instrumental in orchestrating these ‘law reforms’ is not clear at present. But like all hi
dden agendas, it will eventually emerge. My instinct tells me that they both probably had something to do with the injection of legal principles, but each one had a slightly different motive. We know what happened in the end, we are the living proof of all those laws today. And yet some parts of the world had a completely different approach to the laws that governed their cultures. This is one possible piece of evidence which highlights how the two rival Anunnaki brothers tried to control humanity in their own way, each one taking control of different parts of the world for themselves. It is beginning to feel as if Enki may have been instrumental in the setup of the very first secret society which William Bramley calls “The Brotherhood of the Snake” right after the eviction from ‘Edin’. After having a run-in with his brother Enlil about the upliftment of ‘Adam and Eve’, the creator of humanity Enki, realised that the slanderous campaign against him as the ‘serpent’, the ‘evil snake’, would be fiercely enforced by Enlil.
Humans would be controlled, whatever it took, and Enlil was an accomplished strategist and a master of propaganda. Enki had to resort to a more clandestine approach to uplift Humankind. One such distinct possibility was the establishment of a small group of humans who were introduced to more advanced thinking, information and technology. The start of the so-called ‘secret society’ had arrived. How else can we possibly explain the incredibly advanced thinkers and philosophers in ancient times? And small groups of more informed and technologically astute people? As astounding as the sudden emergence of civilisation was all those thousands of years ago, the sudden appearance of advanced thinkers is equally puzzling. Where on Earth did a small group of individuals with such clear minds suddenly emerge from? Who helped them to see things so differently? Why were they so much more informed and enlightened than the rest of the humans who were nervously worshipping a vengeful god? They must have had a mentor of some repute. An advisor or guardian who introduced such advanced ideas to them. William Bramley traces these ‘secret societies’ all the way back to the Garden of Edin (as the Sumerians called it), but there are however a few areas where they get very closely entangled with the manipulative activity of Enlil, who proclaimed himself the only god of man, the god of the Bible who continued to dispense punishment to his disobedient subjects and rewarded those who toed the line. These historic inconsistencies of great violence and yet great benevolence are starting to take on a whole new slant as we unravel the motives of the two patriarchal brothers of the Anunnaki, who established the settlement here on Earth some 445,000 years ago. We will explore much more of their actual behaviour from the clay tablets known as The Lost Book of Enki which was meticulously presented by Zecharia Sitchin in 2002.
Classic Greek representation of Zeus fighting his brother in a disagreement.
We will find that this is the identical story to Enlil and Enki during their argument in the Garden of Eden. Enki was represented as the serpent and was banished from Eden for attempting to help the first human couple. Notice the serpent’s tail taking the form of a double helix DNA. The wings are a constant symbol throughout all mythologies that talk about the winged serpent, creator god.
But back in the days of Urukagina the ‘law maker’, the bench would consist of one royal judge who was chosen from 36 men, and three to four other judges who made up a kind of jury. Meticulous records were kept of contracts, court proceedings, judgments and sentencing.
One more interesting ritual which was inherited by the Hebrews and Jews is the ten-day period that marks the beginning of the New Jewish Year. During this period Jews are supposed to take stock of their activity from the year gone by and based on their deeds, the fate of the new year will be determined for them by god. This entire process has been adopted from the Sumerian culture, where the god Nanshe would come down every year to evaluate the performance of the humans, not based on material wealth or conquest, but rather whether they “did the righteous thing”. Their fate for the year to come would be determined based on the outcome of such an evaluation by the god Nanshe.
Professors at the University of California at Berkley, claim that they have been able to read and play cuneiform notes from a tablet dated to around 1,800 BC. It seems that in Sumer, music and songs were performed in temples and many original love songs have been unearthed. They feature the words while the musical scores are captured in the margins. We will discover that Inanna, the goddess of love, was the one who led the artistic explosion. The tablets refer to her constantly as being highly sexed, enjoying singing and playing instruments, and writing and reciting poetry. During the excavations at Nippur, which was the religious centre of Sumer and Akkad at some stage, they found around 30,000 texts, many of which are still being studied. The wealth in cultural finds continued in Shurupak, where schools dating back to the third millennium BC were uncovered. From the mound of Tell Brak in northern Mesopotamia archaeologists uncovered the ancient capital of the Akkadian empire, the city of Nagar, dating back to 2,000 BC. It is also the home of one of the oldest religious sites, the Eye Temple. But at Ur, the birthplace of Abraham, excavation efforts delivered weapons, chariots, jewellery, helmets made of gold, silver, copper and bronze, magnificent vases, the remains of a weaving factory, court records and a towering ziggurat pyramid. More fascinating information in the form of inscriptions were found at Umma, which referred to “earlier empires” and at Kish there is another ziggurat pyramid and other monumental buildings which date back to at least 3,000 BC. The Sumerian city of Uruk or ‘Erech’, which is situated on the banks of the Euphrates River, is still considered by many as the first true city in the world. This city boasts the oldest stone construction known to date, which is a limestone pavement dating way back into the fourth millennium BC. They also found a potter’s wheel, a kiln, and exquisite coloured pottery among other items. Until the 1990s the general consensus was that the earliest cities arose between 3,500 BC and 3,800 BC, but this time-line is slowly being pushed back by new digs in Syria, Turkey and Iraq. All this activity in the ancient Near East is strongly supported by the writings in the Book of Enki dating back from about 2,050 years BC. This precious prehistoric account of early humans, outlines the activity of the early settlers on Earth and their explorations of the whole region and the establishment of their own settlements as far back as 445,000 years ago. We can now start to paint a more complete picture of what was going on in the greater Mesopotamian area over many thousands of years. In an article from 18 September 2004, New Scientist magazine ran an in-depth feature on the ‘road to civilisation’ in which archaeologist McGuire Gibson from the University of Chicago makes some startling, and yet expected discoveries. There have been many hints over the past few decades, that civilisation must have emerged virtually immediately after the end of the last Ice Age in the Near East and also in the Mesoamericas, some 9,000 years BC. Now there is real evidence that clearly supports those earlier theories.
The excavations at Uruk point to settlements already springing up around 8,000 BC, but it was only around 3,500 BC that it had grown into a real city which covered about 2.5 square kilometres with a population of around 50,000. Paul Collins who is an expert on the Ancient Middle East at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, says that, “There would have been major buildings, monumental structures on the scale of the Pantheon,” which would classify it as a city. But to be classified as a city it also needed to have evidence of ‘zoning’ between administrative centres, residential areas, markets and so on. It also needed fortification to demonstrate that it was worthy of defending. Uruk had all these criteria in abundance by 3,500 BC. But Eridu was the first Sumerian city according to ancient texts. Many of these claims in scripture were confirmed when archaeologists uncovered an ancient temple dedicated to god Enki, ‘Sumer's god of Knowledge’ at the site. It appeared to have been built and rebuilt many times, but as they dug deeper they struck virgin soil dating back to 3,800 BC.
Not far from Tell Brak in the north lies Tell Hamoukar, which has been studied by McGuire Gibson's team for some
time. They have also found evidence of a well-defined city by 3,700 BC, which covered about 12 hectares enclosed by a defensive wall. The many mud-brick ovens found in the city suggest that there was large scale preparation of food going on at the site.
It is astounding that every time archaeologists embark on a major dig in the greater area of Mesopotamia, they unearth older and more impressive evidence of organised communal living and a well-evolved culture and civilisation dating further and further back. New Scientist points out that David and Joan Oates from the University of Cambridge, who have been studying the site since 1976, first uncovered second and third millennium BC artefacts. In 1981, they uncovered hidden under the foundations of the city wall, deposits from 3,000 BC. It took them another ten years to come back, but when they did they uncovered reasonably undisturbed records from the fourth millennium BC and even earlier, which included the ruins of a large building with very thick walls and a heavy door dating back to the late fifth millennium BC. It seems to have been some kind of official administrative building similar to those visible in the present-day Arab world. Joan Oates is convinced that there will be digs which will uncover more ‘fully fledged cities’ in the southern parts that are older than 4000 BC. At the same time Gibson has pointed out the abundance of pottery and other artefacts scattered all over the region, which includes the Mediterranean and Arabian peninsula. This indicates that the “pulse of trading” was strong all over the area. Yet another site called el-Queili, which is only a few kilometres east of Uruk, was discovered but it has not been touched since 1980. At the time, the last bit of excitement to emerge from the site were the remains of what Joan Oates called “strikingly large houses” dating back to 6,000 BC.
In his book The Goddess and the Bull, Michael Balter writes about the exciting discoveries further north in Turkey, at the site of Catalhoyuk on the Anatolian plateau. Since 1958 this site has delivered an astonishing wealth of prehistoric artefacts. They have uncovered hundreds of structures, “astounding art”, and much more evidence pointing to the existence of settled life as far back as 7,000 BC. It is evident that there is much more hidden below the sands of time all over the area in which the Anunnaki first touched down. They obviously did not remain exclusively on the edge of the Persian Gulf at Eridu, but many ancient Sumerian texts indicate that they set up homes and other settlements further north-west, right across Asia Minor and into present-day Turkey. Their influence must have spread through Greece and Macedonia and even further north into ancient Europe, even as far north as Scandinavia. We can basically deduce that wherever there were mythological gods, there must have been the presence of the Anunnaki. As modern archaeologists scratch and dig they will undoubtedly uncover the evidence necessary to irrefutably prove the sudden emergence of civilisation virtually immediately after the last Ice Age some 11,000 to 12,000 years ago.
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