2. Whitney Cross, The Burned Over District: A Social and Intellectual History of Enthusiastic Religion in Western New York (Ithaca: 1950), 300–308. Theodore Weld’s wife, Angelina Grimke, was a convert to Millerism. Abzug, Passionate Liberator, 228–229.
3. Mayer, All on Fire, 358 (Rogers dispute). Morrison, Harrison Gray Otis, 474–475.
4. Thomas, The Liberator, 203–205.
5. Ibid., 206–207. James Stewart contends that Phillips did not become a committed abolitionist until Elijah Lovejoy was murdered. James Brewer Stewart, Holy Warriors: The Abolitionists and American Slavery (New York: 1976), 76.
6. David S. Reynolds, Waking Giant: America in the Age of Jackson (New York: 2008), 193–194.
7. Mayer, All on Fire, 227–229.
CHAPTER 13: ENTER OLD MAN ELOQUENT
1. Samuel Flagg Bemis, John Quincy Adams and the Union (New York: 1956), 334–335.
2. John Greenleaf Whittier, “Massachusetts to Virginia,” Bartleby.com, English Poetry III: From Tennyson to Whitman, The Harvard Classics, http://www.bartleby.com/42/794.html.
3. Bemis, John Quincy Adams, 336–340.
4. Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, vol. 5, p. 210, Google e-book.
5. George Wilson Pierson, Tocqueville and Beaumont in America (New York: 1938), 418–420.
6. Letters from John Quincy Adams to Charles Francis Adams, in Bemis, John Quincy Adams, 332. For Calhoun’s declaration of “slavery as a positive good,” see “A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation,” U.S. Congressional Debates, 1774–1875, Register of Debates, Twenty-fourth Congress, Second Session, 709–710.
7. Jack Shepherd, Cannibals of the Heart: A Personal Biography of Louisa Catherine and John Quincy Adams (New York: 1980), 345–347.
8. Lynn H. Parsons, John Quincy Adams (Madison, WI: 1998), 39. Worthington Chauncey Ford and Charles Francis Adams, John Quincy Adams (Cambridge: 1902), 110. Also see Joseph Wheelan, Mr. Adams’s Last Crusade (New York: 2008), 110.
9. James Buchanan, The Works of James Buchanan, vol. 1 (Philadelphia: 1908), 202.
10. “A Century of Lawmaking,” 1313–1314.
11. Ibid., 1587–1588.
12. Davis, Inhuman Bondage, 16–26.
13. John Dryden, Absalom and Achitophel.
14. Bemis, John Quincy Adams, 427–439.
15. Gilbert Barnes and Dwight Dumond, eds., Letters of Theodore Dwight Weld, Angelina Grimke and Sarah Grimke, 1822–1844, vol. 2 (New York: 1934), 905.
16. Martin Duberman, Charles Francis Adams (Palo Alto, CA: 1960), 84.
17. Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, vol. 12, p. 116.
CHAPTER 14: THE SLAVE PATROLS
1. Sally E. Hadden, Slave Patrols: Law and Violence in Virginia and the Carolinas (Cambridge, MA: 2001), 41–70. This superb book is the first time slave patrols have received the detailed attention necessary for an understanding of how southern slavery affected daily life.
2. Ibid., 78.
3. Ibid., 138.
CHAPTER 15: THE TROUBLE WITH TEXAS
1. Reynolds, Waking Giant, 356–357.
2. Bemis, John Quincy Adams, 354.
3. Reynolds, Waking Giant, 116–118.
4. Bemis, John Quincy Adams, 353–354.
5. David Brion Davis, The Slave Power Conspiracy and the Paranoid Style (Baton Rouge: 1969), 16–18.
6. Bemis, John Quincy Adams, 356–357.
7. Ibid., 369–370.
8. Ibid., 465.
9. Robert Seager, And Tyler Too (New York: 1963), 209–242.
10. Bemis, John Quincy Adams, 466–468.
11. Ibid., 471–472.
12. Edward P. Crapol, John Tyler: The Accidental President (Chapel Hill, NC: 2006), 220.
13. Bemis, John Quincy Adams , 473, 478.
14. Matthew F. Steele, American Campaigns, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: 1922), 81.
15. Kevin Dougherty, Civil War Leadership and Mexican War Experience (Jackson, MS: 2007), 15.
16. Robert Johanssen, To the Halls of the Montezumas: The Mexican War in the American Imagination (New York: 1988), 217–218.
17. Freeman, R. E. Lee, 237–248.
18. Ibid., 272.
19. Ibid., 294.
20. John C. Morone, Hellfire Nation: The Politics of Sin in American History (New Haven, CT: 2003), 203.
21. Allen C. Guelzo, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America (New York: 2004), 24. Also see Eric Foner, The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery (New York: 2010), 57–59.
CHAPTER 16: SLAVE POWER PARANOIA
1. Morone, Hellfire Nation, 145ff (the slaveholders’s sins). Davis, The Slave Power Conspiracy, 30–31.
2. Arkin, “The Federalist Trope,” 94.
3. Davis, The Slave Power Conspiracy, 53.
4. Charles Sumner, The Works of Charles Sumner (Boston: 1875), 64.
5. Davis, The Slave Power Conspiracy, 62.
6. Joel Williamson, New People: Miscegenation and Mulattoes in the United States (New York: 1984), 24–26.
7. Drew Gilpin Faust, James Henry Hammond and the Old South: A Design for Mastery (Baton Rouge, LA: 1982), 86–87, 311–317.
8. Robert E. May, The South’s Dream of a Caribbean Empire (Baton Rouge, LA: 1973). May recounts how widespread this idea was in the 1850s. Even some northern newspapers backed the proposal. There were several failed attempts to conquer Cuba and parts of Central America by military adventurers financed by Southerners.
9. David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861, completed and edited by Don E. Fehrenbacher (New York: 1976), 90–95.
10. Ibid., 105–120. The chapter on this subject is aptly titled: “The Armistice of 1850”—what it soon turned out to be.
11. Craven, The Coming of the Civil War, 303–308. In Alabama, the Union party won a two-to-one majority in the legislature.
12. Renehan, The Secret Six, 65–72. Mayer, All on Fire, 440–442.
CHAPTER 17: FROM UNCLE TOM TO JOHN BROWN
1. Thomas F. Gossett, Uncle Tom’s Cabin and American Culture (Dallas, TX: 1985), 100–106.
2. Ibid., 106–107.
3. Ibid., 95.
4. Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin (New York: 1986), 613–617.
5. Gossett, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 167.
6. Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club (New York: 2001), 97–101.
7. Ibid., 102–105.
8. Ibid., 129.
9. “The Southern System of Labor,” Charleston Mercury, January 17, 1856, 2, reprinted from the New Orleans Delta.
10. Davis, Inhuman Bondage, 283–284.
11. Ibid., 227, 285–286.
12. Charleston Mercury, February 16, 1856, 2, reprinted from the New Orleans Picayune.
13. Davis, Inhuman Bondage, 285.
14. Craven, The Coming of the Civil War, 325–344.
15. Villard, John Brown, chap. 1, “The Moulding of the Man.”
16. Ibid., 78. This myth was still alive in 1909 when Villard published this biography. The “wastefulness and short-sightedness” of the South’s methods of cotton culture and the “uneconomic and shiftless character of slave labor itself” made “the appetite for virgin lands insatiable.”
17. Ibid., 92.
18. Reynolds, John Brown, 156–157.
19. Villard, John Brown, 151–167.
CHAPTER 18: THE REAL UNCLE TOM AND THE UNKNOWN SOUTH HE HELPED CREATE
1. Gossett, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 107–109.
2. Josiah Henson, Father Henson’s Story of His Life, with an Introduction by Mrs. H. B. Stowe (Boston: 1858), 1–24.
3. Ibid., 25–54.
4. Ibid., 197. For the interview with the archbishop, see 135ff.
5. Robert Willliam Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman, Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery (Boston, MA: 1974), 200–201.
6. Ibid., 77.
7. Ibid., 38–39, 152.
8. Charles B. Dew, “David Ross and the Oxford Iron Works: A Study of Industrial Slavery in the Early 19th Cent
ury South,” William and Mary Quarterly 31 (April 1974): 189–224. Mr. Dew has published a lengthier treatment of this important subject in a book of the same title in 1995.
9. Fogel and Engerman, Time on the Cross, 241.
10. Ibid., 213.
11. Ibid., 149.
12. Ibid., 247–249.
13. Ibid., 244.
14. James L. Huston, Calculating the Value of the Union: Slavery, Property Rights and the Economic Origins of the Civil War (Chapel Hill, NC: 2003), 26–31.
15. Fogel, Without Consent or Contract, 352–353.
CHAPTER 19: FREE SOIL FOR FREE (WHITE) MEN
1. Foner, The Fiery Trial, 67. Abraham Lincoln, Speeches, Letters, and Miscellaneous Writings, 1832–1858, Library of America, vol. 1 (New York: 1989), 315–317.
2. Richard H. Thornton, with Louise Hanley, An American Glossary, vol. 1 (Philadelphia: 1912), 67. Thornton cites among many examples a Democratic Tennessee congressman who used the term twenty-two times in a short letter to his constituents, denouncing a Pennsylvania town for naming a “Black Republican” as their postmaster.
3. Craven, The Coming of the Civil War, 367–368, 374–377.
4. Ibid., 341–343.
5. Potter, The Impending Crisis, 262–264. On October 24, 1856, the Richmond Enquirer ran a front-page article attempting to convince readers that revolts of labor against capitol in the free states were more likely than a slave insurrection in the South. On October 17, 1856, another article declared that if the slaves were emancipated, “the loss of the cotton, sugar and rice crops now produced by Negro slavery would . . . break up commerce and starve one half the laboring whites” in Europe and America.
6. Franklin Pierce, Fourth Annual Message, December 2, 1856, The American Presidency Project, http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/3731.
7. Michael Fellman, The Making of Robert E. Lee (New York: 2000), 79–81. Also see Elizabeth Brown Pryor, Reading the Man: A Portrait of Robert E. Lee Through His Private Letters (New York: 2008), 269.
8. Villard, John Brown, 367–371, 383–390.
9. For a graphic picture of the murder and mayhem that the vigilantes wreaked in California, see Charles Royster, The Destructive War (New York: 1991), 134–136.
10. Reynolds, John Brown, 208–238.
11. Ibid., 239–240.
CHAPTER 20: THE WHOLE WORLD IS WATCHING
1. Potter, The Impending Crisis, 320–322.
2. Craven, The Coming of the Civil War, 381–384.
3. Foner, The Fiery Trial, 99–103. Also see Lincoln, Speeches, vol. 1, 426–427.
4. Guelzo, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, 27.
5. Potter, The Impending Crisis, 340–342.
6. Orville Vernon Burton, The Age of Lincoln (New York: 2007), 113–114.
7. Craven, The Coming of the Civil War, 393.
8. Pryor, Reading the Man, 271–272.
9. Fellman, The Making of Robert E. Lee, 70–71.
10. Pryor, Reading the Man, 270–272.
11. Fellman, The Making of Robert E. Lee, 67.
12. Freeman, R. E. Lee, 400–402.
13. Lawrence S. Barmann, S. J., “John Brown at Harpers Ferry: A Contemporary Analysis,” West Virginia History Journal 22, no. 2 (April 1961): 5.
14. Ibid., 6. Also see Reynolds, John Brown, 416.
15. Richmond Enquirer, December 2, 1859.
16. Pryor, Reading the Man, 283.
17. Reynolds, John Brown, 412–413.
18. Mayer, All on Fire, 494–498. Mayer, Garrison’s best biographer, describes his eulogy of Brown as a veritable epic of spiritual “dishevelment,” 502.
19. Oliver Carlson, The Man Who Made News: James Gordon Bennett (New York: 1952), 275. Bennett predicted that Brown’s raid was “the first act of a terrible drama.”
20. Brian McGinty, John Brown’s Trial (Cambridge, MA: 2009), 224–226.
21. Villard, John Brown, 164.
22. McGinty, John Brown’s Trial, 252–253.
23. Villard, John Brown, 563–564. Poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote that the day of Brown’s execution would be “the date of a new Revolution—quite as much needed as the old one.”
24. James Redpath, The Public Life of Captain John Brown: With an Autobiography of his Childhood and Youth (Boston: 1860), dedication. Phillips declared that George Washington “would be proud to welcome Brown” beside him in his grave.
25. Renehan, The Secret Six, 222–224.
26. Ibid., 227–228.
27. Reynolds, John Brown, 342.
28. Pryor, Reading the Man, 281–282.
29. Reynolds, John Brown, 405–406.
30. McGinty, John Brown’s Trial, 256–257. Brown kissed the two-year-old son of his kindhearted jailer, John Avis, as he left the prison.
31. Renehan, The Secret Six, 246–251.
CHAPTER 21: AN EX-PRESIDENT TRIES TO SAVE THE UNION
1. New York Democratic Vigilant Association, Rise and Progress of the Bloody Outbreak at Harpers Ferry, vol. 63, p. 16, Google e-book. Reynolds, John Brown, 359. Walter Stahr, Seward: Lincoln’s Indispensable Man (New York: 2012), 180. The accomplice was a British soldier of fortune, Hugh Forbes, who withdrew from Brown’s scheme and predicted it would end in disaster.
2. William B. Hesseltine, ed., Three Against Lincoln: Murat Halstead Reports the Caucuses of 1860 (Baton Rouge, LA: 1960). Allen Johnson, Stephen A. Douglas: A Study in American Politics (New York: 1908), 415–428.
3. Proceedings of the Conventions at Charleston and Baltimore, Published by Order of the National Democratic Convention (Maryland Institute, Baltimore), 120–129, 139–147, 151–155, http://books.google.com/books/about/Proceedings_of_the_conventions_at_Charle.html?id=qhZQAAAAYAAJ. Also see Philip S. Klein, President James Buchanan: A Biography (University Park, PA: 1962), 340–344, titled “Democracy Dividing.” Newspaperman Murat Halstead wrote: “Douglas was the pivotal figure. Every delegate was for him or against him.”
4. Proceedings of the Conventions at Charleston and Baltimore, 231–235.
5. “Astounding Triumph of Republicanism,” New York Times, November 7, 1860.
6. Clavin, Toussaint Louverture, 62–64.
7. Charleston Mercury, December 21, 1860.
8. B. P. Gallaway, Texas: The Dark Corner of the Confederacy (Lincoln, NE: 1972), 10. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (New York: 1988), 237.
9. Constitution of the Confederate States, March 11, 1861, Avalon Project, Yale Law School.
10. Freeman, R. E. Lee, 412. Pryor, Reading the Man, 284.
11. Fellman, The Making of Robert E. Lee, 84.
12. Pryor, Reading the Man, 285.
13. Freeman, R. E. Lee, 425.
14. Ibid., 417. Pryor, Reading the Man, 287.
15. William B. Hesseltine, Lincoln and the War Governors (New York: 1948), 110.
16. Seager, And Tyler Too, 444–445. Also see Roark et al., The American Promise: A Compact History, vol. 1 (New York: 2000), 310. Blacks outnumbered whites in South Carolina and Mississippi (U.S. Census Office, 1860, Population [Washington, DC: 1864]).
17. Seager, And Tyler Too, 446.
18. Ibid., 447–451.
19. Crapol, John Tyler, 261–262.
20. Seager, And Tyler Too, 456.
21. Crapol, John Tyler, 262.
22. Ibid., 264. Seager, And Tyler Too, 450–451.
23. Ibid., 470–471.
CHAPTER 22: THE ANGUISH OP ROBERT E. LEE
1. Charles Francis Adams Jr., “The Reign of King Cotton,” The Atlantic (1861), http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/print/1861/04/the-reign-of-king-cotton/8740.
2. A. R. Boteler, “Mr. Lincoln and the Force Bill,” in The Annals of the War Written by Leading Participants North and South, edited by Alexander Kelly McClure (Philadelphia: 1879), 220–227.
3. Abraham Lincoln, Speeches, Letters, and Miscellaneous Writings, 1859–1865, Library of America, vol. 2 (New York: 1989), 215–224. Also see Stahr, Seward, 240–241.
4. S
eager, And Tyler Too, 461.
5. Pryor, Reading the Man, 288.
6. Freeman, R. E. Lee, 432–433.
7. Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative, vol. 1 (New York: 1986), 47.
8. Lincoln, Speeches, vol. 2, 232–233.
9. Hesseltine, Lincoln and the War Governors, 148–149.
10. Pryor, Reading the Man, 285–291.
11. Freeman, R. E. Lee, 440–441.
12. Pryor, Reading the Man, 289–291.
CHAPTER 23: THE END OF ILLUSIONS
1. Pryor, Reading the Man, 294.
2. Alexandria Gazette, April 20, 1861. Freeman, R. E. Lee, 445–449, 450.
3. Emory M. Thomas, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York: 1995), 189.
4. Scott Sumpter Sheads and Daniel Carroll Toomey, Baltimore During the Civil War (Linthicum: 1997), Maryland Room, Enoch Pratt Library, Baltimore, MD. John Lockwood and Charles Lockwood, The Siege of Washington: The Untold Story of the Twelve Days That Shook the Union (New York: 2011), 89.
5. Ibid., 111–125. Also see “Museum Stands Near Attack Site,” Washington Times, December 15, 2001.
6. “John Brown’s Body, Battle Hymn of the Republic,” Library of Congress, http://www.loc.gov/teachers/lyrical/songs/john_brown.html.
7. Daniel W. Barefoot, Let Us Die Like Brave Men: Behind the Dying Words of Confederate Warriors (Winston-Salem, NC: 2005), 6.
8. New York Tribune, June 26, 1861.
9. Lincoln, Special Session Message, July 4, 1861.
10. Edward S. Ellis, Camp-Fires of General Lee: Reminiscences of the March, the Camp, the Bivouac and of Personal Adventure, chap. 5 (Philadelphia: 1886), http://leearchive.wlu.edu/reference/books/ellis/05.html. Also see Carl Sandburg, The Prairie Years and The War Years (New York: 2002), 302.
11. Craven, The Coming of the Civil War, 411–412.
12. Edward Porter Alexander, Fighting For the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander, edited by Gary Gallagher (Chapel Hill, NC: 1989), 57. William Davis, First Blood: Fort Sumter to Bull Run (Alexandria, VA: 1983), 143.
13. Davis, First Blood, 138–139.
14. Ibid., 148–150. Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 58. Alexander thought the Confederates should have pursued the Federals.
15. James Ford Rhodes, History of the Civil War, 1861–1865 (New York: 1917), 43.
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