Jerome Agreement (1892), 109, 111
Jerome Commission. See Cherokee Commission
Johnson, Benjamin, 40
Johnson, Joshua, 28–30, 34
Johnson v. McIntosh, 27–39, 56, 101, 149, 178, 183, 202, 298–301, 303
Joint Tribal Council of the Passamaquoddy Tribe v. Morton, 216
Jones v. Meehan, 86
jurisdiction in Indian country
—civil, of tribal governments, 166–167
—criminal: ad personam, 292; of the federal government (1817), 205; in Indian-on-Indian crimes, 68–73, 306; of Indians over non-Indians, 189–215; inherent rights of Indian, 199; by non-Indians, 275–276; as provided in House Concurrent Resolution 108 (1953), 166; as provided in Public Law 280 (1953), 166; of states, Indian immunity from, 278, 291, 294, 304–305; of states versus federal government, 133; tribal autonomy in, 67–81; in white-on-white crimes, 38
Just Compensation Clause. See Constitution, U.S.
Kagama. See U.S. v. Kagama
Kahnawake Mohawk, 20–21
Kairys, David, 3–4, 298–303
Kansas Indians, The, 57, 89, 104, 288, 306
Karok tribe, 242–259
Kennan, George, 105
Kennedy, Justice Anthony, 189, 192–193
Kennedy, Senator Edward M., 215, 274
Ketchikan Pulp and Paper Company, 171–172
Kiowa tribe, 105–117, 218
Klamath Reservation, 283
Klamath tribe, 137, 242–243, 259
Kootenai tribe, 173
Korematsu v. U. S., 145
Krug, J. A., 169–170
Lakota tribe, 198, 212, 218–234, 242–243
Lamar, Justice Joseph, 290
land policy, general, of Great Britain (1800s), 29
lands, tribal, 139–143, 215–234; act of seeking permission to use, as acknowledgment of tribal sovereignty, 154, 161–162; as affected by Public Law 280 (1953), 166–167; centrality of, in Indian culture, 253–257; as distinguished from individual Indian property and U.S. public property, 91; not covered by treaties, 177, 230; patents and, 43, 129, 281–282, 286, 290; right-of-way through, 82, 90; taxation of without representation, 60; as unsuitable for Anglo-American settlement, 151
last-in-time rule, 59
Lea, Luke, 138
Leavenworth Railway Company v. U.S., 7
legal consciousness: civilizing/paternalistic, 11–14, 306; constitutional/treaty, 10–11, 226, 306; nationalist/federalist, 14–16, 64, 73, 76, 90, 210, 306
Legal Theory, Critical, 6–10, 298–303, 320n.12
Leupp, Francis, 24, 123
Lewis and Clark expedition, 138
liquor, sale of, to and by Indians, 59, 121, 123–126, 130, 133, 135–136
Little Big Horn, battle of, 220–221
Lone Wolf, 109, 112–113
Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, 105–117, 128, 133, 158, 183, 210, 218, 226, 228–229, 231, 299, 301–303
Longley, Frank, 164
Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association, 237, 214–259, 261, 263–264, 266–267, 271–274, 301–302
MacDonald, Norman, 145
Mackey v. Coxe, 56
Major Crimes Act (1885), 64, 69–71, 74, 79–80, 208
Maliseet, Houlton band of, tribe, 216
Malone, Philip P., 193, 196–197
Manypenny, George, 68, 221
Marbury v. Madison, 110
Margold, Nathan, 199–201
Marshall, Justice John, 21–22, 28–34, 42, 76–77, 86, 88, 116, 127, 149, 154, 160, 178, 214, 275, 288, 291, 300, 303
Marshall, Justice Thurgood, 194, 198, 250; dissenting opinion by, in Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe, 213, 261, 271, 277–278, 308
Mashunkashey v. Mashunkashey, 27
mask, judicial: of affirmative delegation, 198–204; of categorical allowances, 291–294; of Christian morality, 113–114; of county sovereignty, 291–294; of denied tribal sovereignty, 76–79; of domestic-dependent nation, 76, 210; of equal footing, 101–103; of implied repeals, 54, 291–294; of incidental effects, 257–258, 271; of Indian wardship, 67–81, 89, 121–123; of invented congressional intent, 204–208; of judicial plenary discretion, 79–81, 117, 208; linked with legal consciousness, 76; of neutrality, 265–270; of permissive occupancy, 176–180; of plenary dependency, 78, 85, 89, 112–117; of public ownership of public lands, 257–258; of recognized versus aboriginal title, 147–151; of selected and distorted comparison, 182; of treaty as privilege, 97–101; of tribes as primitive, savage cultures, 44, 111, 117, 151; of trusteeship, 257–258; of undefined treaty rights, 208–213; of unmistaken intent, 291–294
masks, theory of, 8–16, 115, 117
Matter of Heff, 122–127, 133, 135, 281, 295
Matthews, Justice Stanley, opinion by, in Ex parte Crow Dog, 212, 307
Mattz v. Arnett, 285
McCain, John (senator), 236
McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission, 192, 199, 210, 276–277, 285, 291
McCormick, Province, 94–96
McCulloch v. Maryland, 288
McDonald, Judge Allan, 285–287
McIntosh, William, 28–29
McKinley, President, 109
Medill, William, 51
Meeds, Lloyd (Rep.), 188–189
Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe, 307–308
Meyer, Dillon S., 166
Miami tribe, 288
Miller, Justice Samuel, majority opinion by, in U.S. v. Kagama, 71–81, 104
Missouria tribe, 209
Mitchell, D. D., 138
Mitchel v. U.S., 28, 35, 44, 57, 110, 161
Modoc tribe, 137
Moe v. Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Indian Reservation, 285–286, 292
Mohawk, St. Regis, tribe, 216
monetary awards to tribes, 132, 144, 147, 158–159, 163, 167, 171, 183, 216–217, 224–225, 233–234, 280
Montana v. Blackfeet Tribe, 278, 285
Moore, Barrington, 13
moral obligation, U.S., toward tribes, 158
Morton v. Mancari, 22
Mundt, Cong. Karl E., 163–164
Murphy, Justice Frank, 146; dissenting opinion by, in Northwestern Shoshone, 162–163
myth of moral progress, 118, 158
Narragansett tribe, 216
National Congress of American Indians (NCAI), 165
National Environmental Policy Act, 248
nationalist/federalist. See legal consciousness, nationalist/federalist
Native American Church, 237, 259–262, 265, 268
Native American Church v. Navajo Tribal Council, 240
Navajo tribe, 153, 198, 242–243, 276–277
Newton, Nell J., 184–185
Nez Perce tribe, 173
Nice. See U.S. v. Nice
Nice, Fred, 123–124, 127
Nicholson, Jacob, 39
Nixon, President Richard M., 187, 237, 292
nomads, Indians as, with diminished land rights, 148, 150, 153
Noonan, John T., Jr., 6, 8–10
Norgren, Jill, 146, 303–306
Northwestern Bands of Shoshone Indians v. U.S., 136–165, 215, 298, 301–302
Northwest Ordinance (1787), 23, 44, 178, 192, 235, 309
O’Connor, Justice Sandra Day, 249, 302, 304; dissenting opinion by, in Employment Division, Department of Human Resources v. Smith, 264, 266–271; majority opinion by, in Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association, 250–258
Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Chickasaw Nation, 304
Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Sac and Fox Nation, 304
Oliphant, Mark D., 190
Oliphant v. Schlie, 189
Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe, 187–215, 231, 299, 301, 303
Omaha tribe, 209
Omnibus Railroad Act (1899), 82
Oneida tribe, 216
Otoe and Missouria Tribe of Indians v. U.S., 185
Otoe tribe, 209
Parker, Isaac C., “hanging judge,
” 85, 204, 333n.79
Parks, George, 49
Parks, Samuel, 49
Parks v. Ross, 49–50
Passamaquoddy tribe, 216
Peace Policy, Grant’s, 52, 239
Peacock, James C., 171–172
Penobscot tribe, 216
People v. Woody, 271
permissive occupancy, 44
per se rule, 278
peyote, religious use of, 237, 259–271
Piankeshaw tribe, 28–29
plenary power of Congress: doctrine of, 23–24, 72, 125, 299, 303–304, 309, 325n.15, 326n.35; over Indians, 25–27, 44–46, 57, 67–81, 112, 114–229, 278; as not only unlimited but unreviewable, 115; versus eminent domain, 226
Plessy v. Ferguson, 198
Pokatello, 141, 161
political question doctrine, 38–48, 77, 112, 117, 183, 229–231, 299, 302, 304
Polk, James K., 37
Port Madison Reservation, 189–190, 206
preemption doctrine, 277–279
Property Clause of the U.S. Constitution. See Constitution, U.S.
Prucha, Francis P., 68, 239
public forum doctrine, 299–300
Public Law 100–67, 235
Pueblo tribes, 182
purpose doctrine, 299
Quapaw tribe, 241
Race Horse, John, 95–96
railroads, 52, 81–91
Reagan, President Ronald, 237
Reed, Justice Stanley: majority opinion by, in Northwestern Shoshone, 146–156; majority opinion by, in Tee-Hit-Ton v. U.S., 174–184
Rehnquist, Justice William H., 46, 194, 250, 263, 285, 298, 300; dissenting opinion by, in U.S. v. Sioux Nation of Indians, 231–233, 278; majority opinion by, in Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe, 197–213, 230
religion clauses. See Constitution, U.S.
religious freedom of American Indians: chart of federal court activity pertaining to, by case and tribe, 242–243; protection of, 237–274, 357n.91; as subject to the political process, 270
Religious Freedom Reformation Act (1993), 273–275
reservations, Alaskan, indigenous groups misled to reject, 169
reserved rights doctrine, 97, 101, 177, 192, 307, 341n.107
res judicata, defense of, 224–226, 233
restraint, principle of judicial, 249
Revenue Act (1868), 57
Reynolds v. U.S., 265, 267
rights of Indians, 126–127, 131, 184, 290; those of American citizens living within the jurisdiction of tribal governments vis-à-vis those of non-Indian citizens, 211; citizens versus subjects, 240; compared to those of inmates in federal institutions, 124; to compensation, versus land recovery, 174, 215–234; to due process, 110; hunting and fishing, 92–104, 178, 280, 305, 307; internal tribal issues and, 128, 348n.58; not subject to Fourteenth Amendment, 120; property, versus civil or political, 123; social, versus civil and political, 122; specific legal, versus statutory law, 61; temporary nature of, 101, 147–148, 171; tribal treaty, 60, 81–90, 97, 100–101, 134, 177, 203; tribes’ impaired, to soil and sovereignty, 32; tribes’ undefined treaty, 208–213. See also aboriginal title; jurisdiction, civil; jurisdiction, criminal
Riner, District Judge, opinion by, preceding Ward v. Race Horse, 95–96, 102
Roberts, Justice Owen, 146
Rogers, William S., 39–42, 47–49
Roosevelt, Franklin, 145–146
Roosevelt, Theodore, 124
Rosebud Allotment Act (1889), 129–130, 135
Rosebud Reservation, 283
Ross, John, Cherokee principal chief, 37–38, 49
Rutledge, Justice Wiley, 146
Sacajawea, 138
Sanborn, Walter H., 121–122
Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez, 214–215
Scalia, Justice Antonin, 259, 301; in Employment Division, Department of Human Resources v. Smith, 263–270; majority opinion by, in County of Yakima v. Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakima Indian Nation, 288–294
Schaghticoke tribe, 216
self-determination policy, Indian, 187, 239, 292
Sells, Cato, 135, 282
Seminole tribe, 13
Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida, 305
separation of powers doctrine, 226
Shattuck, Petra, 146, 303–306
Shawnee tribe, 288
Sherbert v. Verner, 250, 261, 263, 265–266, 273
Sheridan, P. H., 219–220
Sherman, W. T., 219–220
Shoshone Indians v. U.S., 155
Shoshone tribe, 91–104, 137–165, 173
Shoshone Tribe of Indians v. U.S., 147, 155, 226
Sioux Nation. See U.S. v. Sioux Nation of Indians
Sioux tribe, 121, 123–124, 137–139, 218–234
Sioux Tribe of Indians v. U.S., 223
Sitting Bull, Chief, 220
Six Rivers National Forest, Blue Creek Unit, 246–259
Smith, Alfred, 259–264, 301
Sobeloff, Simon E., 173
social motivations for Indian policy, 140, 170, 180–182
Souter, Justice David, 305–306
South Dakota v. Bourland, 305
Southern Kansas Railway Company, 81–91
sovereign immunity doctrine, 136
sovereignty, national, vis-à-vis state sovereignty, 88, 275, 277–279, 306–307
Special Committee on Investigations (1987), 236
Springer, William, 109–110, 112
Standing Bear v. Crook, 19
Stevens, Justice John Paul, 250, 279, 305–306
Stewart, Justice Potter, 214
Stewart, Richard P., 124
strict scrutiny test, 268, 271
Supremacy Clause. See Constitution, U.S.
Supreme Court, U.S. See Court, U.S. Supreme
Suquamish tribe, 189–215
Swayne, Justice Noah, majority opinion by, in The Cherokee Tobacco, 54–60
Talton v. Mayes, 11, 199, 307
Taney, Justice Roger, 36, 38, 57, 182; majority opinion by, in U.S. v. Rogers, 40–49, 57, 300
taxation of Indians, 55–63, 128; of activities of non-Indians on Indian land, 307–308; ad valorem and excise, 284–296; as destructive of Indian culture, 288
Tee-Hit-Ton band, 166–185
Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. U.S., 166–185, 229, 299, 301
termination policy, 134, 166–167, 183; unilateral, of treaties per HCR 108, 237
test case, Ward v. Race Horse, 94–96
Thomas, Justice Clarence, 305
Thomas v. Review Board, Indiana Employment Security division, 261
Thompson, Justice Smith, dissenting opinion by, in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 22
Three Affiliated Tribes of Fort Berthold Reservation v. U.S., 227
Tillamooks. See U.S. v. Alcea Band of Tillamooks
title, land: burden of proof on Shoshone, 153; dichotomization of Indian, as aboriginal versus recognized, 148; fee-simple, 44, 66, 81, 87–90, 113, 203; “mere Indian” as subordinate to U.S., 145
Tlingit peoples, 168, 182
Tohono O’odham tribe, 174, 198
Tolowa tribe, 242–259
Tongass Act (1947), 171, 175
Tongass National Forest, 169–172
Trade and Intercourse Act. See Indian Trade and Intercourse Act
treaties, Indian, 48, 55, 89, 92–117, 127, 138–143, 150, 153–155, 158–159, 162, 166–167, 190, 192, 203, 208–209, 220–222, 280–283; “sell or starve” rider, 221
Treaty Clause of U.S. Constitution. See Constitution, U.S.
treaty process, 28, 52, 56, 59, 69, 330n.139; basic definitions of, 150, 160; between stronger and weaker powers, 160; conducted on nation-to-nation basis, 134, 147; inherent powers in, 200; mutual limitation of powers in, 200
treaty rights, line of, 226–227
treaty termination law (1871), 55–56, 70, 114
tribal identity, need for Indians to give up in exchange for other rights, 136
tribal law, 61, 67, 80, 83, 190,
205, 212
tribal nations: characteristics of, 19, 27; extraconstitutional status of, 4, 21–25, 320n.10
Tribal Self-Governance Demonstration Project (1988), 235
tribal sovereignty: denied by Supreme Court, 58; as deriving from original independence, 288, 307–308; dissent in cases involving, 7; doctrine of, 88, 189, 290; as gradually eclipsed by state sovereignty, 291; as limited, 195; mangled in Lone Wolf, 116; manifestations of, 20–21; vis-à-vis state laws, 276–279
tribal weaknesses, as owing to government activities, 78
Truman, Harry S., 171, 178
trust doctrine, domestic and international, 268, 304
trusteeship, theory of, 334n.106
trust relationship, federal government vis-à-vis tribes, 227, 248, 286–287
Turner, Frederick J., 51
Udall, Senator Morris, 240
Umatilla tribe, 12, 282
United States Congress. See Congress, U.S.
United States Department of Justice. See Department of Justice, U.S.
United States Forest Service. See Forest Service, U.S.
United States government: alliances among branches of, 236; covert and collusive decision of branches of, to violate Lakota treaty, 219–220; incursions by, onto Shoshone lands (1863–1927), 143; as making poor use of land appropriated from Indians, 165; responsible for Bear Lake massacre, 141; title of only as valid as the one it usurped, 149; unilateral illegal taking of Indian lands by, 110, 221
United States Supreme Court. See Court, U.S. Supreme
U.S. v. Alcea Band of Tillamooks, 179
U.S. v. Bailey, 74–76, 79, 275
U.S. v. Berry, 102–103
U.S. v. Board of Commissioners, 155
U.S. v. Clapox, 12
U.S. v. Kagama, 45, 67–81, 85, 89, 114, 116, 125, 210, 298–302
U.S. v. Lee, 266
U.S. v. Mazurie, 196, 285
U.S. v. McBratney, 275
U.S. v. Nice, 24–25, 118–136, 281, 295, 298–299, 301–303
U.S. v. Pelican, 125
U.S. v. Quiver, 128
U.S. v. Rickert, 128
U.S. v. Rogers, 35–36, 38–51, 56, 71, 77, 85, 182, 211, 298–301, 303
U.S. v. Shoshone Tribe, 155
U.S. v. Sioux Nation of Indians, 11, 215–234, 298–299
U.S. v. Ward, 275
U.S. v. Wheeler, 214
U.S. v. Winans, 104, 147, 307, 341n.107
Ute tribe, 102
Van Devanter, Justice Willis, 25, 95–96, 111, 113, 121, 127–129, 132–134; majority opinion by, in U.S. v. Nice, 129–136
Vinson, Justice Frederick, 179
Waite, Justice Morrison, 265
Wampanoag tribe, 216
wardship, the notion of Indian, 15, 77–78, 80, 90, 109–111, 113, 116–117, 120–127, 131, 135–136
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