by Kim Soom
Soh, Chunghee Sarah. The Comfort Women: Sexual Violence and Postcolonial Memory in Korea and Japan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
NOTES
PROLOGUE
1Ri Sangok: Ito Takashi, “Sŭlp’ŭn kwihyang: Pungnyŏk halmŏni ŭi chŭngŏn” [Sad return home: Testimony by elderly North Korean women], part 1, Nyusŭ t’ap’a mokkyŏkcha tŭl, March 4, 2016.
2Kxx (pseudonym; b. 1923): Tŭllinayo? Yŏldu sonyŏ ŭi iyagi: Ilbon’gun wianbu p’ihae kusul kirokchip [Can you hear us? The stories of twelve girls: An oral history of comfort-woman victims of the Japanese military] (Seoul: Taeil hangjaenggi kangje tong’wŏn p’ihae chosa mit kugoe kangje tong’wŏn hisaengja tŭng chiwŏn wiwŏnhoe, 2013).
CHAPTER 1
1Pak Turi: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl [Forcibly recruited Korean military comfort women], vol. 2, comp. Hanguk chŏngshindae munje taech’aek hyŏbŭihoe and Hanguk chŏngshindae yŏn’guhoe (P’aju: Han’ul, 1997).
2Chin Kyŏngp’aeng: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2; Kang Muja: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
3Chin Kyŏngp’aeng: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2; Kang Muja: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
4Ch’oe Kapsun: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 4, Kiŏk ŭro tashi ssŭnŭn yŏksa, comp. Hanguk chŏngshindae munje taech’aek hyŏbŭihoe 2000nyŏn Ilbon’gun sŏngno e chŏnbŏm yŏsŏng kukche pŏpchŏng Hanguk wiwŏnhoe chŭngŏn t’im (Seoul: P’ulpit, 2000).
5Kang Muja: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
6Kim Yŏngsuk: “Sŭlp’ŭn kwihyang,” part 1.
7Kim Poktong: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
8Ri Kyŏngsaeng: “Sŭlp’ŭn kwihyang,” part 1.
9Hwang Sŏnsun: “Nunmul lo saeng ŭl ponaenŭn wianbu halmŏni” [An elderly comfort woman living a tearful life], EBS News broadcast, October 7, 2013.
10Dxx (pseudonym): Tŭllinayo?
11Yi Oksŏn (b. 1925): Ch’ungch’ŏng int’ŏnet shinmun hamkke hanŭn Ch’ungbuk, August 4, 2015.
12Yi Oksŏn (b. 1927): Yŏksa rŭl mandŭnŭn iyagi: Ilbon’gun “wianbu” yŏsŏng tŭl ŭi kyŏnghŏm kwa kiŏk [History-making stories: Experiences and memories of the “comfort women” of the Japanese military], vol. 6 of Ilbon’gun “wianbu” chŭngŏnjip [Testimony of the “comfort women” of the Japanese military] (Seoul: Yŏsŏng kwa inkwŏn, 2004).
13Kang Muja: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
14Ch’oe Myŏngsun: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1, comp. Hanguk chŏngshindae munje taech’aek hyŏbŭihoe and Hanguk chŏngshindae yŏn’guhoe (Seoul: Han’ul, 1993).
15Brand of leaf tobacco sold by the Monopoly Bureau of the Japanese GovernmentGeneral in Seoul.
16Kim Ŭllye: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl [Forcibly recruited Korean military comfort women], vol. 3, comp. Hanguk chŏngshindae munje taech’aek hyŏbŭihoe and Hanguk chŏngshindae yŏn’guhoe (P’aju: Han’ul, 1999).
17Kim Sunak: Kim Sŏnnim, Ilbon’gun “wianbu” Kim Sunak: Nae sok ŭn amu to morŭndak’ai [Kim Sunak, a comfort woman for the Japanese military: No one knows my heart]. Chŏngshindae halmŏni wa hamkke hanŭn shimin moim, 2008.
18Ixx (pseudonym): Tŭllinayo?
19Mun Okchu: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
CHAPTER 2
1Yi Oksŏn (b. 1925): CNN interview, December 12, 2015.
2Bxx (pseudonym; b. 1927): Tŭllinayo?
3Kxx (pseudonym; b. 1923): Tŭllinayo?
4Yi Yongsu: “Toraji kkot iyagi” [Story of a bellflower], testimony.
5Hwang Kŭmju: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
6Bxx (pseudonym; b. 1929): Tŭllinayo?
7Bxx (pseudonym; b. 1927): Tŭllinayo?
8Axx (pseudonym; b. 1930): Tŭllinayo?
9Kim Ŭnjin: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
10Jxx (pseudonym): Tŭllinayo?; Bxx (pseudonym; b. 1924): Tŭllinayo?
11Axx (pseudonym; b. 1930): Tŭllinayo?
12Hwang Kŭmju: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
13Bxx (pseudonym; b. 1927): Tŭllinayo?
14Bxx (pseudonym; b. 1930): Tŭllinayo?
15Yi Kijŏng: article in the Chungang ilbo, September 9, 2015.
16Kim Sunak: Yŏksa rŭl mandŭnŭn iyagi.
17Pxx (pseudonym): Tŭllinayo?
18Hwang Kŭmju: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
19Kim Pong’i: Yŏksa rŭl mandŭnŭn iyagi.
20Kim Poktong: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
21Kang Muja: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
22Kim Hwaja: Yŏksa rŭl mandŭnŭn iyagi.
23Kim Hwaja: Yŏksa rŭl mandŭnŭn iyagi.
24Im Chŏngja: Yŏksa rŭl mandŭnŭn iyagi.
25Yi Oksŏn (b. 1927): Yŏksa rŭl mandŭnŭn iyagi.
26Ha Sunnyŏ: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
27Kim Yŏngsuk: “Sŭlp’ŭn kwihyang,” part 1.
28Kim Hwaja: Yŏksa rŭl mandŭnŭn iyagi.
29Kim Hwaja: Yŏksa rŭl mandŭnŭn iyagi.
30Yi Tŭngnam: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
31Kim Hwaja: Yŏksa rŭl mandŭnŭn iyagi.
32Kim Yŏngsuk: “Pukch’ŭk chonggun wianbu p’ihaeja Kim Yŏngsuk halmŏni chŭngŏn” [Testimony of the elderly Kim Yŏngsuk, a North Korean comfort woman and victim of the Japanese military], Minjok 21 (March 2002).
33Axx (pseudonym; b. 1930): Tŭllinayo?
34Yi Yongnyŏ: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
35Yi Yŏngsuk: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 3.
36Kim Sunak: Nae sok ŭn amu to morŭndak’ai.
37Kim Sunak: Nae sok ŭn amu to morŭndak’ai.
38Axx (pseudonym; b. 1925): Tŭllinayo?
39Cho Yunok: Kagoship’ŭn kohyang ŭl nae pal lo kŏrŏ mot kago [My feet could not take me home]. Chŏngshindae halmŏni wa hamkke hanŭn shimin moim, 2007.
40Kim Poktong: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
41Kim Poktong: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
42Yi Sangok: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
43Kim Ch’unhŭi: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
44Cho Yunok: Kagoship’ŭn kohyang.
45Hwang Kŭmju: Ilje kangjŏmgi [The Japanese occupation of Korea], comp. Pak To (Seoul: Nunpit, 2010).
46Kwak Kŭmnyŏ: “Sŭlp’ŭn kwihyang,” part 2, March 10, 2016.
47Chŏng Oksŏn.
48Kim Poktong: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
CHAPTER 3
1Yi Yongsu: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
2Yun Turi: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
3Bxx (pseudonym; b. 1927): Tŭllinayo?
4Kim Ch’unhŭi: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
5Bxx (pseudonym; b. 1927): Tŭllinayo?
6Yun Turi: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
7Hwang Kŭmju: Ilje kangjŏmgi.
8Hwang Kŭmju: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1; Yun Sunman: Kiŏk ŭro tashi ssŭnŭn yŏksa.
9Hwang Kŭmju: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
10Kim Yŏngja: Kiŏk ŭro tashi ssŭnŭn yŏksa.
11Kim Ŭnjin: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
12Mun Okchu: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
13Chang Chŏmdol: Yŏksa rŭl mandŭnŭn iyagi.
14Kim Ch’unhŭi: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
15Yun Tur
i: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
16Chŏng Oksun: “Sŭlp’ŭn kwihyang,” part 1.
17Ch’oe Kapsun: Kiŏk ŭro tashi ssŭnŭn yŏksa.
18Yun Sunman: Kiŏk ŭro tashi ssŭnŭn yŏksa.
19Mun P’ilgi: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
20Yi Yŏngsuk: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
21Ch’oe Kapsun: Kiŏk ŭro tashi ssŭnŭn yŏksa.
22Chŏng Oksun: Ito Takashi, “Chiok ŭi hyŏngbŏl poda tŏ ch’ittŏllinŭn Ilbon’gun ŭi manhaeng” [ Japanese brutality, more horrifying than punishment in hell], Hangyŏre 21, October 22, 1998.
23Ri Sangok: “Sŭlp’ŭn kwihyang,” part 1.
24Kim Ŭnjin: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
25Kim Ŭnjin: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
26Hxx (pseudonym): Tŭllinayo?
27Bxx (pseudonym; b. 1929): Tŭllinayo?
28Chin Kyŏngp’aeng: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
29Ri Kyŏngsaeng: “Sŭlp’ŭn kwihyang,” part 1.
30Ri Kyŏngsaeng: “Sŭlp’ŭn kwihyang,” part 1.
31Pak Yŏni: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
32Yi Yongnyŏ: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
33No Ch’ŏngja: Yŏksa rŭl mandŭnŭn iyagi.
34Chin Kyŏngp’aeng: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
35Ch’oe Illye: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
36Kim Hwaja: Yŏksa rŭl mandŭnŭn iyagi.
37Chen Tao (a Taiwanese comfort woman, victim of the Japanese military): “Kkŭnnajianŭn chŏnjaeng, Ilbon’gun wianbu” [Endless war, comfort women for the Japanese military], broadcast on KBS p’anorama p’ŭllŏsŭ, August 8, 2013.
38Yŏ Pokshil: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
39Yi Sangok: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
CHAPTER 4
1Kxx (pseudonym; b. 1923): Tŭllinayo?
2Pak Ch’asun: “Kohyang hŭngnaemsae matcha ‘Arirang’. . . Hubaei sŏng 93se halmŏni” [The moment I smelled the earth of my native place I thought of the song “Arirang” . . . a 93-year-old former “comfort woman” in Hubai Province], Chungang ilbo, November 12, 2015.
3Fxx (pseudonym): Tŭllinayo?
4Fxx (pseudonym): Tŭllinayo?
5Cho Yunok: Kagoship’ŭn kohyang.
6Chang Chŏmdol: Yŏksa rŭl mandŭnŭn iyagi.
7Yŏ Pokshil: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
8Axx (pseudonym; b. 1930): Tŭllinayo?
9Cho Yunok: Kagoship’ŭn kohyang.
10Kim Haksun.
11Chang Chŏmdol: Yŏksa rŭl mandŭnŭn iyagi.
12Ch’oe Myŏngsun: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
13Yun Turi: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
14Kim Poktong.
15Chŏn Kŭmhwa: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
16Kim Poksŏn: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
17Yi Tŭngnam: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
18Chin Kyŏngp’aeng: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
19Ch’oe Illye: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2; Pak Sŏun.
20Kang Muja: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
21Zang Zhendu (a Chinese comfort woman and victim of the Japanese military): “Kkŭnnajianŭn chŏnjaeng, Ilbon’gun wianbu.”
22Bxx (pseudonym; b. 1927): Tŭllinayo?
23Bxx (pseudonym; b. 1927): Tŭllinayo?
24Kim Poktong.
25Ch’oe Kapsun: Kiŏg ŭro tashi ssŭnŭn yŏksa.
26Yi Sunak.
27Kim Poktong.
28Kim Tŏkchin: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
29Exx (pseudonym): Tŭllinayo?; Kim Ch’unhŭi: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
30Chang Chŏmdol: Yŏksa rŭl mandŭnŭn iyagi.
31Pak Sunae: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
32Ch’oe Chŏngnye: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
33Kim Tŏkchin: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
34Yi Tŭngnam: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
35Chang Chŏmdol: Yŏksa rŭl mandŭnŭn iyagi.
36Chin Kyŏngp’aeng: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
37Kim Poktong; Ch’oe Illye: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
38Kim Tŏkchin: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
39Kim Ch’unhŭi: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
40Kim Poktong.
41Axx (pseudonym; b. 1930): Tŭllinayo?
42Ch’oe Illye: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
43Yi Sangok: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
44Chang Chŏmdol: Yŏksa rŭl mandŭnŭn iyagi.
45Kim Okchu: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 3.
46Ixx (pseudonym).
47Kxx (pseudonym; b. 1923): Tŭllinayo?
48Hun halmŏni (Grandmother Hun): Pŏryŏjin Chosŏn ŭi ch’ŏnyŏ tŭl [Throwaway Korean maidens]. Chŏngshindae halmŏni wa hamkke hanŭn shimin moim, 2004.
CHAPTER 5
1Pak Sunae: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
2Kim Okchu: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 3.
3Cho Sundŏk: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 3.
4Im Chŏngja: Yŏksa rŭl mandŭnŭn iyagi.
5Kim Ch’unhŭi: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
6Im Chŏngja: Yŏksa rŭl mandŭnŭn iyagi.
7Kang Muja: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
8Son P’anim: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
9Hwang Kŭmju: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
10Ch’oe Illye: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
11Kang Muja: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
12Yi Yŏngsuk: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
13Mun Okchu: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
14Yi Yŏngsuk: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
15Yi Yŏngsuk: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
16Ha Sunnyŏ: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
17Son P’anim: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
18Pak Turi: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
19Yi Sunok: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
20Yi Sunok: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
21Shim Taryŏn: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 3.
22Ch’oe Illye: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
23Yi Oksŏn (b. 1925): CNN interview, December 29, 2015.
24Ch’oe Chŏngnye: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
25Pak Yŏni: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
26Kim Ŭnjin: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
27Pak Yŏni: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
28Kim Poktong.
29Mun P’ilgi: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
30Pak Yŏni: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
31Kxx (pseudonym, b. 1930).
32Hwang Kŭmju
: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
33Yi Sunok: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
34Kang Muja: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
35Kim Pongi: Yŏksa rŭl mandŭnŭn iyagi.
36Pak Yŏni: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
37Ch’oe Kapsun: Kiŏk ŭro tashi ssŭnŭn yŏksa.
38Hwang Kŭmju: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
39Chŏng Sŏun.
40Ch’oe Kapsun: Kiŏk ŭro tashi ssŭnŭn yŏksa.
41Chŏng Sŏun; Ch’oe Illye: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
42Kang Tŏkkyŏng: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
43Hwang Kŭmju: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
44Chŏn Kŭmhwa: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
45Cho Sundŏk: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 3.
46Kim Ch’unhŭi: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
47Kim Poktong.
48Mun Okchu: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
49Mun Okchu: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
CHAPTER 6
Kim Kunja: “Nae ka sarainnŭn han” [As long as I live], testimony before the Hanguk kyoyug’wŏn, February 7, 1997.
Cxx (pseudonym): Tŭllinayo?
Yi Yongsu: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
Ch’oe Illye: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
Ch’oe Hwasŏn.
Ch’oe Hwasŏn.
Ch’oe Hwasŏn.
Han Oksŏn: Yŏksa rŭl mandŭnŭn iyagi.
Yi Yongnyŏ: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
Ch’oe Chŏngnye: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
Hwang Kŭmju: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.
Kim Punsŏn: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 2.
Kim Ŭigyŏng: photo essay, House of Sharing, Kwangju, Kyŏnggi Province, Korea.
Kxx (pseudonym; b. 1923): Tŭllinayo?
Kxx (pseudonym; b. 1923): Tŭllinayo?
Yi Sangok: Kangje ro kkŭllyŏgan Chosŏnin kun wianbu tŭl, vol. 1.