June 1965: First American spacewalk: Ed White
December 1965: First rendezvous of two American spacecraft
March 1966: First docking of two American spacecraft
Project Apollo: Walking on the Moon (1963–1972)
Eleven crewed missions, including six successful trips to the lunar surface
January 1967: All three Apollo 1 astronauts—Roger Chaffee, Gus Grissom, and Ed White—killed in a cabin fire during a launchpad test
December 1968: First trip to lunar orbit on Apollo 8
July 1969: Apollo 11 crew makes first moon landing; Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walk on moon
April 1970: Apollo 13 crew prevented from landing on the moon by oxygen tank explosion
July 1971: First use of lunar rover on Apollo 15
December 1972: Final moon landing Apollo 17
The Shuttle Era: Ongoing Access to Low-Earth Orbit (1981–2011)
135 total flights of the orbiters Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, Endeavour—133 successful missions and two disasters resulting in loss of spacecraft and crew. Deployment and repairs to satellites, including the Hubble Space Telescope; assembly of the International Space Station over 37 missions.
April 1981: First test flight of space shuttle Columbia
June 1982: Last test flight of Columbia; shuttle program officially operational
April 1983: First flight of Challenger; first shuttle spacewalk
June 1983: First American woman in space: Sally Ride
August 1983: First African American in space: Guy Bluford
August 1984: First flight for Discovery
October 1985: First flight for Atlantis
January 1986: Explosion of Challenger 73 seconds after launch, destroying the spacecraft and killing all seven crew members, including teacher Christa McAuliffe
May 1989: Venus probe Magellan deployed
October 1989: Jupiter probe Galileo deployed
April 1990: Hubble Space Telescope deployed
May 1992: First flight for Endeavour
June 1995: First shuttle docking with Russian space station Mir
December 1998: First International Space Station assembly mission
February 2003: Breakup of Columbia upon reentry of Earth’s atmosphere, destroying the spacecraft and killing all seven crew members
February 2011: Final flight for Discovery
May 2011: Final flight for Endeavour
July 2011: Final flight of the space shuttle program (Atlantis)
The remaining shuttles become museum displays: Discovery at National Air and Space Museum, Washington, DC; Atlantis at Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, Florida; Endeavour at California Science Center, Los Angeles.
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aldrin, Buzz, with Ken Abraham. Magnificent Desolation: The Long Journey Home from the Moon. New York: Harmony/Random House, 2009.
Burrows, William E. This New Ocean: The Story of the First Space Age. New York: Random House, 1998.
Cabbage, Michael, and William Harwood. Comm Check … : The Final Flight of Shuttle Columbia. New York: Free Press/Simon & Schuster, 2004.
Cernan, Eugene, with Don Davis. The Last Man on the Moon: Astronaut Eugene Cernan and America’s Race in Space. New York: St. Martin’s, 1999.
Chaikin, Andrew. A Man on the Moon: The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts. New York: Viking, 1994.
Collins, Michael. Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut’s Journeys. 40th anniversary ed. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009.
Fallaci, Oriana. If the Sun Dies. Translated by Pamela Swinglehurst. New York: Atheneum, 1966.
Feynman, Richard P. “What Do You Care What Other People Think?”: Further Adventures of a Curious Character. New York: Bantam, 1989.
Fuson, Robert H. Juan Ponce de León and the Spanish Discovery of Puerto Rico and Florida. Blacksburg: McDonald and Woodward, 2000.
Government Printing Office. Columbia Accident Investigation Board Report. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2003.
Hansen, James R. First Man: The Life of Neil Armstrong. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005.
Hickam, Homer H. Jr. Rocket Boys. New York: Delta/Random House, 2000.
Hough, Richard. Captain James Cook: A Biography. London: Coronet/Hodder and Stoughton, 1995.
Lathers, Marie. Space Oddities: Women and Outer Space in Popular Film and Culture, 1960–2000. New York: Continuum, 2010.
Launius, Roger D., and Howard E. McCurdy, eds. Spaceflight and the Myth of Presidential Leadership. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1997.
Lennon, J. Michael. Norman Mailer: A Double Life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013.
Lipartito, Kenneth, and Orville R. Butler. A History of the Kennedy Space Center. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2007.
Logsdon, John M. John F. Kennedy and the Race to the Moon. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
Mailer, Norman. Of a Fire on the Moon. Boston: Little, Brown, 1970.
McCurdy, Howard E. Space and the American Imagination. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011.
Murray, Charles, and Catherine Bly Cox. Apollo: The Race to the Moon. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989.
Neufeld, Michael J., ed. Spacefarers: Images of Astronauts and Cosmonauts in the Heroic Era of Spaceflight. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2013.
Neufeld, Michael J. Von Braun: Dreamer of Space, Engineer of War. New York: Vintage/Random House, 2008.
Office of the President. Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident. Washington, DC: Office of the President, 1986.
Schmitt, Harrison H. Return to the Moon: Exploration, Enterprise, and Energy in the Human Settlement of Space. New York: Copernicus, 2006.
Shepard, Alan, and Deke Slayton. Moon Shot: The Inside Story of America’s Race to the Moon. Atlanta: Turner, 1994.
Sherr, Lynn. Sally Ride: America’s First Woman in Space. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014.
Vaughan, Diane. The Challenger Launch Decision: Risky Technology, Culture, and Deviance at NASA. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.
Verne, Jules. From the Earth to the Moon and Around the Moon. Translated by Harold Salemson. New York: Heritage, 1970.
Weitekamp, Margaret A. Right Stuff, Wrong Sex: America’s First Women in Space Program. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.
Winters, Dan. Last Launch: Discovery, Endeavour, Atlantis. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2012.
Wolfe, Tom. The Right Stuff. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1979.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
It was a privilege to be able to tell this story, and I would like to extend thanks to the many people who helped me to do so:
To Omar Izquierdo and the Izquierdo family for inviting me into their world and letting me write about it. To Chris and Elliot for their support and enthusiasm (and for wearing the Tshirts). To my launch friends, especially Anna Leahy, Doug Dechow, Jen Scheer, Andy Scheer, Stu Maschwitz, Kara Tonolli, Trey Ratcliff, Gordon Laing, Scott Kublin, Christopher Shaffer, Megan Prelinger, Matthew Cimone, and Ryan Kobrick. To Laurel Litzenberger and Stephanie Schierholz at NASA, and to Nancy Glasgow and Andrea Farmer at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex. To the space journalists and the space historians, especially Michael Neufeld and Margaret Weitekamp. To my colleagues in the Department of English at the University of Tennessee, especially Michael Knight, Marilyn Kallet, Chuck Maland, and Stan Garner; most especially to my core committee Katy Chiles, Amy Elias, Heather Hirschfeld, Lisi Schoenbach, and Urmila Seshagiri. To Michael Shum for research assistance. To my colleague Stephen Blackwell for the translation of Tsiolkovsky. To the Tennessee Arts Commission and to the National Endowment for the Arts. To my former professors and classmates at the University of Michigan, especially to Thomas Lynch for encouraging my first efforts in creative nonfiction. To my generous early readers Emily Carney, Christopher Hebert, Omar Izquierdo, Mitchell Lazarus, Jen Scheer, and D’Anne Witkowski. To J. L. Pickeri
ng at Retro Space Images. To the staff and my fellow regulars at store #8536. To my students, especially the students who took the time to help me understand what the young people know: Stephanie Ammons, Olivia Cooper, Taylor Goff, Stephen Graves, Benjamin Heller, Anthony Karnowski, Ian Parker, and Stephanie Riggs.
Special thanks to Julie Barer and everyone at Barer Literary. Special thanks to Steve Woodward, Katie Dublinski, Fiona McCrae, Robert Polito, Erin Kottke, Marisa Atkinson, Jeff Shotts, and everyone at Graywolf Press.
Lastly, I want to thank the men and women of the Kennedy Space Center, past and present. Your work made something beautiful come true. May it never be forgotten.
JUDGE’S AFTERWORD
Of a Fire on the Moon, Norman Mailer’s 1970 account of the Apollo 11 moon landing, was the first book I “covered” as a freshman arts reporter for my student newspaper, the Heights, after negotiating Boston’s subway maze from Boston College to Harvard Square one sharp April night to hear him read. Originally a serial in Life, Of a Fire on the Moon would not be published for months, and Mailer read from typescript—a gorgeous sequence about the engineering and metaphysics of the launch, followed by an analysis of the mysterious reverberations of the event for himself, his family, his friends, the nation. There were numerous characters inside the psychic playhouse of Norman Mailer, but at the podium of Sanders Theatre his stance was magisterial—a dazzle of science, history, art, politics, and Manichaeism—his command subtly disconcerting to an audience who mostly was there in anticipation of the legendary bad behavior.
When I was able finally to pore over Of a Fire on the Moon the following fall, I was at home with the worst flu of my life—and my spiking temperature prompted a delirious effect I’ve never experienced again. I found that merely by looking at them I had memorized pages of Mailer’s prose, and at night as I struggled to sleep the sentences wouldn’t stop racing through my head. That his sentences already were speedy, febrile, and unforgettable only intensified my twilight nightmares:
Presumably, the moon was not listening, but if, in fact, she were the receiving and transmitting station of all lunacy, then she had not been ignoring the nation since. Four assassinations later; a war in Vietnam later; a burning of Black ghettos later; hippies, drugs, and many student uprisings later; one Democratic Convention in Chicago seven years later; one New York school strike later; one sexual revolution later; yes, eight years of a dramatic, near-catastrophic, outright spooky decade later, we were ready to make the moon.
My first—literal—fever dreams.
In my Heights piece I strained over otherwise pointless flourishes, such as boxing metaphors, which at that moment must have sounded Mailerish to me. Fortunately for us, Margaret Lazarus Dean in Leaving Orbit: Notes from the Last Days of American Spaceflight shuns such ready-made stylistic traps. Yet as divergent as Dean in 2015 should be from Mailer, Leaving Orbit is haunted by Of a Fire on the Moon, along a resonant personal and historical continuum that ultimately proposes comparisons with such notable contemporary nonfiction classics as Geoff Dyer’s Out of Sheer Rage (Dyer in conversation with D. H. Lawrence) or Nicholson Baker’s U and I: A True Story (Baker in conversation with John Updike). As early on Dean focuses what she tags the “heroic” versus the “shuttle” eras of spaceflight, she confesses her “jealousy” of Mailer:
With Norman Mailer, especially … I feel as though he and I are tugging on opposite ends of the same thread, a thread forty years long. I am often struck with jealousy for the era he lived in. Sometimes it seems as though Norman Mailer’s generation got to see the beginning of things and mine has gotten the ends.
From the outset she frames her own project via his: “What would it mean to go to the last launch and write about it the way Mailer wrote about the launch of Apollo 11?” Dean actually rereads Of a Fire on the Moon while she waits among the Florida throngs for Discovery to take off, and, whenever possible, correlates notes. “In his book about Apollo 11, Norman Mailer wrote that the Vehicle Assembly Building may be the ugliest building in the world from the outside,” she recalls, “but that from the inside it was a candidate for the most beautiful. I can finally see what he means.” Dean recognizes that she and Mailer share an “envy” of the astronauts:
The masculine envy of which he speaks is not masculine at all. It’s integral to the experience of watching people soaring into the heavens while we, with pen and paper, are stuck on the ground. I feel it too, and that envy is at the heart of a kinship between Norman Mailer and me that transcends forty-two years, a change in space vehicle, and even gender—a difference not insignificant to Norman Mailer, who once remarked to Orson Welles in a television interview that all women should be kept in cages. But I understand him, I feel him, just the same. I’ve read accounts of the launch of Apollo 11 by each of the three men on board, by the flight director and dozens of other people closely tied to the mission, and I’ve clung to every word; yet it’s Norman Mailer’s wrestling with his own detachment, his own desire to feel something for that gray stick, that stays with me, that makes me feel I’ve been let in on what it was like to be there.
Despite this unanticipated “kinship,” Dean (as here) refuses to flinch from their contrasts—generational, circumstantial, and tonal, or of gender and class. The gifted writer of Leaving Orbit also steadily positions herself as a mother, wife, and teacher. “This is an important difference between Norman Mailer and me,” she says, “when Mailer went off to Cape Canaveral and Houston, for as long as he pleased, he left behind five children with three different mothers and does not seem to have been troubled with much guilt over who would wash their clothes or fix their meals or get up with them in the middle of the night when they wet their beds. He probably wasn’t participating in these activities even when he was home. And even if by some chance he had been troubled by guilt, it would have been out of fashion to mention those feelings in his space book.” Shading the visionary into the everyday, Dean shows us, for instance, her students reading Mailer and Tom Wolfe on the astronauts, or herself attending a conference on space history in Washington, DC. She also shows us what she must miss due to other duties and roles—“mornings my husband has dressed and fed our little son, driven him to preschool, and managed the grocery shopping and dishes and laundry and temper tantrums and playdates and bedtimes…. So I chose not to go to Houston to visit Mission Control while Atlantis was on orbit, though my media badge would have allowed me access, though Norman Mailer went to Mission Control while Apollo 11 was in space.”
As Dean advances, though, “Norman Mailer” isn’t just the author of a space book she admires, or a ghostly oversized personality who spurs and vexes her, but her surprising metonymy for tracking a transformed America over the half century from JFK’s audacious 1961 challenge to land a man on the moon “before this decade is out” to the anticlimactic final shuttle flight, in 2011, of Atlantis. “I’m asking,” she writes, “what it means that we went to space for fifty years and what it means that we’ve decided not to go anymore.” Mailer, she reluctantly realizes, wasn’t so much witnessing “the start of something…. In fact, he was seeing its pinnacle. I have the sad advantage of traveling to Florida knowing I’m seeing the end.”
Whether because of this alertness to national diminishment, or her own microcosmic artistic temperament, the most startling wonders of Leaving Orbit tend to rise from minute, spectral looks—her canny notice of an astronaut who “knows she will never get to fly on a space shuttle, that they will all be sealed up in museums by the time her training is complete”; her empathetic and comic dramatization of her fellow “Space Tweeps” in a darkened room where all are punching tweets and posts into their phones; her exchanges with her hero Buzz Aldrin, and with crackpots, such as “moon hoax True Believers”; her moving portrait of Omar, a Facebook friend who works at the Cape as an Orbiter Integrity Clerk and emerges as her handy, loyal Virgil; her skeptical invocation of the first privatized spacecraft; and her internal dialogues with Mailer, Wolfe, and Oriana Fallaci
about space then and now.
Come Dean’s finish, though, her yearning for the 1960s folds inside out, and during a recurrent dream, anyway, the dynamics of the initial jealousy of Mailer and Co. shift. “I know without being told that these chairs have been set up for all the writers who have written about the American space program,” she recounts, “though most of the chairs appear to be empty. Norman Mailer is sitting next to me, which makes me faintly nervous. I can also make out Tom Wolfe, Jay Barbree, J. G. Ballard, Lynn Sherr, Oriana Fallaci, Walter Cronkite, and fields of others, some long dead…. We space writers are all asked the same question all the time: Would you go? Mostly we say yes, but we know we are lying. We’ll never be given the chance anyway. We all feel Norman’s masculine envy at being left behind, but our envy is beside the point. We know that someone needs to stay behind and write about what it feels like to watch it from the ground.”
Her dream is what NASA dubs a “scrub,” a postponed, or maybe an aborted mission. “We wait on our folding chairs. We are waiting for something to happen, but we wait and wait and it never gets started.”
Robert Polito
Chicago
THE GRAYWOLF PRESS NONFICTION PRIZE
Leaving Orbit: Notes from the Last Days of American Spaceflight by Margaret Lazarus Dean is the 2012 winner of the Graywolf Press Nonfiction Prize. Graywolf awards this prize every twelve to eighteen months to a previously unpublished, full-length work of outstanding literary nonfiction by a writer who is not yet established in the genre. Previous winners include The Empathy Exams: Essays by Leslie Jamison, The Grey Album: On the Blackness of Blackness by Kevin Young, Notes from No Man’s Land: American Essays by Eula Biss, Black Glasses Like Clark Kent: A GI’s Secret from Postwar Japan by Terese Svoboda, Neck Deep and Other Predicaments by Ander Monson, and Frantic Transmissions to and from Los Angeles: An Accidental Memoir by Kate Braverman.
The Graywolf Press Nonfiction Prize seeks to acknowledge—and honor—the great traditions of literary nonfiction, extending from Robert Burton and Thomas Browne in the seventeenth century through Daniel Defoe and Lytton Strachey and on to James Baldwin, Joan Didion, and Jamaica Kincaid in our own time. Whether it is grounded in observation, autobiography, or research, much of the most beautiful, daring, and original writing over the past few decades can be categorized as nonfiction. Graywolf is excited to increase its commitment to the evolving and dynamic genre.
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