2. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (New York: Bantam Books, 1982), 35–40.
3. Charles Kirbo, interviews with the author, June 28, 1991, and August 23, 1991.
4. Hamilton Jordan, interview with the author, May 11, 1991.
5. Charles Kirbo, University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs interview, January 5, 1983.
6. Richard Moe, interview with the author, October 11, 1991.
7. Walter Mondale, interviews with the author, September 11, 2014, and April 3, 1991.
8. Charles Kirbo interviews, June 28, 1991, and August 23, 1991.
9. Richard Moe interview, October 11, 1991.
10. Walter Mondale interview, September 11, 2014.
11. Richard Moe interview, October 11, 1991.
12. Jimmy Carter, interview with the author, October 25, 1991.
13. Hamilton Jordan interview, May 11, 1992.
14. Ibid.
15. Michael Berman, interview with the author, February 20, 2014.
16. Richard Moe interview, February 18, 2014.
17. Walter Mondale interview, April 3, 1991.
18. Ibid.
19. Michael Berman interview, February 20, 2014.
20. Ibid.
21. Dan Olson, “Mondale’s Role in Saving ‘Boat People,’” MPR News, November 16, 2009.
22. Walter Mondale interview, September 11, 2014.
23. Originals at the Minnesota Historical Society, Manuscripts Collection, Walter F. Mondale papers, Vice Presidential Papers, 1968–2001 (bulk 1975–1981), Finding Aids: MNHS.ORG.
24. Richard Moe interview, October 11, 1991.
25. Walter Mondale interview, September 11, 2014.
26. Ibid., April 3, 1991.
27. Michael Berman interview, February 20, 2014.
28. Walter Mondale interview, April 3, 1991.
29. Ibid., September 11, 2014, and October 6, 2015.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid., April 3, 1991.
32. Remarks by Vice President Joe Biden, at a reception honoring Walter Mondale, at the vice president’s official residence, Washington, D.C., October 20, 2015, heard by author.
4. A New Kind of First Lady
1. American Experience. “Jimmy Carter (Part 2).” Episode 174. Directed by Adriana Bosch. Aired on PBS, November 12, 2002.
2. Rosalynn Carter, interview with the author, July 13, 1993.
3. Ibid., August 13, 2014.
4. Ibid., July 13, 1993.
5. Ibid., July 13, 1993, and August 13, 2014.
6. Tim Kraft, interview with the author, June 1, 1993.
7. Rosalynn Carter, interview with the author, August 13, 2014.
8. Ibid., July 13, 1993.
9. American Experience. “Jimmy Carter (Part 2).” Episode 174. Directed by Adriana Bosch. Aired on PBS, November 12, 2002.
10. Rex Scouten, interview with the author, November 13, 1995.
11. Rosalynn Carter interview, August 13, 2014; Rosalynn Carter, First Lady from Plains (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1984), 189–91; Robert Pastor, interview with the author, July 13, 2011.
12. Robert Pastor, interview with the author, July 13, 2011.
13. Rosalynn Carter, conversation with the author, June 23, 2017, Lake Tahoe.
14. Rosalynn Carter, First Lady from Plains, 289–90.
15. Rosalynn Carter interview, July 13, 1993.
16. Rosalynn Carter interview, July 13, 1993.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Patrick Caddell, interview with the author, October 30, 2015.
5. The Indispensable Man
1. Bert Lance, University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs interview, May 12, 1982.
2. Ibid., 67–8.
3. Ibid., 36.
4. Bert Lance, interview with the author, July 1, 2011; Bert Lance, The Truth of the Matter (New York: Summit Books, 1991).
5. Jimmy Carter, interview with the author, June 4, 1991.
6. David Rubenstein, interview with the author, December 11, 1992.
7. John Moore, interview with the author, August 19, 1992.
8. John Stokes, interview with the author, September 3, 1992.
9. Peter Winn, email to the author, April 22, 2017, attaching the opinion of Mary Lawton, Department of Justice to Michael Cardozo, Senior Associate White House Counsel.
10. Bert Lance, The Truth of the Matter, 132–3; Bert Lance interviews, April 16, 1990, June 26, 1992, August 15, 2006, and July 1, 2011.
11. E. R. Lanier, “Bert Lance: 1931–2013,” New Georgia Encyclopedia, www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government-politics/bert-lance-1931-2013.
12. Eric Boehlert, “William Safire’s Dubious Legacy,” Salon, November 22, 2004, www.salon.com/2004/11/22/safire_7/.
13. Jody Powell, The Other Side of the Story (New York: William Morrow, 1984), 50–3.
14. John Heimann, interviews with the author, June 23, 1991, and March 30, 1992.
15. Robert Carswell, interviews with the author, April 29, 1991, and June 16, 1992.
16. John Heimann interviews, June 23, 1991, and March 30, 1992.
17. Pad 23, August 11, 1977.
18. Pad 23, August 11, 1977.
19. Robert Carswell, interviews with the author, April 29, 1991, and June 16, 1992.
20. John Heimann interviews, June 23, 1991, and March 30, 1992.
21. Robert Lipshutz, interviews with the author, June 4, 1991, and June 26, 1992.
22. See Haynes Johnson and George Lardner, Jr., The Washington Post, September 25, 1977.
23. John Heimann interviews, June 23, 1991, and March 30, 1992.
24. Robert Lipshutz, memorandum to the President, September 12, 1977.
25. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2010), 89.
26. Richard Wegman (Ribicoff’s staff director), interview with the author, December 19, 1991.
27. John Heimann interview, March 30, 1992.
28. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 98.
29. Zbigniew Brzezinski, interview with the author, March 1, 2014.
30. Pad 24, September 19, 1977.
31. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 101–2.
32. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 103.
33. Bert Lance, The Truth of the Matter, 13, 148–50.
34. Pad 25, September 26, 1977.
35. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 103.
36. Bert Lance, New Georgia Encyclopedia, by W. B. Woods, “Bert Lance (1931–2013)” August 26, 2013, www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government-politics-bert-lance-1931-2013. Also Bert Lance, The Truth of the Matter, 164–5.
37. Eric Boehlert, “William Safire’s Dubious Legacy,” Salon, November 22, 2004, www.salon.com/2004/11/22/safire_7/.
38. Jody Powell, Miller Center interview, December 17–18, 1981; Jody Powell, interview with the author, October 1, 1989.
39. American Experience. “Jimmy Carter (Part 2).” Episode 174. Directed by Adriana Bosch. Aired on PBS, November 12, 2002.
40. Jimmy Carter interview, June 4, 1991.
PART II
6. The Moral Equivalent of War
1. Pad 1, December 9, 1976.
2. Daniel Yergin, The Prize (New York: Free Press, 2008), 141, and generally for an excellent history of oil.
3. Dr. James Schlesinger, interview with the author, April 4, 1989.
4. Jimmy Carter, University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs interview, November 29, 1982.
5. Jimmy Carter, Address Announcing Candidacy for the Democratic Presidential Nomination, National Press Club, Washington, D.C., December 12, 1974, Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project, www.presidency.ecsb.edu.ws/?pid=77821.
6. Senator David Boren, interview with the author, September 9, 1992.
7. Jimmy Carter, interview with the author, June 4, 1991; George C. Edwards III, interview with the author, Texas A&M University, May 18, 2007.
8. Dr. James Schlesinger, University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs interview, Presidential Oral History Program, July 19–20, 1984, Charlottesville, Virginia.
9. Jimmy Carter interview, June 8, 1992.
10. Ibid., June 4, 1991, and September 27, 2013.
11. Katherine Cochrane, interview with the author, November 20, 1992.
12. Central Intelligence Agency: “The International Energy Situation: Outlook to 1985,” ER 77-10240 U.
13. Pad “Campaign 1976,” November 19, 1976, Plains, Georgia.
14. Pad 5, January 24, 1977.
15. Pad 8, February 20, 1977.
16. Pad 6, January 29, 1977.
17. Pad 8, February 20, 1977, and March 7, 1977.
18. Al Alm, interview with the author, August 21, 1989.
19. Ibid.
20. Jimmy Carter interview, June 4, 1991.
21. Les Goldman, interview with the author, July 25, 1991.
22. James Schlesinger, University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs, interview, July 19–20, 1984.
23. Fact Sheet on the President’s National Energy Program, April 20, 1977, Public Papers of the Presidents, Jimmy Carter, 1977, Vol. I, Washington, United States Government Printing Office, 1977, 672–89; Stu Eizenstat and David Rubenstein, memorandum to President-elect Carter, November 30, 1976.
24. Pad 9, February 28, 1977.
25. Pad 10, March 14, 1977.
26. Pad 10, March 14, 1977.
27. Katherine Schirmer Cochrane interview, November 20, 1992.
28. Pad 13, April 8, 1977.
29. Pad 12, March 28, 1977.
30. Jimmy Carter interview, June 4, 1991.
31. Al Alm interview, August 21, 1989.
32. Pad 13, April 6, 1977.
33. Pad 13, April 6, 1977.
34. Summary prepared at the author’s request by Professor William C. Boyd at the University of Colorado School of Law, October 1, 2014, referencing Paul W. MacAvoy, “The Natural Gas Market: Sixty Years of Regulation and Deregulation,” 2000, and Richard J. Pierce, Jr., “The Evolution of Natural Gas Regulatory Policy,” Natural Resources and Environment, Summer, 1995.
35. Pad 13, April 11, 1977.
36. Pad 13, April 11, 1977.
37. James Schlesinger interview, March 23, 1989.
38. Pad 14, April 16, 1977.
39. Al Alm interview, August 21, 1989.
40. James Schlesinger, University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs interview, July 19–20, 1994.
41. David Boren, interview with the author, September 9, 1992.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. Pad 10, March 14, 1977.
46. Al Alm interview, August 21, 1989.
47. Pad 19, June 9, 1977.
48. Pad 14, April 18, 1977.
49. Rosalynn Carter, interview with the author, July 13, 1993.
50. Jimmy Carter, Address to the Nation on Energy, April 18, 1977, Public Papers of the Presidents, Jimmy Carter, Vol. I, 1977, 656–62.
51. Pad 14, April 20, 1977.
52. Jimmy Carter, Address Delivered Before a Joint Session of Congress on the National Energy Plan, April 2, 1977, Public Papers of the Presidents, Jimmy Carter, Vol. I, 1977, 663–72.
53. Pad 14, April 19, 1977.
54. Pad 14, April 20, 1977.
55. Pad 15, April 27, 1977.
56. Pad 14, April 22, 1977.
57. Edward Walsh, “Carter: Energy Outlook Grim,” The Washington Post, April 19, 1977, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/04/19/carter-energy-outlook-grim/00060835-8ddc-46c4-b06d-60f308cc47b6/?utm_term=.21e94d051e22.
58. David Herst in “The National Energy Plan,” undated draft of case study for Harvard’s John F. Kennedy School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, in author’s possession.
7. Energizing Congress
1. Bill Cable, interview with the author, August 21, 2013.
2. Ari Weiss, interview with the author, June 25, 2015.
3. Ibid.
4. Jimmy Carter, University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs interview, (November 29, 1982.
5. 1977 CQ Almanac, 721.
6. Pad 14, April 25, 1977.
7. Pad 18, June 14, 1977.
8. Pad 15, April 27, 1977.
9. Pad 17, June 7, 1977.
10. Pad 17, June 8, 1977.
11. Pad 18, June 10, 1977.
12. Les Goldman, interview with the author, July 25, 1991.
13. Pad 18, June 14, 1977.
14. American Experience. “Jimmy Carter (Part 2).” Episode 174. Directed by Adriana Bosch. Aired on PBS, November 12, 2002.
15. Pad 19, June 21, 1977.
16. Pad 19, June 27, 1977.
17. Robert Krueger, interview with the author, April 1, 2015.
18. Pad 16, May 23, 1977.
19. Pad 22, July 22, 1977.
20. Quoted in 1977 CQ Almanac, 725, and Katie Hope, “The National Energy Plan: Congressional Action” (unpublished).
21. William Cable, interview with the author, August 21, 2013.
22. Robert Krueger interview, March 31, 2015.
23. 1977 CQ Almanac, 95th Congress, 1st Session … 1977, Volume XXXIII, Congressional Quarterly, Inc., Washington, D.C., 724–5.
Chapter 8
1. Gallup poll, Gerhard Peters, The American Presidency Project, University of California, San Diego, cited in Charles M. Blow, “100 Days of Horror,” The New York Times, April 17, 2017.
2. Pad 40, September 26, 1978; notes incorporated into a case note for the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University: “The 1977 Energy Plan: M.E.O.W,” by Stuart E. Eizenstat.
3. Jimmy Carter, University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs interview, November 29, 1982.
4. James Schlesinger, interview with the author, April 4, 1989, and University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs interview, July 19–20, 1984.
5. Russell Long, interview with the author, January 2, 1991.
6. Senator J. Bennett Johnson, interview with the author, September 12, 2013, who recounted Long’s remarks.
7. Pad 24, September 19 and September 20, 1977.
8. 1978 CQ Almanac, 639.
9. Les Goldman, interview with the author, July 25, 1991.
10. Pad 25, September 26, 1977.
11. Robert C. Byrd, The Senate, 1789–1989, Addresses on the History of the United States Senate, 153–7. For Senator Abourezk quote, see 1977 CQ Almanac, “Carter Energy Bill,” xxxiii, October 3, 1977, 736–37, cited in Joseph M. Bessette and Jeffrey Tobin, Presidency in the Constitutional Order (New York: Routledge, 2010); and for an excellent overview of the path of the Carter energy bill through Congress, see 1977 CQ Almanac, 708–45.
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