Weissert, E. 1997. ‘Royal hunt and royal triumph in a prism fragment of Ashurbanipal’, eds. S. Parpola and R. Whiting, Assyria 1995. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press, 339–58.
West, M. L. 1995. ‘The date of the Iliad’, Museum Helveticum 52, 204–19.
White, Gilbert. 1876. Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne. London: Macmillan.
Wikander, O. 2000. Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Leiden: Brill.
——2008. ‘Sources of energy and exploitation of power’, ed. J. P. Oleson, Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 136–57.
——2008. ‘Gadgets and scientific instruments’, ed. J. P. Oleson, Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 785–99.
Wilcox, H. 1999. ‘Milton and Genesis: interpretation as persuasion’, ed. G. P. Luttikhuizen, Paradise Interpreted: Representations of Biblical Paradise in Judaism and Christianity. Leiden: Brill, 197–208.
Wilkinson, A. 1998. The Garden in Ancient Egypt. London: Rubicon Press.
Wilson, A. 2008. ‘Hydraulic engineering and water supply’, ed. J. P. Oleson, Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 285–318.
——2008. ‘Machines in Greek and Roman Technology’, ed. J. P. Oleson, Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 337–66.
Wiseman, D. J. 1983. ‘Mesopotamian gardens’, Anatolian Studies 33, 137–44.
Woolley, C. L. 1929. The Sumerians. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
——1954. Excavations at Ur: A Record of Twelve Years’ Work. London: Benn, revised by P. R. S. Moorey, 1982, Ur ‘of the Chaldees’.
Worthington, M. 2012. Principles of Akkadian Textual Criticism. Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Records I. Berlin: de Gruyter.
Yamauchi, E. M. 2003. ‘Athletics in the Ancient Near East’, eds. R. Averbeck, M. Chavalas and D. Weisberg, Life and Culture in the Ancient Near East. Bethesda, Md.: CDL Press, 491–500.
Yardley, J. C. 1997. Justin: Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, Books 11–12. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Yildirim B. 2004. ‘Identities and empire: local mythology and the self-representation of Aphrodisias’, ed. B. E. Borg, Paideia: The World of the Second Sophistic. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 23–52.
Yoffee, N. 1988. ‘The collapse of ancient Mesopotamian states and civilization’, eds. N. Yoffee and G. Cowgill, The Collapse of Ancient States and Civilizations. Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona Press, 44–68.
——2006. ‘Notes on regeneration’, eds. G. Schwartz and J. L. Nichols, After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies. Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona Press, 222–7.
Zadok, R. 1984. Assyrians in Chaldaea and Achaemenid Babylon(ia?). Assur 4/3.
Index
Page numbers for illustrations, maps, drawings and photographs are given in italics.
Abu Dhabi, 86
Achaemenid period, 85, 87, 103, 191–2, 195, 202
Adad-nirari III, king, 121
Adiabene (kingdom), 200
aflaj (water channels), 86
Agarum, 86
Ahasuerus, 170
Akhenaten, king, 119
akītu-house / festival, 23, 116–117
Al-Ain-Buraimi (oasis), 86–7
alabaster, 127, 139, 198, 199
alamittu (male date-palm), 65–7, 69, 79
Alcinous’ palace, 175–6
Alexander the Great, 5, 22, 26–7, 30, 37–9, 97, 123, 167, 202, 205
Alexander Romance, 26
Alexandria (city), 4–5, 191
Amanus mountains, 44, 129, 140, 147
Amarna (city), 119
ambassu (game park), 79, 244 n.5
Ammianus Marcellinus, 186–7, 193, 200
Amun (god, temple of at Karnak), 167
An-shar (god, sky-sphere), 114–16
Anabasis (Xenophon), 183, 190, 192–3
Antigone, 20
Antikythera mechanism, 77
Antiochus I, king, 27, 37, 124, 125, 126
Antiochus III, king, 38
Antiochus IV, king, 196
Antipater of Sidon, 218 n.13
Antipater of Thessalonica, 6, 34, 177, 196–7
Anu (sky-god), 157
Anunnaki gods of the Underworld, 157
Aphrodisias-Nineveh-on-Meander, Turkey, 3, 125, 126
Aphrodite of Cnidos (goddess), 140
apiculture, 5, 59
Apollo (god), 169, 195
Apollonius (son of Demetrius), 195–6
Apollophanes (son of Asklepiades), 195
Apsu, 154, 229 n.44
aqueducts, 88, 95–6, 96, 99–101, 220 n.45, 228 n.32, see also bridge
Arbaces the Mede, 185
Arbela (city-site in Iraq), 87–8, 200, 202, 241 n.68
archetypes, 120, 124
Archimedean screw, 33–4, 34, 54, 56–7, 59, 87, 205–7, 224 n.29
Archimedes, 33–4, 54–7, 59, 87
archon, 195–6
Ardericca (village), 99
Arpad (city-site in Syria), 121
Arshama, satrap of Egypt, 103, 193, 194, 195
Artaxerxes I, king, 23
Artemis see Diana Artemisium of Ephesus, 5
Asalluhi (god), 118
Ashur (god), 9, 114–16, 202
Ashur (temple of), 9, 202
Ashur (city), 9, 71, 75, 115–17, 121, 156, 168
Ashur-nadin-shumi, king, 145
Ashurbanipal, king, see also palaces
and Babylon, 7–8
demolition/depopulation of Susa, 185
and Ishtar of Nineveh, 116
and Naqia, 123
and queen, 171
sculptured panels, 43, 49, 51, 52, 149–50, 159–62, 166, 171, 173, 174, 188, 197, 200, 204, 208
and Sennacherib, 131
tribute from Izki in Oman, 86–7
Ashurnasirpal II, king, 47–9, 87–8, 100, 103, 166, 172, 188
ašlu (long string), 88
Assyria
Assyriology a recent discipline, 207
and Babylon, 7–8, 109
banquets, 170–1
botanical knowledge in, 163, 165–7
ceramic and burial customs of, 190
confusion of Tigris and Euphrates, 120
end of empire, 179, 182, 185–9, 192–3, 195, 202
exceptional constructions proclaimed as wonders, 10
‘gate of gods’, 119
Greek/Roman admiration of building work, 98
imposition of law and order, 136
intellectual environment, 55
kings of, 22, 103, 122
New Year festival, 116
palaces, 80, 141, 150, 162
queens of, see Atalya, Sammu-ramat, Tashmetu-sharrat
royal cities of, 3
sculptures in, 69, 78, 93, 93
types of garden, 43, 45
Atalya (queen), 116
Atargatis temple, Hierapolis, 126
Athena (goddess), 58
Attalus II, king, 176
authorship, 57–8
Ayni (site in Turkey), 75, 76
Azarqiel (astronomer), 119
Babylon, see also palaces
Achaemenid period, 26–7
citadel of, 112
and Cyrus the Great, 190
and the Euphrates river, 45
excavations in (1898–1917), 13–14
festival of the New Year, 23
‘gate of gods’, 119
gods of, 118–19
and the Hanging Garden, 13–14, 16, 18–20, 107–8, 203, 207
and Herodotus, 98
high standard of cultural/civic life maintained, 191
location problems, 119–20
and Nineveh, 109, 111–13, 117, 126
Processional Way, 45
sack by Sennacherib, 116, 174
and the Sel
eucids, 37
sinking into the waters of chaos, 114
and Stratonice, 124
sketch-plan of citadel, 112
two World Wonders, 33
uninterrupted tradition of education/scholarship, 27
walls of, 5–11, 30
Western Outwork, 14, 15, 16, 45
Babylonia
battle of Cunaxa in, 192
canal-entwined landscape of, 103
confusion of Tigris and Euphrates, 120
exceptional constructions proclaimed as wonders, 10
and the god Ea, 57, 156
and Herodotus, 98
interest in the glorious past, 27
introduction, 1, 3
and King Tiglath-pileser I, 84
language of, 115
museum, 217 n.21
and Semiramis, 109
types of gardens, 43, 45
Babyloniaca (Berossus), 38
Babylonian Akītu-Chronicle, 116
Bahram II, king, 200
Balaṭa (site in N.Iraq), 241 n.68
Ball, Terry (illustrator), 148
Bandwai canal, 92
Banks, Joseph (naturalist), 165
basalt, synthetic, 228 n.39
Bastam (site in Iran), 222 n.30
Bastion of Warad-Sin at Ur (in S.Iraq), 67
Bavian-Khinnis, 91, 92–3, 94, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 112, 144, 151, 174, 202–3, 207, 228 n.28, 234 n.37, Colour Plates 9–11, 13, see also inscriptions
bee-keeping, 5, 59
Bel-Marduk temple tower, 18
Berossus (priest of Marduk), 23, 35–8, 100, 219 n.31
bīt hilāni (palace), 14, 52, 141, 144, 150, 233 n.26
Bodrum (town in Turkey), 5
Bonacossi, Daniele Morandi (archaeologist), 105
Borsippa (city-site in S.Iraq), 27, 117, 119
main temple, 9, 123
bridge, 88, see also aqueduct Brodersen, Kai (scholar), 40
bronze, 72, 127, 134, 225 n.42, 232 n.2
Browne, Sir Thomas, 19
būrtu (well, cistern), 65
Butterfly that Stamped, The (Kipling), 170
Caicus river (in Turkey), 176
Calah see Nimrud
Calceolaria darwinii (plant), 165
Callimachus of Cyrene, 4, 35
Callisthenes, 30
Calpurnius Piso L., 34
camera lucida, 49
Campbell Thompson, Reginald, 188
Carchemish (city-site in Turkey / Syria), 145
Cassius (mountain), 232 n.3
Cedar Mountain, 157
cerd (water-raising system), 78
Chaereas and Callirhoe (Chariton), 36
chahar bagh (Persian-style garden), 172
Chamaerops humilis, 66–7, Colour Plate 4, see also alamittu
Chariton, 36
Chicago Assyrian Dictionary, 67
Childe, Gordon, 55
China
Shang period, 73
Western Zhou period, 73–4
bronze casting, 73–4
Christie, Agatha, 92
Chronicle concerning the Fall of Nineveh, 184
Cilicia (region in Turkey), 33, 44, 197
Clayton, Peter, 26
Cleitarchus, 30
cogs, 77–8, 223 n.5
coinage, 2, 74, 238 n.11
Collection of Sights in Lands throughout the World, A (Callimachus), 4
Colosseum (in Rome), 4, 177
Colossus of Rhodes, 5–6, 34–5, 40
columns, pillars, 38, 40, 41, 54, 67, 68, 69, 70, 141, 173, 176–7
concrete, 98
Contra Apionem I.19 (Josephus), 35
Cook, Captain, 165
Cooper, F. C. (illustrator), 49
Copais Lake, 88
copper, 222 n.1, 223 n.9, 232 n.2
Corinthian columns, 69
cotton, 102, 163, 229 n.49
Crassus (Roman general), 33
crossbar, 67, 223 n.17
Ctesias (Greek writer), 30, 109, 121, 182, 186, 193–4, 200, 218 n.2
culture heroes, 55–9
Cunaxa, battle of, 192
cuneiform script
deciphering of, 3–4
introduction, 1
tablet of Merodach Baladan, 46, 46
cylinder seals, 71, 190
Cyropaedia (Xenophon), 193
Cyrus the Great, king, 8, 14, 23, 190–1, 216 n.4
Cyrus the Pretender, 192
Dahshur, 169
Dalbergia sissoo (plant), 163
Daniel, 23, 35
Daniel, Book of, 26
Darius’ canal (Iran), 87
Darius I, king, 14, 108, 191
Darius II, king, 194
Darius III, king, 97
Darwin, Charles, 165
date-palm, palm-tree, 40, 66–70, 163, 165
Deiogenes, 197, 197
Deir el-Bahri (temple in Egypt), 166–7
‘demiourgos’, 56
demonic gods, 139
Descent of Ishtar to the Underworld (Babylonian myth), 38, 156
Deuteronomy, 76
Diana (goddess), 5, 34, 69
Dilmun (Bahrein), 157–8
Diodorus Siculus
and Archimedes, 56
Euphrates/Tigris confusion, 120
and the Hanging Garden, 20, 23, 30–3, 38, 43, 145, 159, 160, 173, 177
and Nineveh, 182, 193
obelisk of Semiramis, 4
and Naqia, 124
and Semiramis, 109, 120, 123
and water machines, 72–3
discovery of sculpture panels 41, 43, 44, 49–54, 50, 52, 54
Domus Aurea (palace in Rome), 36, 177, 208
Doric columns, 69
drains, drainage, 81, 102
Dransfield, John, 67
Dur-Katlimmu (city-site in Syria), 189, 239 n.41
Dur-Sharrukin see Khorsabad Dura Europus (city-site in Syria), 198
Duranki see Nippur
E-duranki (temple in Nippur), 114
Ea-Nishiku (god), 57, 89–90, 154, 156
East India House Inscription, 10, 23, 37
ecphrasis, 29–30, + …
Edison, Thomas, 166
Egypt, 5, 56–7, 76, 98, 119, 170, 174, 176, 195
Egyptian screw 56–7, see also Archimedean screw
Ekur (temple in Nippur, S.Iraq), 114
Elam, Elamites (of Susa), 87, 185, 190, 190, 240 n.48
El-Lahun (site in Egypt), 222 n.30
Enki (god), 114, 157–8, see also Ea
Enki and Ninhursag (Sumerian myth), 157–8
Enkidu (hero), 22
Enlil (god), 114–15
enlilūtu (power of god Enlil), 115–16
Enoch, 58
Ephesus (city-site in Turkey), 34
Epic of Creation, 116, 118–9, 153–4, 209
Epic of Gilgamesh, 8, 57–8, 157
Epicurus, 172
epistatēs, 242 n.76
Eratosthenes, 33
Eridu (city-site in S.Iraq), 117–19
Esagil (temple in Babylon), 122
Esarhaddon, king, 7, 9, 123–4, 144–5
Esther, Book of, 139, 170
Eumenes II, king, 176
Euphrates river
and Babylon, 26, 98
change in the course of, 14
and the Hanging garden, 107
introduction, 1, 3
location confusion, 120, 126
and Mari (city), 85
tributaries, 45
Eupolinos (engineer), 87
Eutyche (goddess), 198, 199
Evelyn, John, 156
Ezekiel, 158, 207
Ezida (temple in Borsippa), 124
Faideh (village), 92, 105
falaj (water channel), 86, see also qanat
financial credit, 55
Finkel, Irving, 26
Finley, Moses, 55
fir-cones, 166
Fitzroy, Captain, 165
Flood, the, 57–8, 112, 230 n.10
foundation of Nineveh, 209
Frederick the Great of Prussia, 208
Gallienus, Emperor, 197
Garden of Alcinous (Odyssey), 175
Garden of Eden, 158–9, 207
garden traditions, 45, 172
‘gate of gods’, 119
Gaugamela, battle of, 97, 202, 205
gears, 223 n.5
Genesis, Book of, 158–9
Geography (Strabo), 33
Gilgamesh, 8, 22, 24–5, 157
Gilgamesh Epic, 27
Gilgamesh, hero-king, 118
ginindanakku (measuring rod), 88
gišimmaru (date-palm), 69
gišmahhu (cylinder, tree-trunk), 65–6
Gomel river, 93, 97
Gordis (hero), 125
Gossypium arboreum (cotton), 164, Colour Plate 16
Gossypium herbaceum (cotton), 164
grafting, 220 n.44
Greece, 58, 88, 98, 157, 169, 195, 207
Greek polis, 195–6
Gregory of Nazianz, 175, 205
Gudea of Lagash, 82
Habur river, 85
Hadrian, Emperor, 22, 197
Hajar mountains (Abu Dhabi /Oman), 86
Halahhu (district), 241 n.69
Halicarnassus see Bodrum Halzi (gate, district), 185, 241 n.69
Hammurabi, king, 6, 117
Handbook to the Seven Wonders of the World, A (Philo of Byzantium), 39
Hanging Garden
and Antipater of Thessalonica, 196–7
and Babylon, 13–14, 16, 18–20, 107–8, 203, 207
building of, 107
construction of, 170
The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: An Elusive World Wonder Traced Page 32