476
Hieron, tyrant of Syracuse, transplants the populations of Naxos and Catania to Leontini and refounds Catania as Aetna.
479
Following their defeat of Persia, the Greeks debate whether to abandon Ionia and resettle its entire population in the west.
ca. 470
Themistocles is ostracized from Athens.
465/4?
Athens sends out 10,000 settlers in a failed attempt to establish a settlement at Ennea Hodoi (Nine Ways). After several other failed attempts, in 437 they found a settlement nearby, which they name Amphipolis.
461
Acragas, Gela, and Himera receive back those exiled during the period of tyrannical rule and expel those who had wrongfully appropriated their dwellings.
457/6?
Athens settles in Naupactus the helots who had revolted from Sparta after the great earthquake.
446
The Athenians found the panhellenic colony of Thurii.
431
In advance of the Peloponnesian invasion Athens’s rural population evacuates the countryside and shelters inside the city walls. The Athenians deport the Aeginetans and occupy their island.
429
When their city is being besieged by the Spartans and their allies, 212 Plataean refugees escape to Athens.
427
Megarian oligarchs go into voluntary (or perhaps enforced) exile.
426
The Spartans destroy Plataea. Plataean refugees are given Athenian citizenship.
424
Megarian democrats go into voluntary exile. The historian Thucydides goes into exile.
422
The aristocracy of Leontini, having deported the dêmos, migrates to Syracuse and is given citizenship.
ca. 417
Hyperbolus is ostracized from Athens—the last victim of the process.
411
Athens’s interim oligarchic government, known as the Four Hundred, exiles a large number of its political opponents.
410/9
Oligarchs flee from Athens after the restoration of democracy in consequence of a decree permitting the killing of those who had participated in the overthrow of democracy by the Four Hundred.
409
The Himerans evacuate half their population on board triremes to Messene; many who cannot be accommodated are either slaughtered or enslaved by the Carthaginians.
406/5
Under siege from the Carthaginians, the people of Acragas are evacuated to Leontini, Syracuse, and southern Italy.
405
Dionysius I, future tyrant of Syracuse, evacuates the populations of Gela and Camarina.
405/4
The Athenians award citizenship to the Samians in recognition of their loyalty during the Peloponnesian War.
405–392
Dionysius I undertakes a mass relocation program in southeast Sicily involving the populations of 14 poleis.
404
According to the peace treaty at the end of the Peloponnesian War, the Aeginetans, Melians, and Scionians, whom the Athenians had deported, are permitted to return to their homes. In addition, Athens is required to receive back all its exiles. Most of these are oligarchs, who had been exiled in 411–410. When Athens is taken over by the Thirty Tyrants, many leading democrats flee. Later the Thirty expel an unknown number of democrats, many of whom flee to the Piraeus.
401
Athens passes an amnesty permitting all its political exiles to return. The Persian prince Cyrus the Younger hires 10,000 Greek mercenaries.
395
Dionysius I settles 10,000 mercenaries in Leontini.
379
With Athenian help, returning Theban exiles establish Thebes on a democratic footing and liberate the city from Spartan control.
377–67
Mausolus, satrap of Caria, moves his capital from Mylasa to Halicarnassus by relocating the inhabitants of five of the neighboring towns.
371/370
Mantinea undergoes a resynoecism.
369
The supposed descendants of the helots who revolted from Sparta in 464 found the city of Messene on the slopes of Mount Ithome.
368/7
Megalopolis is founded as a synoecism of twenty Arcadian villages.
ca. 367–54
Dionysius II, tyrant of Syracuse, redistributes populations in thirteen Sicilian poleis.
366/5
The inhabitants of Cos relocate from Astypalaea on the southwest tip of their island to a site on the northeastern tip, naming their new city Cos.
365
The Athenians establish a cleruchy on Samos, exiling the entire population.
340
Alexander the Great deports an insurgent people known as the Maedi in the Strymon valley and resettles it with immigrants. Timoleon invites 60,000 Greeks to settle in Sicily.
335
Alexander the Great destroys Thebes and drives its entire population into exile.
324
Alexander promulgates the Exiles’ Decree, which grants amnesty to all political refugees apart from those who had been exiled as a result of his actions.
333
Greeks who abandoned their settlements in the remotest parts of Alexander’s empire are massacred on their way back home.
321
The Samian survivors (and their descendants) return to Samos after 43 years in exile.
GLOSSARY
aeiphugia: the state of being in permanent exile
agêlatein: to expel someone who is polluted
alêtês, alômenos: wanderer
anachôrêsis: relocation
anastasis: return; also expulsion of a people
anastatos: of a people, uprooted, unsettled, expelled; of a town or region, depopulated
andrapodismos: the annihilation and/or enslavement of a population
anistanai: to make a people emigrate; to make suppliant(s) leave a sanctuary
anoikizein: resettle; also, move up country, as in the case of moving away from the sea
anoikos, aoikos: homeless; having no family
apoikia, apoikismos: group of emigrants; foundation consisting of emigrants
apoikos: emigrant
apolis, apopolis, apoptolis, aptolis: one who has no connection with a polis either because s/he is an exile or a fugitive or because s/he lives far from a polis; a region that is bereft of poleis (aptolis and apoptolis occur mainly in tragedy)
asulia: right of refuge; inviolability of a sanctuary or of an individual in accordance with a treaty or international law (asulia means literally “not plundering,” viz from a sanctuary)
asulon hieron: part of a sanctuary that afforded temporary protection for a suppliant
atimia: loss of honor; loss of civic rights, often involving exile
dêmos: either the citizen body as a whole or those members of the citizen body who support radical democracy
dikhostasia: standing apart, dissension, sedition
dioikismos: the state of living apart or in separate communities or villages; the division of a polis into its original communities or villages; the opposite of sunoikismos
dioikizein: to disperse or cause to live separately
drapetagôgos: one who is employed to recover a runaway slave
drapetês: runaway; commonly, a runaway slave
ekballein: to drive into exile
elaunein: to drive into exile
emporion: a term of doubtful meaning often translated “port of trade”
enoikos: resident, inhabitant
epêlus: immigrant, stranger, foreigner; as opposed to enoikos
epidêmeuein: to reside temporarily in a place
epoikos: immigrant; also additional settler—that is, one who becomes a settler after a settlement has already been founded
exoikein: to leave one’s home or oikos permanently; emigrate
exoikizein: to depart from one’s home or oikos
exorizein: to
drive beyond the borders; expel
hierosulia: the violation of asulia
hikesia, hiketeia: supplication
hiketêria: olive branch held by a suppliant
hiketês: suppliant
kataphugas: runaway
kataphugê: place of refuge or, more technically, place of asylum
katelthein: to return from exile
katelthôn: an exile who returns from abroad
kathodos: the return of an exile
katoikos: permanent immigrant (the term commonly used in the hellenistic period)
klêrouchos: one who holds an allotment of land or klêros outside his or her native land
ktisma: settlement
ktistês: founder of a settlement
metanastasis: migration
metanastês: migrant
metoikein: to change residence, relocate
metoikêsis: voluntary relocation, often of an entire polis; sometimes used as a synonym for sunoikismos
metoikos: the preferred Athenian term for a migrant living in Athenian territory for one month at least
mêtropolis: mother-city—that is, a city that sends out a settlement
nostein: to return home
nostos: return home
oikein: to settle, establish one’s home
oikistês: leader of pioneering venture to found a new settlement
oikizein: to found a settlement; to resettle or relocate
parepidêmôn: temporary resident in a foreign country
paroikos: long-term immigrant (term commonly used in the hellenistic period)
pheugein: to flee, be in exile
phugadeia: exile or banishment
phugadeion: place of exile or banishment
phugadeuein: to banish; to live in banishment
phugas: fugitive, exile
phugda: in flight (adv.)
phugê: flight, exile
phugimon: place of refuge, asylum
phuza: headlong flight
planês, planêtês, planômenos: traveler, wanderer
poluplanêtos: much-wandering
prostatês: sponsor of long-term immigrant
proxenos: representative and protector of foreign visitors
stasiazô: to be quarrelsome, factious, in a state of stasis
stasis: position, state, dissent, discord, faction, sedition, civil strife
sunoikismos: settlement founded by a union between the inhabitants of two or more poleis
sunoikizein: to unite into one polis; join with others to found a settlement
sunoikos: permanent immigrant; one who joins a settlement on equal terms with its original inhabitants
xenêlasiai: expulsion of foreigners (noun is usually used in plural as here)
xenia: friendly relations between individuals or states; entertainment given by a host to a guest; guest-friendship
xenos: foreigner, stranger, guest-friend, host, wanderer, refugee; often used in distinction to astos, citizen; also used of a mercenary
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