Cumin, Camels, and Caravans

  13. R. Ji, P. Cui, F. Ding, J. Geng, H. Gao, H. Zhang, J. Yu, S. Hu, and H. Meng, “Monophyletic Origin of Domestic B Camel (Camelus bactrianus) and Its Evolutionary Relationship with the Extant Wild Camel (Camelus bactrianus ferus),” Animal Genetics 40, no. 4 (2009): 377–82.

  14. Daniel Potts, “Bactrian Camels and Bactrian-Dromedary Hybrids,” in “The Silk Road,” ed. Daniel Waugh, Silk Road Journal 3, no. 1 (2005).

  15. Beckwith, Empires of the Silk Road.

  16. Edward H. Schafer, The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study in T’ang Exotics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963).

  17. Beckwith, Empires of the Silk Road.

  18. Sally Hovey Wriggins, The Silk Road Journey with Xuanjang (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2004).

  19. Ibid., 38.

  20. Edward W. Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage, 1994).

  21. Ansary, Destiny Disrupted, 81.

  22. Zaouali, Medieval Cuisine of the Islamic World, 37.

  7. THE FLOURISHING OF CROSS-CULTURAL COLLABORATION IN IBERIA

  1. Gernot Katzer, “Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.),” http://gernotkatzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Puni_gra.html. Accessed May 18, 2013.

  2. Richard Fletcher, Moorish Spain (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 28; and María Rosa Menocal, The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain (Boston: Little, Brown, 2002), 6.

  3. Ulrich Deil, “Vegetation Cover and Human Impact: A Comparison of the Almarchal Region (Campo de Gibraltar, Spain) and the Tangier Hinterland (Morocco),” Lagascalia 19.1–2 (1997): 745–58.

  4. Menocal, The Ornament of the World, 28 and 6.

  5. Mahmud Ali Makki, “Balance global de la cultura de al-Andalus y su contribución universal,” in Al-Andalus Allende el Atlántico, ed. Mercedes García-Arenal, Jerónimo Páez López, Federico Mayor, Camilo Alvarez de Morales y Ruiz-Matas, UNESCO, Legado Andalusí (Granada, Spain: El Legado Andalusí, 1997).

  6. Menocal, The Ornament of the World, 64.

  7. Ibid., 9, 64.

  8. My adaptation of a passage presented in D. Fairchild Ruggles, Gardens, Landscape, and Vision in the Palaces of Islamic Spain (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008), 17.

  9. Ahmad ibn Mohammed Maqqari, The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain, ed. Pascual de Gayangos, vol. 1 (London: W. H. Allen, 1849), 387.

  10. D. Fairchild Ruggles, Gardens, Landscape, and Vision in the Palaces of Islamic Spain (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008), p. 17.

  11. Alnoor Dhananik, “Andalusia: The Shrine of the Revealed Faiths,” Ismaili Magazine USA, 2003, www.iis.ac.uk/view_article.asp?ContentID=105848. Accessed May 20, 2011.

  12. Jonathan Lyons, The House of Wisdom: How the Arabs Transformed Western Civilization (New York: Bloomsbury, 2009).

  13. Toufic Fahd, “Agricultura y botánica en al-Andalus y sus aportes al nuevo mundo,” in Al-Andalus Allende el Atlántico, ed. Mercedes García-Arenal et al. (Granada, Spain: El Legado Andalusí, 1997), 181–205; and Thomas F. Glick, introduction to Obra de agricultura (1513) by Gabriel Alonso de Herrera (Valencia, Spain: Artes Gráficas Soler, S.A., 1979), 21.

  14. Juan Estevan Arellano, introduction in Gabriel Alonso de Herrera, Ancient Agriculture: Roots and Application of Sustainable Farming (Salt Lake City: Gibbs Smith, 2006).

  15. Expiración García Sánchez and Esteban Hernández Bermejo, eds., Libro de agricultura, su autor el Doctor excelente Abu Zacaria Iahia (Córdoba, Spain: Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación de Andalusia, 1988).

  16. Herrera, Obra de agricultura, 58.

  17. Fletcher, Moorish Spain, 43–44.

  18. Menocal, The Ornament of the World, 32–33.

  19. Robert W. Lebling Jr., “Flight of the Blackbird,” Saudi Aramco World, 2004, www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200407/flight.of.the.blackbird.compilation; and Lucie Bolens, La cuisine andalouse, un art de vivre: XIe–XIIIe siècle (Paris: Albin Michel), 28–31.

  20. H. D. Miller, “The Pleasures of Consumption: The Birth of Medieval Islamic Cuisine,” in Food: The History of Taste, ed. Paul Freedman (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), 145.

  21. Lilia Zaouali, Medieval Cuisine of the Islamic World: A Concise History with 174 Recipes, trans. M. B. DeBevoise (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 42.

  22. Sally Schneider, “From the Saffron Fields of Spain,” Saveur, March 23, 2007, www.saveur.com/article/Travels/From-the-Saffron-Fields-of-Spain.

  8. THE CRUMBLING OF CONVIVENCIA AND THE RISE OF TRANSNATIONAL GUILDS

  1. Fletcher, Moorish Spain, 92.

  2. Anya H. King, “The Musk Trade and the Near East in the Early Medieval Period” (PhD diss., University of Indiana, 2007).

  3. William J. Bernstein, A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2008), 128.

  4. S. D. Goitein, “New Light on the Beginnings of the Karimi Merchants,” Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient 1 (1958): 182–83.

  5. Michael Krondl, The Taste of Conquest: The Rise and Fall of the Three Great Cities of Spice (New York: Ballantine Books, 2007), 115.

  6. Subhi Y. Labib, “Capitalism in Medieval Islam,” Journal of Economic History 29.1 (1969): 93–94.

  7. S. M. Ghazanfar, “Capitalist Traditions in Early Arabic-Islamic Civilization,” http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=1029.

  8. Fletcher, Moorish Spain, 160; and Menocal, The Ornament of the World, with maps on p. 38 and p. 48.

  9. Felipe Fernández-Armesto, 1492: The Year the World Began (New York: HarperOne, 2009), 38.

  10. Translation adapted from Fernández-Armesto, 1492: The Year the World Began, 40.

  11. Janet Liebman Jacobs, “Women, Ritual and Secrecy: The Creation of Crypto-Jewish Culture,” Society for Crypto-Jewish Culture (2000), www.cryptojews.com/WomenRitual.htm; see also Janet Liebman Jacobs, Hidden Heritage: the Legacy of the Crypto-Jews (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002).

  12. Colette Rossant, Apricots along the Nile: A Memoir with Recipes (Cairo: American University of Cairo, 2000).

  13. Andrée Aelion Brooks, The Woman Who Defied Kings: The Life and Times of Doña Gracia Nasi, a Jewish Leader during the Renaissance. (St. Paul, MN: Paragon House, 2002).

  14. Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Phillip II (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), 578.

  15. H. P. Salomon and Aron de Leone Leoni, “Mendes, Benveniste, de Luna, Micas, Nasci: The State of the Art (1532–1558), Jewish Quarterly Review 88.3–4 (1998): 185–211.

  16. Brooks, The Woman Who Defied Kings, 62.

  17. Michael Krondl, The Taste of Conquest.

  18. Brooks, The Woman Who Defied Kings, 55.

  19. Ibid., 164.

  20. Cecil Roth, The House of Nasi: Doña Gracia (New York: Greenwood Press, 1948), 21.

  21. Florence Edler de Roover, “The Market for Spices in Antwerp, 1538–1544,” in Revue Belge de Philogie et d’Histoire 17.1–2 (1938): 214.

  22. Edler de Roover, “The Market for Spices in Antwerp,” 218.

  23. Fayne Ericon, back cover of Brooks, The Woman Who Defied Kings.

  24. Brooks, The Woman Who Defied Kings, 359.

  25. Cecil Roth, The House of Nasi, 44.

  26. Brooks, The Woman Who Defied Kings, 179.

  27. Toufic Fahd, “Agricultura y Botánica en al-Andalus y Sus Aportes en el Nuevo Mundo,” in Al-Andalus Allende el Atlántico, ed. Mercedes Gracia-Arenal et al., 181–205.

  28. Gary Paul Nabhan, “Fruit Comes from the Archbishop for the Table and the Soul,” El Palacio 117 (winter): 60–65; and Emily J. McTavish, Jared E. Decker, Robert D. Schnabel, Jeremy F. Taylor, and David M. Hills, “New World Cattle Show Ancestry from Multiple Independent Domestication Events,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, March 25, 2013, www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/03/19/1303367110.abstract.

  9. BUILD
ING BRIDGES BETWEEN CONTINENTS AND CULTURES

  1. Ralph Kauz, Aspects of the Maritime Silk Road from the Persian Gulf to the East China Sea (Weisbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2010).

  2. Angela Schottenhammer, The Emporium of the World: Maritime Quanzhou 100–1400 (Leiden, Germany: Brill, 2001).

  3. Chen Da-sheng, “Chinese-Iranian Relations. VII. Persian Settlements in Southeastern China during the T’ang, Sung, and Yuan Dynasties,” Encyclopaedia Iranica, www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chinese-iranian-vii; accessed July 9, 2013.

  4. Ross E. Dunn, The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the Fourteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), and Chen Da-sheng, “Chinese-Iranian Relations.”

  5. Kauz, Aspects of the Maritime Silk Road from the Persian Gulf to the East China Sea.

  6. Dru C. Gladney, “Muslim Tombs and Ethnic Folklore: Charters for Hui Identity,” Journal of Asian Studies 43.3 (1987): 495–513.

  7. Marco Polo, The Travels of Marco Polo, trans. Ronald Latham (London: Penguin Classics, 2005).

  8. Chen Da-sheng, “Chinese-Iranian Relations.”

  9. Louise Levathes, When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne 1405–1433 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 201.

  10. Dunn, The Adventures of Ibn Battuta, and Xiao Jia Go, “Muslims of Quanzhou,” New Statesman, December 18, 2006, www.newstatesman.com/node/155179.

  11. Jacob D’Ancona, City of Light: The Hidden Journal of the Man Who Entered China Four Years before Marco Polo, trans. David Selbourne (New York: Citadel Press, 2003).

  12. Chen Da-sheng, “Chinese-Iranian Relations.”

  13. Dru C. Gladney, Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People’s Republic (Cambridge: Council of Eastern Asian Studies, Harvard University Asian Center/Harvard University Press 1996).

  14. Chen Da-sheng, “Chinese-Iranian Relations.”

  15. Gladney, Muslim Chinese.

  10. NAVIGATING THE MARITIME SILK ROADS FROM CHINA TO AFRICA

  1. Gavin Menzies, 1421: The Year China Discovered the World (London: Bantam Press, 2003).

  2. Louise Levathes, When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne 1405–1433 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).

  3. Edward L. Dreyer, Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405–1433 (New York: Pearson-Longman, 2007), 11.

  4. Levathes, When China Ruled the Seas, 61–63.

  5. Dreyer, Zheng He, 23.

  6. Levathes, When China Ruled the Seas, 20.

  7. Dreyer, Zheng He, 88, 186.

  8. Ibid., 8, 51.

  9. Giles Milton, Nathaniel’s Nutmeg: How One Man’s Courage Changed the Course of History (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1999).

  10. Paul Lunde, “The Admiral Zheng He,” Saudi Aramco World 56.4 (July/ August 2005), www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200504/the.admiral.zheng.he.htm.

  11. Ibid. For a more extensive inventory, see Ma Huan, Ying-Yai Sheng-Tai: The Overall Survey of the Ocean’s Shores (1433), ed. J. V. G. Mills (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press for the Haklyut Society, 1970).

  12. Menzies, 1421: The Year China Discovered the World.

  13. Dreyer, Zheng He, 182.

  14. Ibid., 176–82.

  15. Rosey Wang Ma, “Chinese Muslims in Malaysia: History and Development,” in Chinese Studies of the Malay World: A Comparative Approach, ed. Ding Choo Ming and Ooi Kee Bey (Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 2003).

  16. Tan Yeok Seong, “Chinese Element in the Islamisation of Southeast Asia,” in Admiral Zheng He and Southeast Asia, ed. Leo Suryadinata (Singapore: Institute of Southeastern Studies and International Zheng He Society, 2006,) 70.

  17. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Complete Poems, ed. William Keach (New York: Penguin Publishing, 1997), 498–99.

  18. Dreyer, Zheng He, 65.

  19. Lilian Swee Lian Chua, “Agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis) in Malaysia,” NDF Workshop Case Studies (Mexico D. F.: CONABIO, 2008).

  20. Dreyer, Zheng He, 64–65.

  21. Yusuf Chang quoted in “The History of Ming” (Beijing: China Scientific Book Services, n.d), www.hceis.com/ChinaBasic/History/Ming/htm. Stanley Hordes, To the Ends of the Earth: A History of the Crypto-Jews of New Mexico (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005).

  22. Janet Liebman Jacobs, “Women, Ritual and Secrecy: The Creation of Crypto-Jewish Culture,” Society for Crypto-Jewish Culture (2000), www.cryptojews.com/WomenRitual.htm.

  23. Levathes, When China Ruled the Seas, 198–200.

  24. Chen Da-sheng, “Chinese-Iranian Relations. VII. Persian Settlements in Southeastern China during the T’ang, Sung, and Yuan Dynasties,” Encyclopaedia Iranica, www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chinese-iranian-vii; accessed July 9, 2013.

  11. VASCO DA GAMA MASTERING THE GAME OF GLOBALIZATION

  1. Jack Turner, Spice: The History of a Temptation (New York: Vintage, 2005), 14–15.

  2. Louise Levathes, When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne 1405–1433 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 148–49.

  3. Ronald Watkins, Unknown Seas: How Vasco da Gama Opened the East (London: John Murray, 2003).

  4. Felipe Fernández-Armesto, Near a Thousand Tables: A History of Food (New York: Free Press, 2002), 158.

  5. Levathes, When China Ruled the Seas, 21.

  6. Nigel Cliff, Holy War: How Vasco da Gama’s Epic Voyages Turned the Tide in a Centuries-Old Clash of Civilizations (New York: HarperCollins, 2011).

  7. E. G. Ravenstein, ed., A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama, 1497–1499 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1898), 28.

  8. K. G. Jayne, Vasco da Gama and His Successors 1460–1580 (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1910).

  9. Cliff, Holy War.

  10. Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

  11. Vinod K. Jose, “The Emperor Uncrowned: The Rise of Narendra Modi,” The Caravan, March 1, 2012.

  12. Watkins, Unknown Seas, 229–30.

  13. Cliff, Holy War.

  14. Alison Stark Draper, Vasco da Gama: The Portuguese Quest for a Sea Route to India (New York: Rosen Publishing Group, 2003).

  15. Fernão Lopes de Castanheda, quoted in 2:346–347 of A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels, ed. Robert Kerr (Edinburgh, Scotland: William Blackwood, 1811).

  16. Cliff, Holy War.

  17. Gaspar Correia, quoted in Lendas da India, ed. R. J. de Lima Felner (Lisbon: Archivos Real, 1858–1864).

  18. Sanjay Subrahmanyan, The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama.

  19. Cliff, Holy War, 505.

  20. Gaspar Correia, quoted in R. J. de Lima, ed., Lendas da India.

  21. Cliff, Holy War, 505.

  22. Hasan M. al-Naboodah, “The Banu Nabhan in the Omani Sources,” in New Arabic Studies, ed. G. Rex Smart, J. R. Smart, and B. R. Pridham (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1997), 181–98.

  23. Cliff, Holy War.

  24. Gary Paul Nabhan, Arab-American: Landscape, Culture and Cuisine in Two Great Deserts (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2008), 80–81.

  25. Levathes, When China Ruled the Seas, 201.

  26. Nello Puccioni, “Anthropological Studies of the Bajuni,” Giuba o Oltregiuba: Itinerary of the Mission of the Italian Academy, 1935 (Florence: Sansoni-Editore, 1937), 110.

  27. Levathes, When China Ruled the Seas, 198–203. See also Menzies, 1421.

  12. CROSSING THE DRAWBRIDGE OVER THE EASTERN OCEAN

  1. J. M. Carrillo Castillo, ed., Gonzalez Fernandez de Oviedo: Oviedo on Columbus (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2000).

  2. Ibid.

  3. Gordon Willard Allport, The Nature of Prejudice (New York: Basic Books, 1979).

  4. Seymour B. Liebman, The Jews in New Spain: Faith, Flame, and the Inquisition (Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press, 1970).

  5. Saulat Pervez, “Latin America: Historical Legacy,” www.whyislam.org/muslim-world/latin-america-historical-ove
rview; accessed July 9, 2013 (bracketed interpolations mine). See also Habeeb Salloum, “Arabs in Latin America: Cuba’s Disappearing Arab Community,” Alminbar 14 (1987): 14.

  6. Luis Alberto Anaya Hernández, Judeoconversos e Inquisición en las Islas Canarias (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria: Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 1996).

  7. Pamela Grau Twena, The Sephardic Table (New York: Houghton-Mifflin, 1998), 17.

  8. Norman Finkelstein, The Other 1492: Jewish Settlement in the New World (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1989).

  9. Clifford A. Wright, “The Medieval Spice Trade and the Diffusion of Chile,” Gastronomica 7 (2007): 35–43.

  10. Frances Levine, “‘So Dreadful a Crime’: Doña Teresa Aguilera y Roche Faces the Inquisition for the Sin of Chocolate Consumption,” El Palacio 117 (Winter): 52–59.

  11. Rafael López Guzmán, Mudéjar Hispano y Americano: Itinerarios Culturales Mexicanos (Granada, Spain: Fundación El Legado Andalusí, 2002).

  12. My translation from Spanish of material from Lourdes Diaz-Trechuelo Lopez-Spinola, ed., La emigración Andaluza en America, Siglos XVII y XVIII (Seville: Junta de Andalucia, 1990), 21.

  13. Lopez-Spinola, ed., La emigración Andaluza en America, Siglos XVII y XVIII, 27.

  14. David M. Gitlitz and Linda Kay Davidson, A Drizzle of Honey: The Lives and Recipes of Spain’s Secret Jews (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999); and Joyce Goldstein, Saffron Shores: Jewish Cooking of the Southern Mediterranean (San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2002).

  15. Mercedes Garcia-Arenal et al., ed., Al-Andalus Allende el Atlántico (Granada: El Legado Andalusi, 1997).

  16. Levine, “So Dreadful a Crime,” 55–56.

  17. “Jews in Jamaica,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews_in_Jamaica, last accessed September 4, 2011. See also Liebman, The Jews in New Spain.

  18. Patricia Rain, Vanilla: The Cultural History of the World’s Favorite Flavor and Fragrance (New York: J.P. Tarcher, 2004), 56–58.

  19. Louis Grivetti and Howard Yana-Shapiro, Chocolate: History, Culture and Heritage (Hoboken: John Wiley, 2009), 34.

  20. Joyce Goldstein, Saffron Shores.

  21. Gary Nabhan, introduction to The Slaw and the Slow Cooked, ed. James R. Veteto and Edward McLain (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2011).