by Avi Shlaim
on Shultz 429
and London Agreement 441–4, 461, 613
support for Shultz Initiative 455, 459
and Jordanian disengagement from West Bank 461–2, 465–6
letter to Hussein 461–2
and Jordanian-Israeli peace negotiations 527, 528, 536
and Oslo Accord 527, 528
indiscretion 529–30
preference for Palestinian option 554, 556
and terrorist threats to Israel 556–7
Operation Grapes of Wrath 556–7
and 1996 elections 557, 559
PFLP-General Command group 321
Philby, H. St John, British representative in
Transjordan 14
Phillips, John, British ambassador to
Jordan 311, 354
Picot, Charles Francois George 7
political parties, 1956 elections 111–12
Popular Arab-Jordanian Committee for
Resisting Submission and
Normalization 548
Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PDFLP) 312, 317, 320, 321
Popular Front for the Liberation of
Palestine (PFLP) 301, 312, 320, 321;
hijacking of airliners 323–5
Possobliuk, Andrei 524
public opinion
criticism of royal family 65, 92
opposition to Baghdad Pact 87
popularity of Hussein 104–5, 171, 202, 484–5, 519–20
support for Nasser 107, 190, 238
Hussein’s marriage to Muna 183
support for Palestinian movement 301, 434
opposition to peace treaty with Israel 548, 564
Qabbani, Nizar, Syrian poet 564
Qaboos ibn Said, Sultan, ruler of Oman 412
Qaddumi, Faruk, and Egyptian-Syrian war plan 360
Qalqilyah, IDF attack on (October 1956) 108
Qana, massacre at 557
Qasim, Abd al-Karim, prime minister of Iraq 159–60, 176
Qatar 410, 565
Qibya, Israeli raid on (1953) 71–4
al-Quwatli, Shukri, President of Syria 136
Raad bin Zaid, Prince, lord chamberlain 41–2, 319, 475, 477
Rabin, Itzhak 224, 331, 383
as ambassador to Washington 285–6, 330, 331
as prime minister 379–81, 382
meetings with Hussein 381–3, 389–90, 434, 525–6, 528
resignation 392
as defence minister 423
and Oslo Accord 521, 523, 525, 614
and Peres 528, 530
and Washington Declaration 536–9
and peace treaty (1994) 541–2, 543
influence of Hussein on 549–50
assassination 552–4
Rabinovich, Professor Itamar, Israeli ambassador to Washington 534, 539
Radio Baghdad 138
Radio Cairo 81, 84, 137–8, 157, 183
Radio Damascus 157
Rafael, Gideon, Israeli foreign ministry 331, 388
Raiyah, Princess 408
Ramadan, Taha Yasin, vice-president of Iraq 495
Rania, Queen 586, 603
al-Rasheed, Natheer 73, 130, 133, 324
and Zarqa Affair 134–6
reinstatement 151, 324
Rashid, Prince (son of Prince Hassan) 593
Reagan Plan 418–21, 613
Reagan, Ronald, US President
personal relations with Hussein 414–15, 419–20
pro-Israeli policy 414
peace plan 418–21
and Amman Accord 426–7
summit with Gorbachev 444, 450–51
refugees
after June War 254
from Gulf War 484, 497
Palestinians expelled from Kuwait 507
from south Lebanon 557
see also Palestinians
Remez, Aharon, Israeli ambassador in London 249
Riad, General Abdel Munim
and June War 237, 240–41, 243, 244–5, 246
withdrawal from West Bank 246, 247
Rifa’i, Abdul Monem, ambassador to USA 141
as prime minister 317
Rifa’i, Samir, as prime minister 49, 87–8, 107, 172, 175, 190
and dismissal of Glubb 101
suggestion of direct talks with Israel 109–10
as deputy prime minister (1957) 141
and Iraqi revolution 158, 159, 161, 166
Rifa’i, Zaid 43, 243, 473, 474
and October War 265
role in negotiations with Israel 279–83, 290, 292, 294–5, 297, 307, 335–7
approach to US 307
and assassination attempt on Hussein 316
and civil war 325, 328
secret mission to meet Sadat 358
at September 1973 meeting 361, 363–4
Geneva Conference 372–3
and Kissinger 374
as negotiator 375–6
and disengagement with Israel 376–8
meetings with Rabin 381–3
and 1974 Rabat summit 383–5
as prime minister 386, 433–4, 441, 473–5
and relations with Syria 431–2
and London Agreement 441, 443
and disengagement from West Bank 458–9
dismissal 475
and succession of Abdullah 606
Rimawi, Abdullah, Ba’th leader 113, 123, 126–7, 128
and move towards communism 129
and Abu Nuwar 130
Rodman, Peter, US official 373
Rogers Plan 309–10
second 320
Rogers, William, US secretary of state 300, 356
Roosevelt, Kermit (‘Kim’) (CIA) 146
Ross, Dennis, peace process coordinator 534–5, 553–4, 589–90
Rostow, Eugene, US under-secretary of state 259, 264
Rostow, Walt, adviser to Johnson 259, 276
Royal Air Force 210–211
intervention in Transjordan 16, 17
attack on Syrian forces (1970 civil war) 333
Royal Jordanian Air Force (RJAF) 217, 237, 243
British advisers in 176
defections 189
June War 243
links with Iraq 490–91
Rubinstein, Elyakim 445, 448, 498, 516, 517
and peace negotiations (common agenda) 524, 533, 536
and Mishal affair 574
al-Rusan, Lieutenant-Colonel Mahmud 158, 198
al-Rusan, Sadiq 158
Rusheidat, Abdul Rahman, on regency council (1951) 50
Rusk, Dean, US Secretary of State 242, 248, 270
Sabra refugee camp, massacre 419
Sadat, Anwar, President of Egypt 278
visit to Jerusalem (1977) 34, 396–8, 613
and Jordanian civil war 336–7
reaction to United Arab Kingdom plan 344–5
preparations for limited war (1973) 358–9, 360
and October War 365–6, 369–70
and PLO 366
American support for 369–70, 385
and Camp David conference 398–9, 400, 401, 402
view of Hussein 398–9
assassination 413
Saddam Hussein
friendship with Hussein 404–5, 436
and war with Iran 413
Hussein’s advice to 468, 492–3, 494–5, 550–51
increasing aggression 468
agreement to withdraw from Kuwait 479, 480, 482–3
annexation of Kuwait 483–4, 505
linkage of Gulf conflict with Palestinian question 486–7
brutality 488, 550–51
Arab popular support for 491
see also Gulf War
Sadiq, General Muhammad, Egyptian chief-of-staff 345
Said, Abu, journalist 145
as-Said, Nuri, prime minister of Iraq 77, 155, 157
and Baghdad Pact 76–7, 79, 89
and military support for Jordan 108, 159–60
murder of 160
Salih, Ali Abdullah, president of North Yemen 469
al-Sallal, Abdullah, coup in Yemen 188, 469
Salt, Israeli attacks on 277, 282, 303
Samaria, Likud view of 392
Samu’, IDF attack on 223–7, 251, 262
Samuel, Sir Herbert 12
San Remo agreement 10
Sarraj, Abd al-Hamid, Syrian minister of interior 158
Sarvath, Princess 584, 596
Sasson, Elias 47
Sasson, Moshe, and Abdullah I46–7
as-Sati, Dr Shawkat Aziz 194, 195
Satloff, Robert 150
Saud al-Faisal, Prince 482
Saud ibn Abd al-Aziz, King of Saudi Arabia 125, 132, 155, 164, 187–8
and military support for Hussein 120, 136–7, 151
Saudi Arabia
relations with Jordan 21, 89, 164, 438, 477
relations with Britain 78
defence pact with Egypt 81–2
and Baghdad Pact 84
economic aid for Jordan 123, 127, 155
support for Hussein 132, 136, 151
rejection of Arab Union link 155
military union (Taif agreements) 187–8
and revolution in Yemen 188–9
brigade in October War 366, 367
and PLO 384
and Camp David Accords 402, 403
military weakness 410
and ACC 469–70
and North Yemen 469–70
suspicion of Hashemite designs on Hijaz 481–2, 496
American troops in 482–3, 493–4
economic boycott of Israel 565
Saunders, Harold, US assistant secretary of state 318, 403
Sawt al-Arab, Egyptian radio station 77
Scranton, William, US special envoy 296
Seven Year Plan, for economic development 185, 218
Sèvres, Protocol of 115–16
Sha’er, Jamal 174–5
Sha’er, Kamal, resignation for Development Board 189
Shafi, Dr Haidar Abdel, PLO delegation at Madrid 512, 514–15
Shahbandar, Abd al-Rahman 20
Shaker, Ghassan 43
Shaker, Ghazi 43
Shaker, Zaid bin 43, 62, 63
and Free Officers movement 99–100
and Zarqa Affair 135
and army conflict with fedayeen 315–16, 317, 324
and Kissinger 374
on Likud policy 393, 417
and Sharaf 397
meeting with Shultz 417
and disengagement from West Bank 458
as prime minister 475, 516
and Gulf War 488, 494
meeting with Shamir 498, 502
and peace negotiations 525
Shamir, Itzhak
as foreign minister 413–14, 423
and inclusion of PLO in talks 428
as prime minister 440–41
rejection of London Agreement 444–6, 447, 613
ideology of Greater Israel 448
meetings with Hussein 448–50, 498–502, 614
rejection of Shultz Initiative 456, 459–60
and mutual support for Jordan in Gulf War 497–502, 506
support for Hussein in America 508, 510
at Madrid Conference 514, 515
Shamir, Professor Shimon 543–4
al-Shar’a, Sadiq 172, 174–5
al-Shar’a, Salih 158
Sharaf, Sharif Abdul Hamid, as adviser to Hussein 397, 403
Sharett, Moshe, foreign minister 72
Sharm el-Sheikh 378
Sharon, Ariel 331, 393, 414
and raid on Qibya (1953) 71–2
and attack on Qalqilyah (1956) 108
and destruction of PLO 416
and invasion of Lebanon (1982) 416, 417
policy of destruction of Jordan 416,
429–30, 446, 502
and London Agreement 446
abstention on peace treaty vote 545
dislike of Netanyahu 574–5
and Mishal affair 574–5
commitment to cooperation with Jordan 579
Shatila refugee camp, massacre 419
Shatt al-Arab Waterway 410
Shemesh, Moshe 226–7
Shiloah, Reuven, of Mossad 46, 167
Shimoni, Yaacov, Jewish Agency official 29–31
Shuckburgh, Evelyn, Foreign Office 163
Shukri, Ali 447, 558
and Gulf War negotiations with Israel 498–9
and peace negotiations with Israel 516, 525, 537, 541
and Netanyahu 568
and Mossad agents 572
Shultz, George, US Secretary of State 417, 435–6
and Amman Accord 426–7
and inclusion of PLO in talks 428, 429
and London Agreement 444, 445–6
suggestion of linking Middle East talks with Gorbachev summit 450–52
secret briefing folder 451
tour of Middle East 459–60
and Jordanian disengagement 465
Shultz Initiative (1988) 455–7
Jordanian response to 459–60
Shuneh, royal palace at 180, 183
Shuquairi, Ahmad, first chairman of PLO 205, 212, 214, 237
and PLA 219, 222
and Fatah 220
Shurdom, General Ihsan 412, 479, 540
Shureiki, Mohammed 50, 52
Silberg, David, Mossad 576
Sinai 236, 266, 400
Sinai II agreement, between Egypt and Israel 387–8
Sisco, Joseph, US assistant secretary of state 307
Six-Day War see June War
Smith, Jock, MI6 representative in Israel 249–50
Snow, Peter 175
Sorensen, Theodore 286
Soviet Union 141, 405, 442
and Baghdad Pact 76
Jordanian overtures to 121, 122, 126, 128, 275–6
Jordanian diplomatic relations with 129–30, 198
influence in Egypt 265, 361
Hussein’s first official visit 268–9
US perception of 329–30
and October War 365–6, 370
and Amman Accord 425–6
Israeli objections to participation of 448–9
and Madrid Conference 513
Spain, visit to (1955) 92
Stirling, Colonel David 308
Suez Canal 266, 310, 345
Suez War (1956) 104, 107, 114–21
Israeli plans 115–16
‘Operation Beisan’117, 119
Anglo-French attack 118–19
al-Sulh, Riad, assassination (1951) 35
Sunni Muslims 6
Susser, Asher 204
Sykes, Sir Mark 7, 8
Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916) 7–8, 9
Symmes, Harrison, US ambassador to Jordan 284–5, 296–7, 322
Syria 10–11, 150
Ba’th Party 62, 413
coup(1949) 62
defence pacts with Egypt 81–2, 235, 237
and Baghdad Pact 84
and Palestinian guerrilla activities 107–8, 223, 232, 235, 321
Amman Pact 113
and Suez 117, 118
troops in Jordan 120–21, 136
relations with Jordan 123, 345, 359, 388
and UAR 153–4
and Iraq 157, 164, 438–9
tension with Jordan 157
attack on Hussein’s aircraft 170–71
and murder of Hazza Majali 176–7
coup (1961) 178–9
Ba’th coup (1963) 189
military supplies from Arab states 211
relations with Israel 220, 257–8
anti-Hussein propaganda 229–30
and air battle with Israeli Air force (April 1967) 235
and June War 243, 249–50
threats to Jordan 254, 423–4
hardline view of Israel 266, 268
rejection of UN Resolution 242:274
intervention in civil war 326, 328–30, 332–5
Octob
er War preparations for (1973) 358, 362
joint war plan with Egypt 359–60, 369
October War 365, 366, 367–9
and Lebanon 388, 556–7
rejection of Camp David Accords 400
support for Iran against Iraq 412–13
and Amman Accord 425
and peace process 440, 511
reaction to Oslo Accord 522
and Jordanian-Israeli peace treaty 526, 547
Syrian nationalists 10
and Arab Revolt 5–6
and concept of Greater Syria 19–21
Ta’amari, Salah 94–5
Tabbara, Bahjat, director of public security 130, 135
Taif
fall of (1916) 6
captured by Ikhwan (1924) 16
Taif agreement, with Saudi Arabia 187–8
Takriti, Barzan, Iraqi military intelligence 411
al-Takriti, General Hardan, Iraqi vice- president 334
Tal, Lawrence 138, 174
Talal bin Abdullah (1909–72) 38, 40–42, 49
mental illness 40, 50, 55–6
relations with Britain 40–41, 65
succession as king (1951–2) 50–55
abdication 55–6
Talal bin Muhammad (nephew)
on Hussein’s nationalism 65
on relations with Iraq 79, 164, 414
on Golan Heights (October War) 367
on Hussein Kamel 551
and succession to Hussein 587, 603
on reason for letter to Hassan 605–6
Talbot, Philip, US assistant secretary of state 215–17
al-Talhouni, Bahjat 131, 189
chief of royal court 89, 100, 130–31, 134, 190
and Zarqa mutiny 130, 134, 143
and Hussein’s marriage to Muna 181–2
as prime minister 184, 317
and Nasser 299
al-Tall, Mreiwad 85, 148, 365, 386
and 1974 Rabat summit 383, 386
al-Tall, Wasfi 85
as prime minister 184–6, 218, 234, 338–9
support for Palestinians 186–7
view of Israel 186, 275
and revolution in Yemen 188–9
resignation 190
opposition to PLO 218–19
on Samu’ incident 225–6
as chief of the royal court 234
dismissal (1967) 234, 239
warning against pact with Nasser (1967) 234
and civil war 325
assassination 339
Tarawneh, Dr Fayez, Jordanian
ambassador in Washington 524
as prime minister 583, 592
and succession to Hussein 601
Tel Aviv, meeting between Meir and Hussein (25 September 1973) 360–64
Templer, General Sir Gerald
and Baghdad Pact 82–4
Glubb’s letter to 88
terrorism
Palestinian 67, 415, 429–30, 431
Hamas suicide bombers 466, 556, 570, 571
Arafat’s renunciation of 468
see also fedayeen terrorists
Thatcher, Margaret 489–90
Tiberias, Jordanian shelling of 314
Tiran, Straits of 235, 239