by Mark Curtis
organising, 207
roots of, 233–7
Goldenberg, Suzanne, 125
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 155–6
Gore-Booth, David, 300
Gozney, Richard, 197
Greece, 187
Green, Marshall, 390, 391, 396
Grenada, 109
Griffiths, James, 352–3
Grivas, General, 95
Guardian:
Afghanistan and, 49, 52, 55, 56–7, 58, 382
Chechnya and, 164
debt relief and, 231
Diego Garcia, 429
Iraq and, 19, 24, 25, 26, 34
Israel and, 126
Kosovo and, 134, 138, 140, 151, 152, 156
Pakistan, 189
UK’s ‘benevolence’ and, 380
Guatemala, 102, 103, 107, 118, 238, 346
Guehenno, Jean, 383
Gulf states, 204, 253–69, 270, 371
Gulf War see Persian Gulf War
Gusmao, Xanana, 407
Guthrie, General Sir Charles, 141
Guyana see British Guiana
Haaretz, 128
Hahibie, President B. J., 408
Hailsham, Lord, 291
Hain, Peter, 2, 189, 249, 259, 402, 428
Haiti, 93, 220
Halliday, Denis, 29, 30, 31–2
Halliday, Fred, 62
Hammarskjold, Dag, 95–6
Hammond, Philip, 151
Hannay, Sir David, 358
Haq, Abdul, 59, 63
Harman-Joyce, Sir Robert, 184
Hashemi, Jamshid, 187
Hatchett, Ronald, 144
Hawk aircraft, 2–4, 184, 188, 190, 191, 192, 195–6, 197, 202, 262, 405, 406, 409
Healey, Denis, 275, 388, 416
Heath, Edward, 106, 107, 279, 339
Heckler & Koch, 43, 195
Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin, 62
Help the Aged, 223
Henderson, Ian, 267–9
Herman, Edward, 383
Herold, Marc, 49
Hewitt, Patricia:
global economy and, 2, 91, 115, 130, 178, 211
September 11 and, 223–4
Higson, Mark, ix, x
HIV/AIDS, 221
Home, Lord, 275
Honduras, 108
Hoon, Geoffrey:
Afghanistan and, 66
arms exports and, 188
Chechnya and, 163
Indonesia and, 197
Iraq and, 9, 27
Israel and, 135
nuclear weapons and, xiv-xv, 87, 371
Turkey and, 45
House of Commons:
Defence Committee, 21, 22, 28, 45, 50–1, 83
Foreign Affairs Committee, 43, 44, 137–8, 139, 143, 147–8, 164, 190, 191, 196
Howard, John, 89
Howe, Geoffrey, 36, 109, 299
Hoxha, Enver, 95
HSBC, 218
Huey helicopters, 128
Human Rights Watch:
Afghanistan and, 47, 51, 52, 53–4
Bahrain and, 264, 267
Chechnya and, 159, 161, 164, 169, 170, 171
East Timor, 408, 412
Iraq and, 37
Israel and, 121
Kosovo and, 143, 145, 147, 149
Russia and, 161, 162, 166–8
Saudi Arabia and, 258, 259
Turkey and, 40, 42
war against terrorism and, 88, 89–90
Hurd, Douglas, 361
IMF (International Monetary Fund):
Indonesia and, 401
Russia and, 162
trade liberalisation, 221
Independent, 37, 131, 134, 158, 174, 195, 269
Independent on Sunday, 150, 365
India:
arms imports, 188–9, 202
free trade and, 220
UK rule in, 245
US and, 89, 389, 390
Indonesia:
Aceh, 159, 193, 197, 407, 413
arms imports, 193–8, 204, 362, 395–7, 406
business and, 397–8
Communist Party (PKI), 389, 390, 391, 394, 399
coup, xiii
human rights abuses in, 388
killings in, 4, 387, 390
nationalism in, 399
poverty, 400
resources, 397
UK and, 4, 193–8, 287, 381, 387–401, 406, 413:
training armed forces, 196, 407
US and, 89, 392, 395, 397, 401, 410
see also East Timor
Ingham, Bernard, 297
Ingushetia, 167
Institute for Democracy in Eastern Europe, 170
International Court of Justice, 87–8, 93, 142–3
International Criminal Court, 372, 384
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 144, 145
International Financial Services London, 226
International Institute for Security Studies, 190
International Labour Organisation, 332
International Military Services, 35
Iran:
arms imports, 311
Communist Party (Tudeh), 311, 312
coup overthrowing government, 303–15
Islamic revolution in, 303
oil, 304–5, 306, 313
Al Qaida and, 78
repression, 303
as rogue state, 303
SAVAK, 314
Shah, 94, 280, 303–4, 309, 310, 313, 313–15
torture, 303, 313, 314
UK and, 94, 236, 282, 304–5, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313–15
United States of America and, 304, 307, 310, 311, 312, 314
Iran–Iraq War, 33, 187
Iraq:
arms imports, ix, x, 34, 36–7, 187
arms industry, 34
assassinations abroad, 37
Basra, 28
biological weapons, 38
bombings of, 7, 14, 25–8, 51, 93, 110
chemical weapons used by, 33, 36, 37
children, 29–30, 31, 33
coup, 1958, 272
human rights, irrelevance of, 28–38
humanitarian supplies, 32
international community and, 45–6
Kurds, gassed, ix, 14
Kurds, human right abuses, 14, 33, 44, 95
Kurds, repression of, 27, 36
Kuwait invasion, 29, 33, 34
National Congress, 17
‘no fly zones’ (NFZs), 7, 14, 25, 26, 27, 28, 44
nuclear imports, 34–5
oil, 15, 16–18, 382
oil for food programme, 17, 32
poison gas used by, 33, 36
propaganda against, 20–5
Al Qaida and, 18–19
sanctions against, 7, 11, 12–13, 15, 24, 29, 30–1, 363, 372
Shias, 27, 28
as threat, 14–15, 57
UK and, 9–46 passim:
human rights and, 45
media and, 382
military training, 37
nuclear exports from, 34–5
support for, 94
UN and, 9, 18
UN, security council resolution, 10
US and, 38, 382, 417
weapons inspections, 14, 35
weapons of mass destruction, 14, 18–19, 20, 34, 38
see also Iran–Iraq War
Israel:
Arab recognition of, 124
arms exports, 130
arms imports, 127, 188, 203
‘closures’, 125
Gaza, 123
Jerusalem, 122
Mossad, 281, 314
occupied territories, 122
Palestinian Authority, 127, 257
Palestinians assassinated, 126
suicide bombings, 125, 126
UK and, 120–33, 287–8
UN and, 124, 125, 126
US and, 111, 114, 117, 127, 132
violence of, 287
war crimes, 121
West Bank, 122, 123, 125, 127
ITV, 379
Ivanov, Igor, 164
Jackson, Robert, 338–9, 342, 344
Jagan, Cheddi, 347, 348, 353, 354
Jagan, Janet, 353
Jaguar aircraft, 129, 188
Jakarta Post, 197
James, Dresden, x
Japan, 241, 327, 401
Jay, Douglas, 296
Jiang Zemin, President, 200
Johnson, President Lyndon, 389, 399
Joint Malayan Interests, 335
Jones, Elizabeth, 80
Jordan, x, 34, 35, 280
Kabila, Laurent, 365
Kadane, Kathy, 395
Kahihu, John Maina, 328
Karzai, Hamid, 58
Kashmir, 56, 188
Kassim, General, 275
Kazakhstan, 73, 80–1
Kenya:
castration, 424–5
concentration camps, 327–9
decolonisation process, 330–3
development hindered, 316–33
elite, cultivation of, 330
forced labour, 328–30
human rights abuses, 316–17, 323–30, 367
independence, 330
Kenyan African Democratic Union (KADU), 330–1
Kenyan African National Union (KANU), 330, 331
Kenyan African Union (KAU), 319–20, 322
Mau Mau, 316, 317, 318, 322, 323–4, 325
nationalism, curbing, 321, 323
poverty, 317, 318, 333, 367
racism in, 318–19
‘resettlement’, 326
state of emergency, 321–3
Swynnerton Plan, 331
torture, 316, 324–5, 326
transnational corporations, 332
UK and, 3, 282
war, background, to 317–21
White Highlands, 318, 319, 322, 331
Kenyatta, Jomo, 322–3, 332
Khalid, Prince, 253
Khalifa, Hamad Al, 266
Kiernan, V. K., 327
Kissinger, Henry, 99, 100, 314, 405
Kitson, Frank, 324
Kivrikoglu, General, 42
KMS, 62, 108
Kolko, Gabriel, 396
Kommersant, 175
Korea, North, 225
Kosovo:
Albanians in, 21
bombing of, 134, 137, 139, 140, 145, 146, 147, 148:
effects of, 155
international law and, 142–50
motives for, 150–6
precipitated disaster, 135, 137
see also war
cluster bombs, 54
economy, 154
‘ethnic cleansing’, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 149, 155
KLA, 136, 149
Milosevic and, 96
NATO and, 138, 139
peace accord, 148–9
Racak massacre, 158, 159
Rambouillet talks, 147, 149, 154
refugees, 136–7, 151
Serbs flee, 149
UK and, 134–79 passim
UN and, 149
unexploded shells, 146
US and, 134
war, 21, 96, 141;
costs of, 155
illegality, 156
see also bombing of
see also Yugoslavia
Kostunica, President, 154
Kovanda, Karel, 360
Kuwait, 236, 244, 261, 271–6
Kuwait Oil Company, 271
Kyrgystan, 80
Labour Party:
arms exports, 184, 185, 186, 192, 193, 196, 202
Diego Garcia and, 424
East Timor and, 407–8
economic ‘liberalisation’ and, 211, 213, 288
global economy restructuring and, 1, 3, 229
human rights abuses and, 1, 7
international law, violator of, 1, 7
Iraq and, 12–13
Middle East human rights abuses and, 254
military training, 206
nuclear weapons and, 287
repressive states and, 1, 3, 258
state terrorism and, 3
TNCs and, 217, 218–19
Laden, Osama bin, 48, 61, 63, 64, 67, 68, 69, 98, 434
Lam Centre for Pluralism, 168
landmines, 186
Lang, Walter, 38
Lapping, Brian, 339, 340
Latin America: US interventions in, 346
Laxton, Tim, x
Lebanon: Beirut bombing, xiv, 94
Lees, Sir David, 273, 278
Lemann, Nicholas, 66
Leon, Fenol, 220
Leonard, Mark, 22–3
Levy, Lord, 125
Libya:
bombing of, 103, 109
UK and, 97–8
US and, 95, 103
Lieven, Anatol, 160
Lloyd, John, 151, 363, 380
Lloyd, Selwyn, 16
Lloyd, Tony, 158, 191, 427–8
Lockheed Martin, 85
Logan, Sir Donald, 303
Loquai, Heinz, 140
Luce, Richard, 425
Macdonald, Ian, 299
Mackay, Lord, 210
McKenzie, Bruce, 331
McNair, Brian, 375
MacShane, Denis, 83
Madeley, John, 430
Major, John, 12, 39, 296, 361, 363
Makaev, Ali, 160
Malaya, 234
atrocities, 339
bombing, 334, 338
‘Briggs Plan’, 340
chemical agents used in, 334, 342
Chinese in, 336, 337, 340
cluster bomb forerunner used in, 334, 338
‘collective punishments’, 341–2
Communist Party, 337, 338, 343–45
concentration camps, 341
‘confrontation, the’, 392
decapitations in, 339–40
defoliants, 342–3
detention, 342
dollar earnings, 234
Dyak headhunters, 340
as economic asset, 234
exploitation, 334–43, 344
independence, 345
insurgency, 335, 336
killer squads, 96
Malayan Chinese Association, 345
ownership of, 335
police, 336
‘resettlement’ programme, 334, 338, 340–1
Rhodesian troops in, 339
rubber, 335, 344, 345
Singapore, 337, 393
tin, 335, 344, 345
trade unions, 336
UK and, 106, 282:
war, 334–45
United Malay National Organisation, 345
war in, pretext for, 343
Malaysia, 184
Malik, Adam, 400
Manchester Guardian, 348
Mandel, Professor Michael, 144
Mandelson, Peter, 20
Manuel, Trevor, 252
Marr, Andrew, 289–90
Martens, Robert, 395
Martic, Milan, 145
Maskhadov, President Aslan, 42, 172–3, 175, 176
Massoud, Ahmed Shah, 63
Matrix Churchill, 34, 35
Maughan-Brown, David, 317
Mauritius, 416, 417, 419, 420, 421, 422, 424
Mbeki, Thabo, 252
media:
Afghanistan and, 55–60, 74
Africa and, 367
arms exports and, 181, 182
censorship by omission, xiii, 116–19, 356, 377:
Indonesia, 377, 388
Iraq and, 32–3
Rwanda, 377
Turkey and, 44
Chechnya and, 159, 179
control of, 376
corporations and, 376
Diego Garcia and, 415, 423
distortions, 376–80
East Timor and, 402, 408
economic structure, 376
elite and, 374–5
‘ethical’ foreign policy and, 363, 364, 365